1、四级强化班,写作,理论技巧篇,四级考试评分标准 2 4 8 11 14,遣词造句,写完整句，避免错误句式： 1.残缺句 1） 误用非谓语动词 误 Why does he call home once a week? To keep in touch with his family. 正 He calls home once a week to keep in touch with his family. 误 Some people firmly agree, but others against it. 正 Some people firmly agree, but others are ag
2、ainst it. 2). 误用标点符号 误 Some people think one should read selectively. Because some books are beneficial to him and some books are harmful to him. 正 Some people think one should read selectively because some books are beneficial to him and some books are harmful to him.,遣词造句,2.多重谓语 1) 误 In our modern
3、 society, there are many examples around us show that many people are cheated. 正 In our modern society, many examples around us show that many people are cheated. / A large number of people have fallen victim to various tricks. 2) 误 Poverty makes many people cant study abroad. 正 Poverty makes many p
4、eople unable to study abroad. /Poverty makes it impossible for many people to study abroad. / Poverty prevents many people from studying abroad. / Many people cant study abroad because of poverty.,遣词造句,3. 连写句 误 There are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, we should not read them. 正 There
5、 are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind. We should not read them. 误 She had a wig on, it looked more like a hat than a wig. 正 She had a wig on, and it looked more like a hat than a wig.误 The house is too small for a family of four, it is in bad location. 正 The house is too small for a fam
6、ily of four; furthermore, it is in bad location.,遣词造句谓语动词保持一致,句子须保持前后一致 人称和数误 Somebody hold that one should read selectively. 正 Somebody holds that one should read selectively. 时态误 Many students complained that the canteen service is terribly awful. 正 Many students complained that the canteen servic
7、e was terribly awful.语气误 This movie is really fantastic, with beautiful actress, scenery, and excellent background music. I hate it. 正 This movie is really fantastic, with beautiful actress, scenery, and excellent background music. I love it.,遣词造句指代一致,避免代词代指全句或分句 误 Working all day and going to schoo
8、l at night are difficult, but this often leads to outstand success in life. 正 Working all day and going to school at night are difficult, but this special effort often leads to outstand success in life. 2. 代词应明显指代一个先行词 误 Kelly told her instructor that she had made a mistake. 正 Kelly told her instruc
9、tor, “Ive made a mistake.”,遣词造句指代一致,3. 避免不确切地使用they, you 和it 误 They say if you walk under a ladder, you are bound to meet with misfortune. 正 It is said that a person who walks under a ladder is bound to meet with misfortune. 误 If we cheat others, friends will never believe you and they will leave yo
10、u alone. 正 If we cheat others, friends will never believe us and they will leave us along.,遣词造句,句子要简单明了,遣词造句,句子要灵活多变 1.句式多样 2.使用形象的修辞,布局谋篇组句成段,1.主题句 2.扩展句 3.结尾句,主题句,1. 在审题过程中，从Directions 和outline找出主题词(topic)和主题思想（controlling idea）. 2. 分析并确定两者的关系。 3. 用简洁有力的结构把两者连接成完整句子。 4. 检查并修改主题句，使之符合主题句的要求和特征。,主题句
11、,要求和特征 1. 必须是判断性质的完整句子。以下就不是： driving on freeways The importance of gold Is it necessary to take a part-time job 2. 必须有概括性。以下就不是： American food is terrible. American food is tasteless and greasy because Americans use too many canned, frozen, and prepackaged foods and because everything is fried in o
12、il or butter. 3. 必须包含作者明确的态度。以下就不是 I am not sure if it is necessary for college students to take part-time jobs. 4. 必须简洁。 I think university campus should welcome all visitors. 5. 必须统领全文，但不能超出全文内容。 University campus can not only be a college to visit but also a recreational place for ordinary people
13、.,主题句,位置： 段首 段中 段尾,扩展句,主要扩展句 2. 次要扩展句,主要扩展句,主要扩展句(major supporting statement)的主要特点是： 绕段落主题句展开的每一个推展句本身都不要求作进一步 说明或证明，句与句之间的关系是相互独立又是互相连接 的。 例：(主题句) There are several factors affecting climate. (扩展句1)One factor is the mount of sunlight received. (扩展句2)Altitude, or the height above sea level, also det
14、ermines climate. (扩展句3)The oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent land. (扩展句4)In addition, climate is influenced by the general circulation of the atmosphere.,次要扩展句,次要扩展句(minor supporting statement)是指对主要扩展句作进一步 事实分析和举例说明。它从属于某一个或某几个扩展句。例：(主题句)I dont teach because teaching is not easy for m
15、e. (主要扩展句1)Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living: mechanic, carpenter, writer. (主要扩展句2)For me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession. (次要扩展句1)Red-eye, because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing.
16、(次要扩展句2)Sweaty-palm, because Im always nervous before I enter the classroom, sure that I will be found out for the fool that I am. (次要扩展句3)Sinking-stomach, because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was even more boring than usual.,三者的关系,1每个主要扩展句都应该是对主题句中表示主要思想的关键词的直接、明确的说明2每个次要扩展句
17、都应该说明它的主要扩展句。,段落特点,1.段落的一致性 2.段落的连贯性 按逻辑顺序安排细节 使用适当的连接手段举例比较和对比因果关系层次递进让步转折表示结论,连接词,表例举：for example, for instance, such as, like 表比较：like, in the same way, similarly, equally important, and the like 表对比：on the contrary, in contrast, opposite to, different from, whereas, contrast with, conversely 表因果
18、或分析原因：consequently, as a result, the reason of, therefore, so, as, due to, since 表递进：furthermore, moreover, in addition, in addition to, whats more, besides 标转折：as, though, even though, although, it is true, in spite of, despite, after all 表结论：to summarize, to sum up, in brief, on the whole, in shor
19、t, in summary, to conclude, in a word, all in all,组段成文,字数 句数,实践篇论说文,议论文正反面要讲清楚 说明文1.2.3要讲清楚,论说文对立观点型,A认为 B认为 我的观点是注意与“单一观点型”区分1. People think studying in university is worthwhile only because you can get a degree. Do you agree or disagree this statement?(不包括两种实物的比较)2. People should be more realistic
20、 rather than romantic in order to have a better life. Do you agree or disagree? Give your reasons.(包括两种实物的比较)3. Which kind of music do you like best. Give your answer and reasons. (选择观点式),对立观点型文章常用句式,表示不同看法的句式： 1. People have different attitudes towards tutoring. 2. When asked about the biggest prob
21、lem today, students have different opinions about it. 3. When it comes to consumption, peoples opinions may vary from person to person. 4. There are two kinds of attitudes towards school activities: one is enthusiasm, the other is indifference. 5. There are two sides of opinions about it.,对立观点型文章常用句
22、式,可以使用设问句式增强语气： Do “Lucky numbers” really bring good luck? Different people have different attitudes towards it. Can money buy happiness? To this question, different people hold different opinions.,对立观点型文章常用句式,有人认为的句式: 1. Some people take it for granted that it is very necessary to take such a test.
23、 2. Others argue (maintain, believe, emphasize) that is it wise to read extensively. 3. Still others hold (the opinion) that men are superior to women. 另外一些人认为的句式： 1. However, others hold an opposite point of view. 2. But some people could not agree with them in several points. 3. Some people strong
24、ly oppose to smoking.,对立观点型文章常用句式,我的看法： 1. As to me, Im in favor of the latter view. 2. I am of the opinion that those who have the habit of rising early will surely do things with spirit. 3. As far as I am concerned, the second way is more flexible, and the reasons are as follows. 4. In my view, I
25、think highly of the former opinion.,对立观点型文章开头段落,1.Recently, the problem of has aroused public concern. Some people believe that . But others hold that . As to me, I am on the first/second side of the argument. The reasons are as follows.2. Contrary to the traditional concept that, now an increasing
26、number of people believe that 3. When asked about, some people prefer to; others, however, prefer to . As to me, I choose the first/second way (method/approach). The following reasons can account for my inclination.,对立观点型文章开头段落,4. Peoples ideas (/opinions/views) on vary from person to person. Some p
27、eople hold/think that . From their point of view, . However, others hold/think that . In their opinion, . As to me, I agree with / am in favor of the first/second idea. The following are the reasons of / for my choice/personal inclination.5. There is no agreement among people as to the issue of . So
28、me people hold that while others hold that . From my point of view, it is more advisable to support the first/second opinion rather than the second/first one.,对立观点型文章结尾段落,1. From what has been discussed above, we may safely conclude that . 2.Taking all these factors into consideration, we may reason
29、ably draw a conclusion that,对立观点型文章展开段,立论 驳论 折衷,立论型模板,模板1：Some people believe that （一种观点）Others believe that （另一种观点） I agree with the former/latter point of view. That is， （作者的论点）First, (第一个理由) Second, (第二个理由) Finally (/last but not least), (第三个理由).In conclusion, (结论),立论型模板,模板2：When asked about (所要讨
30、论的主题), different people have different opinions. Some like to (一种倾向) while others prefer to (另一种倾向). As to me, I will choose (作者的倾向). The reasons for this can be listed as follows:Firstly, (第一个理由). Besides, (第二个理由). Last but not least, (第三个理由).Therefore, based on the above discussion, it is not diff
31、icult to conclude why I (结论),万能理由（Omnipotence）,1. 方便：convenient/ convenience 2. 效率：efficient/ efficiently/ efficiency 3. 节省和浪费：save time/ money/ space; economical, thriftwaste time/ money/ space; costly, lavish 4. 人的心理健康：independent, cooperative, competitive,considerate, confident, creative, sociabl
32、e,perseverance; selfish, isolated, conservative 5. 人的身体健康：health, disease, strong, strength, energetic 6. 娱乐：colorful, pleasure, joy, recreation, entertainment, relaxtired, boring, lonely 7. 环境：environment, pollute, poisonous, dirty 8. 安全和危险：safe, danger, risk 9. 经验：experience, social experience, en
33、ter the society 10. 人际：fair, unfair, help, assist, freedom, freely,立论型范文分析,驳论型句型,1).首先，虽然的确是真的，但这不意味着To begin with, while it is true that study is very important to students, it doesnt mean that they should always study without playing, as “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.”2).乍一想，这种观点听起来是
34、正确的，但再一想,我们可以发现这种观点有问题。第一,第二,第三,At first thought, this idea sounds true, but on second thought, we can find there are some problems with this view. First, money cannot alleviate mental pain. Second, money cannot buy real love. Third, money cannot bring people real happiness.3).当然，人们也可以说, 但这不可以说It co
35、uld, of course, also be argued that a part-time job may occupy some time for study, but it cannot be said that a bookworm is bound to achieve academic accomplishment.,驳论型句型,4).照这种观点，如果就。然而，我并不是说而我要说的是。If money is everything, as the argument goes, money is more important than anything else in our lif
36、e. However, I am not arguing that money is not important but I just want to say that money is no guarantee of health, happiness or success. 5).另一种普遍反对的意见是。这种观点认为。然而，在我看来，。Another common objection is that competition is too cruel. This argument assumes that some people may suffer in the tough competi
37、tion. However, in my eyes, without competition, human beings could not advance. 6).诚然/的确/当然/毫无疑问, 但是, 是更为可取的，因为Admittedly / Indeed / True /Certainly / Of course / Undoubtedly, it is parents good intention to make their children learn different kinds of skills, but it is more advisable for children t
38、o learn what they like because this method can develop childrens own interests.,驳论型句型,7).他们说 也许是对的，但是，他们似乎忘了提到They may be right in asserting that most teachers are experienced and know what are important and what are necessary for students to learn, but they seem to forget to mention that students p
39、roficiency at one subject may vary so greatly that the same course decided by teachers cannot satisfy every student.8).他们说 也许是对的，但是，他们似乎对熟视无睹。They may be correct in saying that our planet has plenty of water sources, but they seem to turn a blind eye to more than 90% of salty water.,驳论型模板,模板1:With t
40、he development of _ (某个行业) Therefore, some people think that _ (一种观点) However, other people think that _ (另一种观点) As to me, Im in favor of the first / second opinion.First, while it is true that _ (对方观点的合理性一), we cannot forget that _ (反驳的理由). Furthermore, it could also be argued that _ (对方观点的合理性二), b
41、ut this opinion ignores the fact that _ (对方观点的错误)Weighing up the arguments on both sides, Im inclined to believe that _ (结论),驳论型模板,模板3:A recent survey indicates that _ (调查结果). So some people take the view that _ (一种观点). Others, however, dont think so. They believe that _ (另一种观点). As to me, I am for
42、the first / second opinion.Of course, _ (对方观点的合理性一), but this is not to say that _ (反驳的理由). Besides, the second argument fails to consider the fact that _ (举例对方忽略的一个事实).In conclusion, the second view cannot hold water. It is my contention that _ (结论),驳论型范文分析,折衷型句型,There is no agreement among people
43、as to the issue whether . Some people focus more attention on ， while others may think . From my point of view， both A and B play significant roles in .People have different opinions on . Some people argue that . Other people， on the other hand， dont agree to this opinion。 They take the view that .
44、Despite the above disagreement， my view is that both opinions are reasonable to some extent.3) From my point of view， these ideas go to extremes. Those who hold the first idea perhaps fail to consider . Those who hold the second idea perhaps ignore / neglect that .,折衷型句型,In conclusion， A and B just
45、like your right and left hands. They complement each other. Neither is more important than the other. Only if we depend on both of them， can we .5) From the above analysis， we can arrive at a conclusion that it is the balance between A and B that .,折衷型模板,When we come to talk about （所要讨论的主题）， some pe
46、ople think that （正方观点）。 In their opinion， （正方观点的理由）。 Other people hold that （反方观点）。 As the argument goes， （反方观点的理由）。 As to me， both views have their limitations.First， it is true that （正方观点的合理性），but （反驳的理由）。 Second， though _（反方观点的合理性）， （反驳的理由）In conclusion， whether （主题）or not depends on. （举例说明不同情况不同
47、看待）,解决问题型文章,本类文章通过以下五个步骤进行： A一个社会问题或者现象。 B产生的原因。 C. 对社会和我们生活的影响 。 D. 如何杜绝（如果是问题的话）。 E. 前景的预测。,解决问题型文章,ANowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/ economic/ environmental problem/phenomenon. (X has increasingly become a common concern of the public). According to a survey, 调查内容说明这种现象的情况（或
48、者是一个例子）。 B There are a couple of reasons booming/producing this problem/phenomenon. C X has caused substantial impact on the society and our daily life, which has been articulated in the following aspects. D A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent X from bringing us more harm. E Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that more and more people will ,
