1、 定义:用来充当状语的句子称为状语从句。功能:它主要用于修饰句子中的谓语动词、形容词或副词等,有时修饰整个句子。位置:状语从句的位置较活:可以放在主句之前,用逗号与主句隔开;也可以放在主句之后,一般不用逗号。由于它是从各个方面来修饰、说明谓语动词发生时的各种情况,所以常见的状语从句有九种之多。各种不同的状语从句所使用的关系词也各不相同。 一、时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的从属连词有很多,现将分类用法如下:1.从属连词 when,while 与 as连词 用法 谓语动词 意义 例句when 从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时发生,也可以先后发生。可以指时间的某个点,也指一段时间。 延续性动词非延续性
2、动词 当时候 When they heard the news,they all jumped with joy.I owed Jack $ 100 when I was in London.as 从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生。可以指时间的某个点,也指一段时间。 延续性动词非延续性动词 随着 一边; 一边当时候 The students sang as they walked.As he stood up,he dropped the glass,breaking it into pieces.while 从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生,强调一段时间。从句中常用过去进行时态或一般过去时态。
3、延续性动词 当时候在期间 While I was reading,he came in.I made some foreign friends while I was in London.注: 1)when 还可作并列连词,其意义为“那时,这时” ,相当于 and at this/that time。常用于下列句式:sb.was doing sth.when.某人正在干某事就在这时 sb.was about to/ going to do sth.when.某人正打算干某事就在这时sb.body has just done somesth.when.某人刚干了某事就在这时2)when 还表示原
4、因“既然” 。如:It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could easily walk here in five minutes.既然你可以步行五分钟就能到这儿,坐出租车来真是愚蠢。3)while 作为并列连词,意为 “而,却” ,表示对比。He likes pop music,while I am fond of folk music.他喜欢流行音乐,而我却喜欢民间音乐。4)如果主句表示的是短暂动作,而从句用延续性动词的进行时态表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作时,when,while 与 as 可互换使用。如:When/While/As
5、 I was walking down the street,I came across an old friend of mine.我在街道上走的时候,见到了我的一个老朋友。2.从属连词:as soon as,immediately,directly,the moment,the minute,no sooner.than.,hardly/scarcely. when.,once这些从属连词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生,主句的动作随即就发生,意为“一就” 。从句中用一般时态代替将来时态。如:Once you remember it,youll never forget it.一旦你记住它
6、,就永远不会忘记。The moment I heard the voice,I knew father was coming.我一听到声音,就知道是父亲来了。No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left.我们一到达车站,车就开了。注:no sooner.than.; hardly/scarcely.when.这一结构的时态搭配:no sooner 与hardly/scarcely 引导的主句谓语动词应用过去完成时,而 than 与 when 的从句中谓语应用一般过去时。此外,当把 no sooner 和 hardly/s
7、carcely 提到句首时,应用倒装语序。我一到家,天就开始下雨了。I had hardly got home when it began to rain.Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.3.till,until (not.until/till.直到才)连词 用法 动词 意义 例句till/until 主语和从句都用肯定式 主句的动词为连续性动词 一直到为止 Ill stay here till/until the rain stops.not.till/until 主句用否定形式,从句用肯定形式 主句的动词为非连续性动词 直到才 He
8、didnt go home till/until he finished his homework.注:1) till 不可以置于句首,而 until 可以置于句首。如:Until you told me I had no idea of it.直到你告诉我,我对此事才有所了解。2)如果将“not until.”结构放在句首,那么主句要写成倒装句。如:Not until we pointed out their fault to them did they realize it.直到我们向他们指出了他们的错误,他们才意识到。4.every time, each time,next time 等
9、名词短语用来引导时间状语从句,表示“每当,每次,下次” 。如:Every/Each time I was in trouble,he would come to help me out.每次我遇到麻烦,他总会来帮我。Next time you come,do remember to bring your son here.下次你来的时候,一定要记得把你儿子带来。5.从属连词:before(在之前 ),after( 在之后),since(自从以来)。如:Please remember to turn off all the lights before you leave the classroo
10、m.离开教室前,请记得把所有的灯都关上。注:1)上述三个连词,既是从属连词,也是介词。2)若表达“还未就” “不到就” “才 ”“趁,还没来得及”时,需用连词 before。如:We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land.我们航行了四天四夜才看到陆地。We hadnt run a mile before he felt tired.我们跑了还不到一英里他就累了。Please write it down before you forget it.趁你现在没忘把它记下来。二、地点状语从句1.常用的引导词有 where(在地方
11、),wherever(无论在什么地方)等。指具体地点时,从句可用于主句之前或之后,表示抽象条件时,从句须放在主句之前。如:The university graduates are determined to go wherever they are needed most.那些大学毕业生们决心去最需要他们的地方。They are planting trees where there is plenty of water and sunlight.他们在阳光雨水充分的地方植树。Where there is a will,there is a way.有志者事竟成。2.注意区分 where 引导的
12、定语从句与状语从句。你最好在有问题的地方作个标记。Youd better make a mark where you have any questions.(状语从句)Youd better make a mark at the place where you have any questions.(定语从句)三、条件状语从句1.常用的引导词有 if(如果,假如),unless(除非,要不就不),as long as(只要),so long as(只要),provided (that) (只要) ,suppose/supposing(假设) ,on condition (that)(如果)等。
13、如:I may not come to see you recently unless I can complete the project ahead of time.除非我能提前完成那个项目,否则我最近不会来看你了。We can surely attain our goal as long as we are united as one.只要我们团结一致,我们肯定能实现我们的目标。What shall we do if we can not get the necessary data?如果我们弄不到必要的数据,我们怎么办?They promised to let us have a me
14、eting in their office on condition(that)we could keep it clean.如果我们能保持清洁,他们答应让我们在他们的办公室里开会。2.要点提示:1)在表示条件的状语从句中,既可以用直陈语气作“真实条件句 ”,也可以用虚拟语气作“非真实条件句” 。至于把句子作成哪一种条件句,要依照“有关语法规则”和“表达意思的需要”而定。 2)用 unless 引导条件状语从句时,要注意这个连词自身在意义上是否定的:unless=if.not.。因此,我们在逻辑上要注意:英文句子的用法和中文句子的译文。特别是当主句是否定句时,逻辑上的意思就成了“否定之否定而表
15、示肯定”的情况了。如:I will not go to their party unless I am invited.这个句子的实际意义等于:I will not go to their party if I am not invited.这就是说, “我不去参加聚会”的条件是“我没有受到邀请” 。 “不去”与“没有受到邀请”就构成了“否定之否定而表示肯定”的情况了。 )假如他们不邀请我,我不会去参加他们的聚会。He will finish the work in time unless something unexpected happens.这个句子的实际意义等于:He will fin
16、ish the work in time if something unexpected does not happen.假如没有什么意外的事情发生,他会按时完成他的工作的。3)suppose/supposing 这两个词所表达的意义和句法功能是一样的。它们与其他的引导状语从句的从属连词一样,引导一个含状语从句的主从复合句。而它们的特别之处在于:有时由它们所引出的条件状语从句常与主句分开而独立成句,但其意义和作用还是条件状语从句。这种情况多数出现在科技文章及某些论文里。如:Suppose no more rain fell into the Atlantic Ocean and no more
17、 water was brought to it by rivers.It would take the ocean about 4000 years to dry up.假如不再有雨水注入大西洋,不再有河水流入大西洋的话;大约需要四千年的时间大西洋才会枯竭。Suppose your statement is right.How are you going to prove it? 假定为你的观点是正确的,你打算如何证明这一点呢?Suppose this poor girl is yours.Wed like to know how much you know about her.假设这个可怜
18、的女孩就是你的;我们想了解你知道多少关于她的情况。四、原因状语从句1.常用的引导词有 because 因为,as 由于,since 既然,由于,now that 既然,由于,not that.but that 不是因为而是因为,seeing that,considering that 等。如:He cant deliver his lectures today because he has got a bad cold.他今天不能去讲课了,因为他患了重感冒。I may not be able to attend your wedding party not because Im not wil
19、ling to but because Ive been caught by something recently.我或许无法参加你的婚礼了,不是我不想去而是近来有些事情缠着我无法脱身。2.要点提示:1) 从属连词用法区别区别项目 位置 内涵 语气 能否回答why 能否被强调because 因为 主句前或后 直接因果关系 强 能 能as 由于 主句前或后 since/now that 既然 主句前 双方都知道的原因 弱 不能 不能主句前 if/when 主句前或后 2)关于 since 和 now that这两个词在表示原因的时候是近义词,都表示“既然” 。但其不同之处在于:now that
20、只能以“新发生的情况”作为某事发生的原因;而 since 在表示 “既然”时,就没有这种限制。如:Now that the rain is going to stop,wed better get ready for the afternoons match. 既然雨要停了,我们最好为下午的比赛作好准备。(此句中,now that 引出的从句显然是表示“新出现的情况” ,在句子中作“主句动作发生的原因” 。也就是说,只有在这种情况下才可以用 now that 引导从句,表示“既然” 。 )Since youre so interested in English,why not have a t
21、ry in the English Speech Contest ? 既然你对英语这么有兴趣,为什么不试一试参加英语演讲比赛?3)其他表示原因的方式除了状语从句外,一些介词短语同样可以表示原因,这样的短语有 because of; thanks to; due to; owing to 等。五、让步状语从句引导让步状语从句的从属连词有 though(虽然),although(虽然) ,even if(即使), even though(即使),as(尽管),while(虽然),whether.or.( 无论还是),no matter+疑问词(无论) 。1.though 或 although 引导
22、让状语从句。although 与 though 两者意思相同,一般可互换,都可以与 yet,still 或 nevertheless 连用,但不能和 but 连用。如:He is unhappy though/although he has a lot of money.虽然他有许多钱,但他并不幸福。Although/Though it was raining hard,yet they went on playing football. 尽管雨下的很大,但他们仍在继续踢足球。注:though 还可用作副词,意为“可是,然而” ,置于句末。如: He said he would come;he
23、 didnt though.他说他会来,可是他没有来。2.当 as 作“尽管,虽然”的意思讲引导让步状语从句时,从句往往放在主句的前面,而且用作让步的部分(表语、状语或动词原形)总是提前到句首。若表语是名词,前置时要省略冠词。如:Child as he is,he knows a lot.尽管他是孩子,他却懂得很多。Old as he is,he is still energetic.尽管他老了,却依然精力充沛。 (表语作为让步的内容,因此提前了。 )Try as he might,he couldnt solve the problem.尽管他很努力了,但还是无法解决这个问题。(谓语提前了)
24、 Much as you suspected him,you couldnt provide powerful evidence.虽然你非常怀疑他,但是你却无法提供有力的证据。 (状语作为让步的内容,因此提前了。)3.whether.or(不管 ) 疑问词+ ever 与 no matter+疑问词(不管,无论 ) 。however (不管怎样),whatever(无论什么) ,whoever(无论谁) 。no matter when(how,what,who,where,which)无论何时(怎样,什么,谁,何地,哪个)等。如:Air exists everywhere although w
25、e cant see it.尽管我们看不见空气,但它却无处不存在。No matter where you go on the earth,you will feel the gravity.无论你走到地球的什么地方,你都会感觉到地引力。Well start our meeting on time whether he comes or not.无论他来不来,我们将准时开会。Even if we are approaching the end of the experiment,we still have no time to lose.即使我们即将完成试验,我们依然要分秒必争。注:whoeve
26、r, whatever,whomever,whichever 还可以引导名词性从句。如:You can take whatever you like.你可以拿任何你所喜欢的东西。六、方式状语从句常用的引导词有 as(如同,按照),as if(似乎,仿佛),as though(似乎,仿佛)等。如:He speaks English almost as a native speaker does.他的英文几乎说得如讲英语母语的人一样。He speaks English as if he were a native speaker.他讲英文的样子似乎像说英语母语的人。She looked unwel
27、l as though she got a bad cold.她看上去身体不适好像患有重感冒。In this reading room you can read anything as everyone does here.在这间阅览室里,你可以像这儿的每个人一样想看什么就看什么。要点提示:as if 或 as though 引导的方式状语从句中,如果表示真实情况应该用直陈语气;如果表示非真实情况则应该用虚拟语气。关于这一点也取决于说话人的态度、看法。如:It gets darker and darker in the sky as if its going to rain.天越来越暗了似乎要
28、下雨了。 (表示真实情况,是直陈语气)She speaks as if she knew everything in the world.她说话的样子仿佛似她懂得天下事。 (表示非真实情况,是虚拟语气)七、目的状语从句常用的引导词有 so that(以便,为了),in order that(为了),lest(以免,以防),in case(以免,以防),for fear(以免,以防)等。如: We should do our utmost in order that we may be able to over fulfill the task.为了超额完成任务,我们应该全力以赴。Youd be
29、tter leave your phone number,so that I can call you before I come next time.你最好将电话号码留给我,以便我下次来之前可以先给你打个电话。Batteries must be kept in dry places for fear that electricity leaks away.电池应该放在干燥的地方,以免漏电。要点提示:在目的状语从句中,我们可以将这些引导目的状语从句的连词 so that,in order that,lest,in case,for fear 分作为两大部分: 表示肯定so that,in or
30、der that 是“为了使发生(目的是,为的是)” 。表示否定lest,in case,for fear 是“为了使不发生(以免,以防) ”。另外,在表示否定的目的状语从句中,谓语动词往往用“should+动词原形”或“动词原形”两种虚拟句式。如:He took his umbrella with him lest it should rain.他带了雨伞,以防下雨。Ill keep a seat for you in case you should change your mind.我给你留个座,没准你会改变主意。八、结果状语从句1.常用的引导词有 that(结果,以至) ,so that
31、(结果,以至) ,so.that(如此以至),such.that(如此以至)等。如:The temperature is increased so that the volume of gas becomes greater.温度升高了气体的体积就增大了。The mountain is so high that she cant climb it up to the top.那座山太高了,她无法登上山顶。It is such a lovely day that everybody feels happy and gay.天气这么好,人人都感到高兴、快乐。注:1)so.that 和 such.t
32、hat 都是引导结果状语从句的从属连词,它们都表示“如此以至” ,但其要求的句型结构不一样。如:He ran so fast that his brother couldnt catch up with him.他跑得太快了,他弟弟赶不上他。He is such a naughty boy that he becomes unwelcome in his neighborhood.他是那么个调皮的孩子,以至在邻里中不受欢迎。She looks so lovely that everybody cant help taking a look at her when passing her by.
33、她生得太可爱了,从她身边经过的人都忍不住要看她一眼。2)当 so 或 such 置于句首时,主句要用倒装语序。如:So clever was he that he was able to work out all the difficult problems. 他是如此聪明以至于他能解出所有的难题。2.除结果状语从句外,too.to.(太而不能),enough to.(能够),so.as to.(那么 以至于)等不定式结构同样可以表示结果。如:他起床晚了,结果误了车。He didnt get up early enough to catch the bus.=He got up too lat
34、e to catch the bus.=He got up so late as to miss the bus.九、比较状语从句常用的引导词有 than(比),as.as(如一样),“the +比较级.,the+比较级.”(越越)等。如:He is taller than his brother.他比他弟弟个高一些。The more they discover about the brain,the more questions they cant answer in that area.他们越多地发现有关人脑的情况,他们就有越多的问题无法回答。要点提示:有关比较状语的问题请看前面“形容词与
35、副词的比较级和最高级”一章。这里只提醒一个关于比较状语从句的问题。那就是:than 和 as.as 中的第二个 as 都是连词,后面若是人称代词,常用主格形式。如:Her mother is not as tall as she(is ).她妈妈没有她个高。I dont think that he is taller than I.我并不认为他比我个高。Those who have lived in New York City for more than 15 minutes will remember that Times Square was not always kid-friendly
36、 and _31_ there was a time when _32_ (enter) Central Park at night probably meant you were an evildoer(为恶者). Saturday night, in the company of a few New Yorkers, I _33_ (sleep) in Central Park. As a born and _34_(raise) New Yorker and a true indoor girl, I had some trouble imagining sleeping in the
37、park _35_ fun. But the idea of bringing the outdoors to us city dwellers_36_ appeal to me. The main activity, aside from sleeping under the stars, was a night hike. Our only goal was to locate _37_ hybrid(杂交的) wild-domestic duck _38_ makes its home in _39_of the parks northern ponds. _40_(sad), we did not glimpse this unique city resident. But in its pursuit, I did learn a few things.