1、1高三专题 介词和连词【专题要点】介词和连词要点概览:1.on, at, in 表示时间和方位的用法;2.in, after, later 的用法辨析;3.through, over, across 的区别;4.表示方式、手段或工具的介词 by, in 和 on 以及 with, by 和 in 的区别;5.except, except for, besides, but的用法区别;6.because of, owing to, duo to, thanks to 的用法;7.连词 and, but, while, yet, therefore 等的用法;8.for, because, sin
2、ce 的用法区别; 9.并列连词 and, neither-nor, both-and-, as well as, not only-but also 等的用法及辨析;10.选择连词 or, either-or, or else, otherwise 等的用法;11.表示因果关系的连词 because, since, as, for, so 等的用法辨析;12.转折连词 but, yet, while, whereas 等的用法【考纲要求】介词和副词是中学语法必须掌握的内容,也是高考考查的热点。介词为虚词,不能单独充当句子成分,必须与名词、代词、短语、句子构成介词短语,才能充当句子成分。高考主
3、要考查介词的词义辨析,介词与其他词性的搭配辨析。关于介词和连词考点,考纲要求掌握以下几个方面:1常见介词的用法及辨析2介词与其他词性所构成的一些短语。 3在定语从句中,介词的使用情况4. 并列连词、选择连词、因果关系的连词、转折连词的辨析用法【教法指引】介词是最为活跃的词类之一。通常总是与其它词类同时考查。如:可与名词构成介词短语、与动词构成动词短语等。介词考查不仅在选择题中出现,在完形填空题和短文改错题中也不断出现,且每年必考。因此,在引导学生复习备考中,必须把握以下介词的准确含义及用法辨析:at, as, to, by, on, in, of, with, like, along, for
4、, over, up, through, across, except, but, besides, beside, near 等;重点注意以下几点:1.常见介词 by 的用法; 2.常见介词 with 引导的复合结构;3.常见表示时间的 on 的用法; 4.常见介词 as 的用法;5.常见 over 的用法;连词不能独立承担句子成分而只起到连接词与词、短语与短语以及句与句的作用。在复习备考中可以按照连词的大类把握。把连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如:and, but, or, nor, so, therefore 等。从属连词则经常用在复合句中
5、,用来连接主句和从句;如:who, what, how, when, where,等对于连词的教学要求教师应该理清以下几组关系:1.and 组表示联合关系。属于这一组的并列连词还有:bothand,not onlybut also,as well as,neithernor 等;2.but 组表示转折和对照关系。属于这一组的并列连词还有:however, still, yet ,while, nevertheless;3or 组表示选择关系。属于这一组的并列连词还有:or else,otherwise,neithernor,eitheror 等;4so 组表示因果关系的连接词还有:so(tha
6、t),for, therefore, thus, then 等。2【知识网络】 介 词 介词又叫前置词,是一种虚词。介词分为三种,一种是简单介词,如 at, in, on, beside, to , for 等;另一种是短语介词,即由两个以上的词组组成的短语,如 in front of, because of, out of, instead of 等;还有一种叫二重介词,如 until after, from behind 等。一、介词的句法功能 介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份,表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。1、作
7、定语:The book on the table is mine.2、作状语:We have breakfast at seven.(表时间);They were late for meeting because of the heavy rain.(表原因);They started the machine by pressing the button.(表方法)3、作表语:My dictionary is in the bag.4、作宾语补足语:I found him in the office.二、主要介词区别 1、表示时间的 at, in, on:at 表示片刻的时间,如:at 8 o
8、clock ,常用词组有:at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year 等。in 表示一段的时间,如:in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future 等。on 总是跟日子有关,on Monday, on Christmas mor
9、ning, on the following, on May Day, on a warm morning 等。2、表示时间的 since 和 from:since 表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程,常与现在完成时连用。from 表示从时间的某一点开始,不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。如:I hope to do morning exercises from today./ We have not seen each other since 1995.3、表示时间的 in 和 after:两者都表示“在(某个时间)之后”,区别在于 in 表示“在(一段时间)之后”,而
10、after则表示“在(某一具体时间点之后)”,in 短语和将来时态连用, after 短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。如:Well be back in three days./ After seven the rain began to fall./ What shall we do after graduation?注意:after 有时也可以表示在一段时间之后(常用在过去时里)。如: After two months he returned.4、表示地理位置的 in, on, to:in 表示在某范围内,on 指与什么毗邻, to 指在某环境范围之外。如:Changchun is in t
11、he northeast of China./ Mongolia is on the north of China./ Japan is to the east of China.5、表示“在上”的 on 和 in:on 只表示在某物的表面上,而用 in 表示占去某物一部分。 如:There is a book on the piece of paper./ There is an interesting article in the newspaper./ He dug a hole in the wall.6、表示“穿过”的 through 和 across:through 表示从内部通过
12、,与 in 有关;across 则表示从一端至另一端在表3面上的通过,与 on 有关。如: Water flows through the pipe./ The old man walked across the street.7、in the corner, on the corner, at the corner:in the corner 表示在角落里,in 指角的内面;on the corner 表示“在角上”,on 指的不是内面,也不是外面,而含内外兼有之意;at the corner 指“在拐角处”,at 指的是拐角外附近的外面。如:The lamp stands in the c
13、orner of the room./ I met with him at the street corner./ He sat on the corner of the table.8、in the end, at the end of, by the end of:in the end 作“ 最后 ”、“ 终于”解,可单独使用,后不接介词 of;at the end of 表示“在末梢” ,“ 到尽头 ”,既可指时间,也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用;by the end of 作“在结束时 ”,“到末为止” 解,只能指时间。不可单独使用。如:In the end they reached
14、 a place of safety./ At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden./ They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week./ by the end of last month he had finished the novel.9、表示“关于”的 about 和 on:两者都有“关于” 的意思,不过前者为一般用词,而后者为较正式的“论述”。如: He came to tell me about something important./ He w
15、rote a book on science.10、between, among:一般说来,between 表示两者之间, among 用于三者或三者以上的中间。如:You are to sit between your father and me./ He is always happy among his classmates.注意:但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,如果强调的是两两相互间接关系,适用于 between。如:Agreements were made between the different countries. 在谈到一些事物或一组事物,而把它们视为分居两边时用 bet
16、ween。如:The little valley lies between high mountains.。在谈事物间的差别时,总是用 between。如:They dont know the difference between wheat, oats and barley.11、besides, except, but, except for:besides 指“除了还有,再加上”。如:All went out besides me.;except 指“ 除了,减去什么”,不能放在句首。如:All went out except me.;but 与 except 意思近似,表示“除了外”
17、经常用在 no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything 等和其他疑问词后面。如: I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.;except for表示“如无就,只是” 表明理由细节。如:His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.。12、表示“用”的 in 和 with:表示工具的 “用”,用 with,而表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等的“ 用”,用 in。如:He is writing a letter with a pen.
18、/ He wrote the letter in pencil./ We measured it in pounds./ Read the text in a loud voice./ Tell me the story in English.13、in charge of 和 in the charge of:两者都表示“由谁负责、照顾、管理”。区别在于:in charge of 后接被照管的人或物,而 in the charge of 后面则跟照管的人。如:Who is in charge of the project?/ The project is in the charge of a
19、n engineer. 14、as, like:as 作“作为”、“以地位或身份” 解。如: Let me speak to you as a father.(事实是父亲);like 作“象一样”解。如:Let me speak to you like a father.(事实上不是父亲)。15、in front of 和 in the front of:in front of = before,是“在前面”的意思(不在某物内); in the front of 则是“在前部”的意思(在某物内)。如:There is a desk in front of the blackboard./ Th
20、e boy sat in the front of the car. 416、in, into:into 表示动向,不表示目的地或位置。如:We walked into the park.;in 通常表示位置。如:We walked in the park;in 和 drop, fall, put, throw, break 等终止性动词连用时,也可以表示动向。如:I have put the coin in (into) my pocket.我把硬币放进衣袋连 词连词分为并列连词和从属连词两大类。并列连词是连接主语与主语,谓语与谓语,句子与句子,分词与分词的词,它要求前后两部分有相同的形式和
21、语法作用;而从属连词一般连接主句与从句,从句形式有名词性从句,定语从句和状语从句等一、并列连词: 并列连词可用来连接词与词,词组与词组,分句与分句。常用的并列连词有:and(和),as well as(既又), both and(不但 而且),not only but also(不但而且),not but(不是而是),neither nor(既不也不),either or(不是 就是),or (或者),but (但是), yet(然而),for(因为),so(所以),while(而),when(这时)等。如:Both my brother and my sister are teachers.
22、/ His room is bright but mine is gloomy(暗沉沉的)./ He can not only repair radios but also fix them./ It is a glorious(光荣的) yet difficult task./ Strike while iron is hot.二、从属连词 从属连词是指在复合句中引导从句的连结词。常见的从属连词有:引导时间状语从句的:after, before, when, as, while, since, until, till, as soon as 引导原因状语从句的:because, since,
23、 as引导让步状语从句的:although, though, no matter(无论) , even if (though)引导条件状语从句的:if, unless, once, so (as) long as 引导结果状语从句的:so that , such that 引导目的状语从句的:so that , in order that 引导比较状语从句的:as as , not so (as) as , than 引导方式状语从句的:as if 引导主语,宾语或表语从句的连词主要有:that, whether, if 三个。其中 that 和 whether 间或还可以引起同位从句和状语从
24、句。三、某些用法比较特殊的从属连词用法区别 1、当 while, when, as 引导时间状语从句时的区别:while 引导的状语从句中动词必须是持续性。谓语动词多为进行时,或状态动词的一般时。while 的这些用法可用when 代替,等于 “at the time that”, “during the time that”。例如: Please keep quiet while (when) others are studying; when 除可指一段时间外,还可用来指一点时间,等于 “at the time”,也就是说 when 引出的时间状语从句中的谓语5动词可以是终止性的,也可以延
25、续性的。因此主句和从句的谓语可以是一般时,进行时,或完成时。例如:When I went into the lab, the teacher was doing an experiment.(when 不能换成 while)He often makes mistakes when he is speaking English.(when 可换成 while)as 常可与 when,while 通用,但强调“一边、一边”。例如:As (when, while) I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of nu
26、mber 37.when 引导的状语从句中的主语与主句主语一致,主、谓是“主语+系动词” 结构时,这时主语和系动词可以省略。例如:When (he was) young, he worked for a rich man./ Shell be here to give you help when (if it is) necessary. when 有时代替 if,引导条件句,意为“如果”、“ 假如”,例如:Ill come when (if) Im free.2、before 作连词一般表示时间,意为“在之前”,但有些句子中这样译就显得别扭。试看以下句子的翻译:He almost knock
27、ed me down before he saw me.他几乎把我撞倒才看见我; Before I could get in a word he had measured me.我还没来得及插话,他已经给我量好了尺寸3、till, until 作为介词式从属连词引导时间状语短语或状语从句,用于否定句时,结构为 not until (till),主句谓语动词延续与非延续皆可,意为“直到才”。用于肯定句时,只与延续性动词连用,表示“到为止”。例如:They played volleyball until (till) it got dark./ They didnt talk(延续性动词)unti
28、l (till) the interpreter(译员)came./ He didnt go to bed(非延续性动词)until (till) the his father came back.;until 可以放在句首,till 则不行,例如:Until the last minute of the match we kept on playing./ Not until he finished his work did he go home.(倒装);till, until 只用于时间,以下句子是错误的:We walked till the edge of the forest.(要用
29、 as far as 或 to)4、because, since, as 引导原因状语时注意使用上的区别:如果原因构成句子的最主要部分,一般用 because ,因此because 引导的从句往往放在句末。用 why 提问的句子,一定用 because 回答。例如:He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.;如原因已为人们所知,或不如句子的其他部分重要,就用 as,或 since。since 比 as 更正式些。as 和 since 引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。例如:As you are tired, you had better
30、 rest./ Since everyone is here, now lets begin5、although 和 though 引导让步状语从句往往用法一样,但注意以下区别:although 用于各种文体,而 though 则多用于非正式的口语或书面语中。注意由 although, though 引导的从句后,主句不能用 but,但可用副词 yet, still。例如:Although/ Though it rained all the morning, they still went on working.(或 yet they went on working)though 常与 eve
31、n 连用,even though 表示强调,意为“即使”,但不能说 even although,例如:Even though I didnt understand a word, I dept smiling. though 可用作副词,意为“然而”,常用逗号与句子分开。although 则不能这样使用,它只作连词。例如:It was a quiet party, I had a good time, though.66、once 作副词译“曾经” ,作为连词译 “一旦”,引导条件状语从句。相当于 if 的加强形式。例如:I dont believe he was once a thief.
32、(once 这里是副词)/ Once Aristotle had made up his mind that heavy objects always fell faster than light objects, he taught it as a truth to his students. (once 连词)7、unless 引导条件状语从句等于 if not 。例如:Hell accept the job unless the salary is too low. ( = Hell accept the job if the salary is not too low.)8、在用 as
33、 if 引导的方式状语从句及表语从句中,根据情况要使用虚拟语气。例如:He talks as if he knew all about it. 但有时也可用直陈语气。例如:It looks as if it is going to rain.9、whether, if 引导从句的用法区别:引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句时,用 whether,不用 if。例如:Whether they will go to the Great Wall is not known./ The question is whether we can finish the task on time./ The qu
34、estion whether we will take part in the physics contest has not been decided. whether 可接不定式,而 if 则不可。例如:I havent decided whether to leave or not.whether 可作介词的宾语或置于句首表示强调,而 if 则不可。例如: Everything depends on whether we have enough money./ Whether he will come, I am not sure.whether 和 if 均可引导宾语从句, wheth
35、er 引导的宾语从句一般都是肯定句,if 引导的宾语从句可以是肯定的,也可以是否定的(此时不能用 whether),例如:Could you tell us whether/ if it rains in winter in Australia?/ I wonder if it doesnt rain. 引导宾语从句的 whether 和 if 常可与 or not 连用。连用时要注意 or not 的位置,它一般与 whether、if 分开使用,有时它可与 whether 合起来使用,但不能与 if 合起来使用。例如: I dont know whether/ if they will c
36、ome or not./ I dont know whether or not they will come.if 可用来引导条件状语从句,译“如果” ,whether 则不行。例如:If you work hard, you are sure to succeed.10、as 作从属连词可引导多种状语从句。as 引导时间状语从句,意为 “当时”。例如:As (he was) a young man, he was a storekeeper and later a postmaster./ He sang as he worked. as 引导方式状语从句,意为“象一样”。例如:We must do as the Party teaches us. as 引导原因状语从句。意为“由于” ,例如:As you are tired, you had better rest. as引导让步状语从句。意为“虽然”、“ 尽管”Child as he is, he can do it well. ( = Although he is a child, he can do it well.) 另外,as 做为关系代词还可以引导定语从句,如:I have the same book as you。.