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too…to…结构用法解析.doc

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1、tooto结构用法解析在“tooto”结构中,整个结构的意思是“太以致不能 ”。 一、基本形式:too+adj. / adv.+to do .其中“to do”修饰“too+adj. / adv.”作为结果状语或程度状语。 “to do”通常包含否定意义。 1. The problem is too hard for a child to understand.(问题太难了,小孩子不能理解。 ) 2. Examples are too many to cite.(例子太多,举不胜举。 ) 3. Its too cold to go in the sea yet.(天太冷,还不能下海。 ) 4.

2、 Its too long a journey to make in one day.(路程太远,一天之内到不了。 ) 5. Its too good an opportunity to miss.(那是一个不应该错过的极好机会。 ) 6. Its too early for us to go yet.(我们现在就去太早了点。 ) 7. Its too cold to go swimming.(天气太冷,不能去游泳。 ) 8. He is too much of a coward(too cowardly) to fight.(他太懦弱,不敢抗争。 ) 9. Its too late to s

3、hut the stable door when the steed is stolen.(贼去关门,为时已晚。 ) 10. Lying in the pool of blood,she was too week to speak.(她躺在血泊里,虚弱得说不出话来。 ) 上述例句中,有的主语和不定式有逻辑上的动宾关系(即句子的主语在逻辑上是不定式的宾语) ,有的则没有这种关系。如果存在这种动宾关系,句子的不定式用主动语态或被动语态在意义上常无多少差别。当然,如果不定式采用被动语态,这种逻辑上的动宾关系就变成了逻辑上的主谓关系了。 1. Atoms are too small to see( o

4、r be seen)with naked eyes.(原子太小,肉眼看不见。 ) 2. Its too hot to eat(or to be eaten).(太烫了,没法吃。 ) 3. The light is too dim to be used for close work.(这灯太暗,不能用来做细活。 )4. That was too complicated to be expressed clearly inone or tow words. (那太复杂了,无法用一、两句话表达清楚。 ) 那究竟什么情况下用主动语态,什么情况下用被动语态呢?一般来说,哪种形式表意更清楚、更自然、更符合

5、习惯,则取哪种形式。 1. Novels in the original are too difficult to read.(主动语态) (原版小说太难读了。 ) 2. At that time he was too far away to be seen.(被动语态) (那时,他离得太远,看不到他。 ) 以上这两个例句中的语态调换一下,则会引起意思不清或不自然。 二、当“too to”结构之前加了 not,only,but ,all,never 等词时, “ tooto”结构构成的句子也无否定意义。此时 too 后的形容词多为表示心情的形容词。因为,在此情况下,这些词加 too 在意义上相

6、当于 very。 1. One is never too old to learn.(活到老,学到老。 ) 2. Swimming is not too difficult to learn.(游泳并不十分难学。 ) 3. We are only too pleased to go with her.(我们非常乐意和她一起去。 ) 4. Mary knew but too well to hold her tongue on that occasion. (玛丽深知在那种场合少说为妙。 ) 5. Its never too late to mend.(亡羊补牢,犹未为晚。 ) 6. They

7、are all too satisfied to follow others suit without the pain of thought for themselves. (他们十分满足于依样画葫芦,自己不肯花力气、动脑筋。 ) 上面所提到的这些词只能和某些形容词或副词连用,用在“tooto ”结构中,不能生搬硬套句型。如下面例句: He is too cruel to sympathy for others.(他太残忍了,对人不会有同情心。 ) 此例句中,在 too cruel 之前不能添加 only,but 之类的词,否则会引起逻辑上的自相矛盾。He is only too lazy

8、to do it himself.(他太懒了,哪会自己去干那种事。 ) 其中的 only 也属误用,应该去掉。由此可见,能否在 too 之前加上诸如 only,but 等词,关键是 too 之后的形容词的意义。常用的形容词有glad,pleased,willing,thankful,good,true 等等。 1. At another time I learned that no matter was too small to escape the Prime Ministers attention. (另一次,我发现,事无巨细,总理事事关心。 ) 2. He was an all-roun

9、d genius. Nothing was too difficult for him to learn. (他多才多艺,没有他学不会的东西。 ) 3. The question was so easy. Noone in the world was too foolish to answer it. (这个问题如此容易,不至于有谁蠢得答不上来。 ) 三、此结构与 ready,anxious,inclined,apt,easy,eager,willing,happy 这一类词连用时,也不再含有否定意义。 too 不再只和 to do 发生关系,而是修饰 too 之后的整个部分了。 1. The

10、 old women was too ready to talk.(那位老妇人太饶舌。 ) 2. He is too ready to find fault.(他最喜欢挑毛病。 ) 2. The tradesman was too anxious to sell his pens.(这位买卖人十分急于卖掉他的钢笔。 ) 4. He was too willing to accept Marys invitation.(玛丽的邀请他求之不得。 ) 5. Beginners are too apt to make mistakes here.(初学者特别容易在这儿搞错。 ) 从这些例句中,我们不难

11、发现,too 不仅没有使句子产生否定意义,相反,它还起了某种强调作用,使之成为一种加强语气的结构。这在教学中要引起注意。 四、在“tooto”结构中,to do 前用 not 加以否定。 “ tooto”结构通常已含有否定意义,在其中加上 not 后便形成了“ 双重否定为肯定” 。这样, “ toonot to do”所表达的意思就是:“如此是会” ,或“如此哪能不” 。 1. He was too angry not to criticize her.(他太生气了,哪能不批评她。 ) 2. The poem is far too beautiful not to be requited he

12、re. (这首诗太美了,这里还要引用一下。 ) 3. His experience there was too bitter not to be remembered. (他在那里的经历太惨了,不容他记不得。 ) 4. Mr. Holmes was too wise not to see the tricks of the criminals. (福尔摩斯先生如此精明,岂能看不出罪犯玩弄的花招。 ) 5. Tom is too hard-working not to pass the exam.(汤姆这么用功,哪有考不及格的道理。 ) 6. He read too many books abo

13、ut Africa not to known something about the social customs there.(他读了那么多有关非洲的书,不会不对哪儿的社会习俗有所了解。 ) 五、 “Tooto”与“enough to ”和“ sothat”的区别: “tooto”结构与“enough to ”和“ sothat ”,它们间有共同点,也有不同点。 1.共同点: A. 它们都可做结果状语或程度状语。 1)A train was coming near quickly,and the boy was too frightened to move. (一列火车快速驶近,那个男孩子吓

14、得不敢动了。 ) 2)When we talk about the universe,we mean notonly the earth,the sun,the moon and the stars,but also all the things too far away to see. (当我们谈到宇宙时,指的不仅是地球、太阳、月亮和星星,还有那些遥远的看不见的一切。 ) 3)At the end of six months he had learned enough to read articles and reports in Russian. (六个月他学习得能看俄文版的文章和报道了。

15、 ) 4)Is the ice hard enough to skate on?(在冰上滑冰,冰硬不硬?) 5)In fact,his English inone of these articles was so good that Engels wrote him a letter and praised him for it.(事实上,从马克思的其中一篇文章中可以看出,他的水平是很好的,从此,恩格斯给他写信表扬了他。 ) 6)He had mastered the language so well that he was able to write the book in English.

16、 (他对英语掌握得很不错,能用它写这本书了。 ) B. 它们之间可以相互转换,其意义不变。 1) “tooto”结构与“enough to ”结构相互转换,要改用反义的形容词。如: Im afraid I am too stupid to follow your argument. = Im not wise enough to follow your argument. Spanish is not too difficult to learn. = Spanish is easy enough to learn. Your nails are long enough to scratch

17、anybodys eyes out. =Your nails are not too short to scratch anybodys eyes out. That box is not big enough to hold all these things. = That box is too small to hold all these things.由此可见,在“tooto”结构与“enough to”结构的相互转换中,如果一种结构为肯定,另一种结构则为否定,反之也如此。 2) “tooto”结构与“sothat”的否定从句可以相互转换。 It was too cold for us

18、 to go shopping. = It was so cold that we couldnt go shopping. You are so big and the jar is so small that it could hardly holdone of your feet. = You are too big and the jar is too small for it to holdone of your feet. 3) “enough to”结构与“sothat ”结构相互转换。For example: It was cold enough to freeze our f

19、ingers. = It was so cold that our fingers froze. The boys father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph. = The boys father was thankful enough to teach Edison to send messages by railway telegraph. 2.不同点: 1) “tooto”结构通常表示否定意义, “enough to”结构则表示肯定意义。 He was too

20、 tired to go any further.(他太疲倦了,不能再往前走了。 ) (表否定意义) This book is easy enough for a six-year old child to read. (这本书容易到六岁孩子都能读得懂。 ) (表肯定意义) 2) “tooto”和“enough to”结构不能引导状语,而“sothat”结构可以引导状语从句。For example: Its too hot to work.(简单句) I was fool enough to believe her.(简单句) He was so ill that we had to send

21、 for doctor.(复合句) 3)enough 作形容词、副词时,在句子中所处的位置不同: enough 作为形容词修饰名词时,它的位置可以在所修饰的名词前面或名词的后面。 We have money enough to buy a car. There was enough food left over to feed a dozen more people. Enough 作为副词时,它在修饰的形容词或副词后面。 Hes not good enough for us to carry.(修饰形容词) He plays the violin well enough to perform at a concert.(修饰副词)

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