1、LECTURE 5 虚拟语气本堂目标了解使用虚拟语气的各种句型结构或标志性词语，掌握虚拟条件句与真实条件句的含义对比，正确理解虚拟语气表达含义。基础预习一、虚拟条件句条件句分两种：一种是真实条件句，一种是虚拟条件句。虚拟条件句，即指在一个虚拟假想的条件下，来描述说话人想象的、非真实的情景，这些情景是不可能发生的，与客观事实相反的。在这种条件句中，从句和主句都要用虚拟语气。虚拟条件句一般用 if，unless(=if not)，lest 来引导。我们可以对现在、过去、将来这三种情况进行虚拟，主句和从句中的谓语动词形式列表如下：表示虚拟的时间从句的谓语形式 主句的谓语形式现在 过去式 would/
2、should/might/could + do过去 过去完成式 would/should/might/could+have done将来 did 或 were to/should +dowould/should/might/could + do【例 1】(07-Text 1)If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer pl
3、ayers are most likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.【点睛】If 从句表示与将来事实相反的假设。If 从句谓语动词用过去时 were to，主句谓语动词为would+do 形式。【译文】如果仔细查看 2006 年世界杯联赛每个足球运动员的出生证明，你很可能会发现一个明显的巧合：好的足球运动员大都在上半年而不是在下半年出生。【例 2】(03-Text 3)If railroads charged all customers the same avera
4、ge rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. 【点睛】本句结构为 They argue.。if 从句表示与现在事实相反的假设。If从句的谓语动词为过去式 charged，主句的谓语动词为 would to。【译文】他们声称，若铁路部门对所有客户都收取一样的费用，
5、那么发货商就可以转向公路或其他的运输方式，从而迫使剩余的客户承担维持铁路经营的成本费用。【例 3】 （95-完形）The rats develop bacterial infections of the blood, as if their immune systems the self-protecting mechanism against diseases had crashed.【点睛】主句的谓语动词是一般时态 develop，从句的谓语动词用了过去完成时态 had crashed，说明 as if 引导的从句表示与过去事实相反的假设。【译文】这些老鼠的血液受到细菌感染，就好像他们自身
6、的免疫系统预防疾病的一种自我保护机制已经被破坏掉了。【归纳总结】虚拟条件句时态从上面的表格及举例可以看出，虚拟条件句比真实条件句的时态要后退一步。1） 真实条件句中的现在时在虚拟条件句中后退成过去时；2） 真实条件句中的过去时在虚拟条件句中后退成过去完成时；3）真实条件句中的将来时在虚拟条件句中后退成过去将来时。【补充拓展】真实条件句与虚拟条件句含义对比例示 含义If I have enough money, I will go to the zoo with you.如果我有足够的钱，我会和你一起去动物园。暗含“我得数一数钱是否够，如果够我就和你一起去”，实际上该句是真实条件句。If I h
7、ad enough money, I would go to the zoo with you.如果我有足够的钱，我会和你一起去动物园。暗含“事实上我几乎没钱，没法和你去” ，实际上该句是对现在的假设。If I had had enough money, I would have gone to the zoo with you.如果我当时有钱足够的钱，我就会和你一起去动物园了。暗含“当时我没有足够的钱，如果有的话，我当时就和你一起去了”，实际上该句是对过去的假设。二、wish ，if only 的虚拟用法wish +that 引导的宾语从句或 if only 引导的感叹句中使用虚拟语气。【例
8、】At the second home, the son of the other woman who had gone said, “If only I hadnt insisted on my mothers going to Florida, she would be alive today.”【点睛】本句中 if only 引导的从句表示对过去的虚拟，而主句则是对现在事实的虚拟，属错综时态结构句。【译文】在第二家，另一位已故妇人的儿子说 ：“如果当初我没有坚持让母亲去佛罗里达，也许她今天还会活着。 ”三、would rather 的虚拟用法would rather 意为“宁愿、宁可”，
9、其后的宾语从句用虚拟语气。would rather 有时也写作 would sooner, would just as soon。表虚拟的时间 从句谓语形式 例示与现在或将来相反 动词过去式 Id rather you were not involved in the case. 我宁愿你不卷入这件事。与过去相反 had+动词分词 Id rather that you hadnt told me about it.我宁愿你未曾把这件事告诉我。四、as if, as though 引导的方式状语中有时用虚拟语气在 as if/though 从句中使用虚拟语气，表现形式如下：表虚拟的时间 从句谓语
10、形式 例示现在(主句和从句中的谓语动作同时发过去式(be 用were 或 was)Summer as it is, it seems as if it were spring. 虽然现在是夏天，但看起来好表示虚拟的时间谓语形式 例示与现在相反 If only(=I wish)+主语动词过去式If only (=I wish) my friend was healthy.真希望我的朋友身体健康。与过去相反 If only(=I wish)+主语had+动词分词If only (=I wish) he had talked to her sooner!要是他早点跟她说就好了。与将来相反 If on
11、ly(=I wish)+主语would动词原形I wish they (=If only) would stop making nuclear bombs. 我希望他们能停止制造核弹。生) 像是春天。过去(从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前)过去完成式 Nobody ever touched this machine, but it operates as if it had been repaired. 以前没人碰过这台机器，但它开起来好像被修理过似的将来(从句表示的动作发生在主句表示的动作之后)would 动词原形Some days go by much more quickly than o
12、thers. Some hours seem as if they would never end. 有时时间过得飞快，有时时间似乎永无尽头。【例 1】If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one being corrected.【点睛】as if 引导的从句谓语动词用了过去时态 were，说明从句表示的动作与现在事实相反。【译文】如果我要纠正别人，我会采取和蔼克制的态度，好像在纠正自己一样。【例 2】Many immigrants in Sa
13、lt Lake City were angered by the arrests and said they felt as if they were being treated like disposable goods.【点睛】as if 从句中虚拟语气的使用。本句是对现在的虚拟，从句谓语动词为 were。【译文】盐湖城的许多移民都对这次拘捕表示愤慨，他们说感觉自己就像是可随意处理的商品一样被对待。【补充拓展】as if/though 从句也可不用于虚拟语气，而用陈述语气，表示事实或有很大可能性，这种情况常用在系动词look，seem ，taste，smell，sound 等后。1)The
14、re are clouds in the sky; it looks as if it is going to rain.天空中乌云密布，看起来要下雨了。( 马上就要下雨)2)It seems as if the boy has lost his way.这个男孩好像迷了路。五、建议性虚拟语气建议性虚拟语气以 suggest 的用法为典型代表，用于表示建议、要求、命令等语气。其形式采用“(should +) 动词原形” ，其中的 should 可省略。主要用于以下句式：1. 表示“建议、命令”等的动词这些词后的宾语从句中的谓语动词须用“should动词原形”的形式，其中 should 可省略。
15、分类 动词 例示表示愿望 desire, prefer We desire that the tour leader inform us immediately of any change in plans.我们希望旅游团领队立即通知我们计划中的任何变化。表示建议 advise, move(提议), propose, suggest, recommendHe suggested we go to tomorrows exhibition together. 他建议我们一起去(看)明天的展览。表示要求、请求ask, beg, insist, maintain, oblige, request,
16、require, urge(强烈要求)Mikes uncle insists that he (should) not stay in this hotel. 迈克的叔叔坚持不住这家旅馆。表示命令 command, decree, dictate, direct, order, stipulateAs Command-in-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense.作为武装总司令，我命令采取一切力量进行防御。表示决定 decide, determine, resol
17、veIt is decided that no smoking be allowed in the classroom.按规定在教室里不准吸烟。其他 arrange, deserve, intend(意欲 ), motion(示意), promise 等It has been arranged that they leave the following day.已经安排他们在第二天启程。【例 1】(94-Passage 3)Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children disabled or not to an
18、appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education.【点睛】该句可看作 and 连接的并列句，后一分句承前省略了主语 court decisions。have ordered 后 that 引导的宾语从句是建议性虚拟语气，其中动词原形 take 前省略了 should。【译文】法院的裁决已经认可了所有儿童（无论残疾与否）都有权接受适当的教育,并且命令公立学校采取必要步骤提供这种教育。【例 2】Implementing the
19、new science standards and their math counterparts will be the challenge, he and Schmidt agree, because the decentralized responsibility for education in the United States requires that any reforms be tailored and instituted one community at a time.【点睛】该题考查 require(表要求)后接宾语从句中谓语动词的形式。即从句的谓语动词要使用 shou
20、ld do 的形式， should 可省略。本句为被动用法。【译文】他和斯奇米德都认同，实施新的科学和数学教育标准将是个挑战，因为美国教育权限的分散要求任何一项改革只能一次对一个社区进行调整和实施。【例 3】Smith recommends that, whenever possible, you schedule a dental appointment or other discomforting event in the morning so you dont spend the whole day worrying about it.【点睛】复合句。that 引导的从句作 recomm
21、ends 的宾语，该从句运用了虚拟语气，schedule 之前省略了 should。【译文】史密斯建议在可能的情况下，你可以在早晨安排与牙医的约会或者其他令你感到不安的事情，从而你不会整天都感到惴惴不安了。【例 4】 （04-完形）Theories concerning on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned cri
22、minal behavior through interactions with others.【点睛】suggest 后的 that 引导宾语从句，用了虚拟语气，谓语动词 engage in 前省略了 should。【译文】关于个体研究的理论认为，孩子们从事犯罪活动是因为以前他们做错事情时对他们的惩罚力度不够，或是因为他们通过与其他人的交往学会了犯罪。【补充拓展】suggest 与 insist 的特殊用法特殊用法 例示suggest 当“建议” 讲时，后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气；当“暗示”、 “略微透露”、 “表明” 讲时，后面的宾语从句不用虚拟语气。Her face suggested
23、(表明) that she was ill. So I suggested (建议) that she (should) be sent to the nearest hospital immediately.她的脸色表明她生病了，所以我建议她应该立刻被送到最近的医院。insist 当“坚决要求”、 “硬要” 讲时，后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气；当“坚持说”讲时，不用虚拟语气。Tom insisted (坚决要求) Mike (should) apologize to his teacher, but Mike insisted (坚持说) that he was not wrong at al
24、l.汤姆坚决要求迈克向他的都是道歉，但迈克坚持说他根本没有错误2. 表示“建议、命令”等的动词过去分词或形容词的结构中一般用于 It is / was + 此类动词的过去分词或形容词 + 主语从句结构中，此时主语从句的谓语动词形式须用“should动词原形” 的形式，其中 should 可省略。分类 形容词表愿望 desirable, preferable表建议 advisable, proposed, suggestive表请求 insistent, urgent, requested表命令 dictative表决定 decisive, resolved, decided其他 promisi
25、ng, arranged【例 1】(00-Passage 1)It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful.【点睛】第一个句子是含有主语从句的复合句，it 为形式主语，真正主语是that 从句，其中的 should have narrowed 为虚拟语气；第二个句子为简单句。【译文】随着其他国家日益富裕，美国的这一优势地位逐渐下降是不可
26、避免的。惟其不可避免，从优势地位上退出愈发痛苦不堪。【例 2】But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.【点睛】并列复合句。第一个 and 连接两个
27、并列的分句：第二个分句的主干为 it is critical，it 为形式主语，真正的主语是 that our nationactions 这个从句，其中谓语动词 base 是虚拟式，前面省略了 should。【译文】可是，科学确实给我们提供了通往未来的最好向导；考虑到现行措施对将来产生的后果，我们的国家和世界在制订重要政策时，最好以科学为依据。3. 表示“建议、命令”等的名词这些名词后的表语从句、同位语从句中应该用虚拟语气，其从句的谓语动词形式须用“should动词原形”的形式，其中 should 可省略。分类 名词表愿望 desire, preference, wish, hope表建议
28、advice, proposal, suggestion, motion表请求 insistence, maintenance, request, requirement, urge, petition表命令 command, decree, dictation, direction, order, stipulation表决定 decision, determination, resolution其他 arrangement, intention, promise【例】The suggestion that the mayor （should） present the prizes was
29、accepted by everyone.【译文】由市长来颁奖的建议已被大家接受。【补充拓展】注意不是所有表“建议、命令”类的词后所有的从句都用虚拟语气。如果后面跟的是定语从句，或主语从句就不用虚拟语气。该类名词后只有表语从句或同位语从句才用虚拟语气，此点考生一定要切记。1) This is the suggestion that he made at the meeting. ()2) This is the suggestion that he should make at the meeting. ()六、情态动词表虚拟结构 例示情态动词 may/might 是一种特殊的虚拟语气，可以用
30、在从句中表目的、让步。1) However hard it may rain, we shall have to go. 不论雨多大，我们都得走。2) He died in order that others might be saved. 他为了拯救别人而死。may/might have done 表示本来可以干某事却没有干，突出其可能性；而 could/would have done 表示本来能够做某事，但实际上却没有做。1) He might have given you some help, however busy he was他本可以帮助你，无论他多忙。 2) Had he wor
31、ked harder, he would have got through the exams. 如果他学习再努力一些的话，他本能够通过考试。should/ought to have done 表示过去本应该做而没有做某事；shouldnt/oughtnt to have done 表示不该做某事而做了；都含有责备的意思。1) If he were wise, he should have come to see me. 他如若聪明，就应该来见我。 （事实上没来）2) You ought to/should have been more careful in this experiment.
32、你本来就该在这个试验上仔细点。 （事实上不仔细）neednt have done 表示本来没必要做某事，实际上却做了。There was plenty of time. She neednt have hurried. 还有很多时间，她本没必要着急。（事实上着急了） 【例 1】(07-Text 4)The current state of affairs may have been encouraged though not justified by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage.
33、【点睛】该句的主干为 The current state of affairs may。其中 may have been encouraged 表示对过去动作的一种推测，为虚拟语气。【译文】虽然不能因为缺乏对数据泄漏的法律制裁（在美国，不在欧洲）而认为这些事件是正当的，但目前的情形可能是这种缺乏所促成的。【例 2】 (99-Passage 5) How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying
34、to predict anything.【点睛】前面问句中,would have considered 表示虚拟，介词结构 of an apple falling up作定语，修饰 considered 的宾语 the possibility;后句包含 because引导的原因状语从句。【译文】有多少人会考虑过苹果向上飞到树上的可能性？牛顿考虑过，因为他不想对任何事情进行预测。【例 3】Specialists in history and economics, have shown two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was marked
35、 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.【点睛】Specialistshave shown two things 为句子主干。冒号后两个 that 引导并列的同位语从句，补充说明 two things；后一个同位语从句中的 may have improved 为情态动词表虚拟。【译文】历史学和经济学方面的专家已经证明了两件事：从 1650
36、 年到 1750年期间以极度贫困为特征，而工业化显然没有使这种状况恶化；事实上却可能改善了绝大多数平民百姓的生活条件。重点讲解 一、虚拟条件句的倒装形式在 if 从句中，如果有 were，should，had，would 等词时，则可以省去句首的 if，然后将 were, should, had 提前至句首，采用倒装形式表示条件。(这种情况不限于虚拟语气，主句为陈述语气时也可用此结构。)【例 1】 （95-翻译）For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how ab
37、le an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 【点睛】该句是由 and 连接的并列句，后一分句中的 had he grown up是虚拟条件句中省略 if 的倒装结构，相当于 if he had grown up表示与过去事实相反的假设。【译文】例如，它们并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长，会有多大的才干。【例 2】The millions of calculations involved
38、, had they been done by hand, ought to have lost all practical value by the time they were finished. 【点睛】该句的主干是 calculationsought to have lostpractical value。其中had they been done 是省略了 if 的条件句，助动词 had 提到句首，构成倒装结构；ought to have lost 为虚拟语气，表示对过去的推测。【译文】数百万次的运算，如果用手工进行，等到完成时恐怕早就失去一切实用价值了。二、错综时间条件句即主句和从句
39、动作发生的时间不一致：一个是与现在(或将来) 事实相反，一个是与过去事实相反。这时要根据其各自所表示的时间采用适当的谓语形式，而不采取通常的时态搭配形式。【例】(98-语法)Had in not been for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving at it is.【点睛】主句谓语是 would not be，表示对现在虚拟。从逻辑关系来看，从句应该是表示过去的虚拟，因为投资人的投资发生在过去，属于错综时间条件句。【译文】若不是因为当时有大众及时投资，我们公司就
40、不会像现在这么景气了。三、含蓄虚拟条件句虚拟条件有时不是通过 if 从句明显地表达出来，而是隐含在副词、介词短语或上下文中。经常表示这种含蓄条件的有：常见连接词 例示otherwise, or 1)We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们早就给他打电话了。2) He must have had an accident, or he would have been here then. 他一定出事故了，不然他早就该到了。with, without Nels
41、on could have won the fight, with a little more training and a better manager. 如果有更多的训练和一个好的管理人的话，纳尔逊是可以赢得这场拳击比赛的。but for But for the fog, we should have reached our destination in time. 如果不是有雾，我们原本可以及时到达目的地。（but for = if it = if it were not for.或 if it had not been for.或 but that）in the past, in sb
42、s positionA man in his position might have done the same thing.任何处在他位置上的人都可能做同样的事。under要是在情况下Under the leadership of a less experienced person，the experiment would have failed.假设在一个缺少经验的人领导下进行实验，实验准会失败。in case 1)The games will be posteoned in case it snows.2)The games will be posteoned in case it (s
43、hould) snow.（in case 从句既可用陈述语气，也可用虚拟语气。 in case it snows 比 in case it should snow 可能性大些）on condion that在条件下The guards allow the tourists to go into the woods on condition that they (should) do no harm to the animals.守卫让游客进入森林的条件是他们不能伤害动物。given (that), provided (that)Given more time, I would have bee
44、n able to finish the test.如果那时多给一些时间，我就能做完考题。suppose/supposing (that)假设Suppose/supposing that there were no gravity, objects would not fall to ground when dropped.假设没有重力的话，物体就不会落下地面。【例 1】(95-Passage 5)Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behavior that might have be
45、en correct a decade ago may no longer be.【点睛】Without forgetting 为含蓄虚拟条件句，相当于 if there were no forgetting，表示与现在事实相反的假设，故主句中用了 would suffer。【译文】如果没有遗忘，适应能力就会受影响，例如，十年前也许正确的行为现在可能不再正确了。【例 2】Without the prospect of such a monopoly, it is widely believed, there would be a diminished motivation to invent,
46、 and in the long run society as a whole would suffer from a slower rate of technological advance.【点睛】without表示一种含蓄的虚拟，因此主句中用了 would be 和 would suffer，表达一种与现在事实相反的假设。【译文】人们普遍认为，如果没有这种垄断前景，人们进行发明创造的动力就会衰减，长此以往，整个社会技术进步的速度就会变慢。四、It is/was + that 从句结构中的虚拟语气1. important, necessary 类的形容词 在“It is / was 形容词
47、 + that 从句”的结构中此类结构常用 “should动词原形”作从句的谓语。此时 should可省略。这类形容词有三类：分类 形容词表重要 important, crucial(紧要的)，vital, imperative( 绝对必要的)表必要 necessary, essential, obligatory(必须履行的), compulsory表正确 appropriate, fair, just, right, proper, reasonable 等【例】(05-Text 2)If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is
48、 crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.【点睛】该句是由 if 引导的条件状语从句，主句中包含 it is crucial that句型，that 后的表语从句运用虚拟语气，be 前省略了 should。【译文】如果我们准备保护大气，那么保证这些新电厂的环保达标就至关重要。2. 表示惊奇、不满、失望、关心等类的情感词在此类“It is/was +形容词或名词 + that 从句”结构中，从句用虚拟语气，从句的谓语有“should+动词原形” 和“should have动词过去分词” 这两种形式，should 一般不可省，意
49、义 “竟然，居然”，表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感。这类词主要有以下：分类 名词/ 形容词表惊奇 surprising, astonishing, amazing, shocking, strange, odd表警醒 alarming, tragic表害怕 frightening, dreadful表生气 annoying, irritable, lamentable表失望 discouraging, disconcerting, disappointing表懊悔 a pity, a shame, regretted, deplorable表困惑 perplexing, bewildering表着急 anxious, concerned, eager, urgent, keen其他 incredible, unthinkable, embarrassing, upsetting, ridiculous表示对现在事情的惊讶、懊悔等从句谓语用“should+ 动词原形 ”；表示对过去事情的惊讶、懊悔等从句谓语用“should have动词过去分词”。【例】1)Its ridiculous that he should behave l
