1、句子的成分是指组成句子的各个部分，即：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）、补足语、定语、状语等。 主要成分：主语 和 谓语 次要成分：表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语 等一、 主语：句子所叙述的主体。一般位于句首，表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”。一般由名词、代词、数词、 不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充当。 注意：在 there be 结构、疑问（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语动词、助动词或情态动词后面。 例如：Tom is a good boy. (名词) We often speak English in class. (代词) One-thir
2、d of the students in this class are girls. (数词) To swim in the river is a great pleasure. (不定式) Smoking does harm to the health. (动名词 ) The rich should help the poor. (名词化形容词 ) When we are going to have a test has not been decided. (主语从句) It is necessary to master a foreign language.(it 为形式主语，真正的主语是
3、不定式) （二）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，一般由动词或动词短语来充当，一般放在主语之后。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。谓语的构成如下： 1. 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：I like apples. ( 动词 ) He practices running every morning. （动词短语） 2. 复合谓语：（1）由（情态动词或其他助动词+动词原形）构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.（2）由（系动词+ 表
4、语）构成。We are having a quick breakfast. （三） 表语：用于说明主语的性质、身份、特征和状态等，说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、 动名词、介词短语、副词及从句充当。位置：用在动词 be 和系动词（如 keep, remain, become, get. grow, turn, look, seem, feel, smell, sound, taste 等）的后面。表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语，即成系表结构。My mother is a doctor. (名词)Is it yours? (代词)The
5、weather has turned cold. （形容词）The speech is exciting. （现在分词） The door is closed. （过去分词）Three times seven is twenty one. （数词）His job is to teach English. （不定式）His hobby is playing football. （动名词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over. (副词) The truth is that he has never
6、 been abroad. （表语从句）（四） 宾语：表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面,说明主语“做什么”，由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容 词、不定式和宾语从句。及物动词必须加宾语。They went to see an exhibition yesterday. （名词）The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have three. （数词）They helped the old with their housew
7、ork yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me. （不定式） I enjoy listening to popular music. （动名词） I think (that) he is fit for this job. （宾语从句） 宾语种类：双宾语（间接宾语+ 直接宾语） 有的动词后面可接双宾语，包括常用来指人的间接宾语和常用来指物的直接宾语。Lend me your dictionary, please. =Lend your dictionary to me, please. 间宾 直宾 直宾 间宾 这类词有 bring, give,
8、 show, send, pass, tell, lend, offer, buy, make, do 等。带双宾语的及物动词,如果把直接宾语置于间接宾语之前,必须在变换时加“to”或“for”。这类词可以归纳为“七 给” 一 “带” to 不少, “ 买 ” 画 “ 制作” for 来了：1、“七给”(give, pass, lend, write, show, send, hand)和“带”(bring) 8 个及物动词,在直接宾 语前置时,必须在后面加上“to ”。即“ vt. + sth. + to + sb.” 如： He lent some money to me. 类似动词的还有
9、：get, mail, offer, pay, promise, read, sell, take, teach等 2、“buy” (买) ；“draw” (画) ；“make ” (制作) 三个动词,在直接宾语前置时,则必须在 后边加“for”,构成 “vt. + sth. + for + sb.”Mother bought a new dress for me。类似动词还有：build ，choose, cook, cut, do, find, fix, leave, order等。3、当直接宾语是代词时，间接宾语 for 和 to 于直接宾语之后。如：Richard made it fo
10、r him。理查德为他做的这个东西 Give it to me。把它给我 4、有些动词后可单独用直接宾语、间接宾语或双宾语，如 ask, teach, tell, owe, pay. I asked John. 我问约翰 I asked a question. 我问了一个问题 I asked John a question.我问了约翰一个问题 复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语），例如： They elected him their monitor. 宾语 宾语补足语 （五）宾语补足语：有些及物动词除了要有一个宾语之外, 还须加上一个补足语。如果没有宾补, 有时候句子的意思就不完整。用来补充说明宾语的
11、特征、状态或身份，宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。并与宾语一起构成复合宾语的句子成分。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如 make, let, see, find, name 等）或介词（如with）+ 宾语 +宾补 如 His father named him Dong Ming. (名词) They painted their boat white. (形容词) Let the fresh air in. （副词）I ask him to go home now. (不定式) We saw her entering the room. （现在分
12、词）He found the door locked. （过去分词） We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now. (从句) （六） 定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由名词、形容词、 代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、分词等来充当。 Guilin is a beautiful city. （形容词）China is a developing country.（现在分词）America is a developed co
13、untry. （过去分词）There are thirty women teachers in our school. （名词）His math is very good. （形容词性物主代词）I am the last person to leave the classroom. （不定式） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）He is reading an article about how to learn German.（介词短语）（七）状语：用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，以说明地点, 时间, 方式
14、, 程度 , 原因, 目的, 结果, 条件，让步，伴随状态，比较等。一般由副词、名词、介词短语、不定式、从句或相当于副词的词组或短语等来充当。如： Light travels most quickly. (副词性词组)He has lived in the city for ten years. （介词短语）He is proud to have passed the college entrance examination. (不定式) He is in the room making a model plane. (现在分词短语)Wait a minute. （名词） Once you b
15、egin, you must continue. （状语从句） How about meeting again at six? （表时间） Last night he didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（表原因）I shall go there if it doesnt rain. （表条件）Mr. Smith lived on the third floor. （表地点）She put the eggs into the basket with great care. （表方式）She came in with a book in
16、 her hand. （表伴随状态）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（表目的）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. （状语从句表结果）She works very hard though she is old. （状语从句表让步）I am taller than he is. （状语从句表比较） 状语的位置：1.only 在句中的位置比较灵活, 但位置不同, 意义也不同.The actor only sang a song.Only the actor
17、sang a song.The actor sang only one song.2.两个或多个状语同时修饰时的顺序1）地点状语在前, 时间状语在后.We will have a meeting in Room 202 tomorrow.2）较小单位的状语在前,由小到大Mr. Li lives at 88 Chongwen Rd., Suzhou, Jiangsu.3）一个句子有几个不同种类的副词作状语, 其顺序大都是: 程度副词,方式副词, 地点副词, 时间副词She sang very well at the meeting last night.3.时间和地点状语也可以位于句首, 表示强
18、调或使上下文更为连贯Usually I read the newspapers in the morning, but yesterday I read them in the evening.（八）独立成分：与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分 感叹词：oh, hello, aha, ah,等。肯定词:yes 否定词:no 称呼语：称呼人的用语。 插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。如: The story, I think, has never come to the end. 我相信,这个故事还远没结束. 效果测试1. 指出下列句中主语的中心词
19、The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult. 2. 选出句中谓语的中心词。（ ） I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. pi
20、cture D. wall （ ） The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A. get B. longer C. days D. summer （ ） Do you usually go to school by bus?A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus （ ） There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon（ ） Did the twins hav
21、e porridge for their breakfast?A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast（ ） Tom didnt do his homework yesterday. A. Tom B. didnt C. do D. his homework （ ） What I want to tell you is this.A. want B. to tell C. you D. is （ ） We had better send for a doctor. A. We B. had C. send D. doctor （ ） He is interest
22、ed in music. A. is B. interested C. in D. music （ ） Whom did you give my book to? A. give B. did C. whom D. book3. 找出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn abou
23、t it. 4. 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said
24、he was ill. They made him monitor of the class. Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. You will find it useful after you leave school. They didnt know who “Father Christmas“ really is. 5. 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr.
25、 Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me? 6. 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily so
26、metimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?7. 找出下列句中的定语 They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was tryi
27、ng to sleep. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! 8. 找出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off
28、. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine. 答案 1. teacher man dictionary To do 2. B A C A C C D C A A 3. tired. worried yellow. interested the first 4. homework. English. attention
29、 words to go swimming he was ill. him monitor bridge museum it school. who “Father Christmas” really is. 5. us, 间接宾语 a story, 直接宾语 me, 间接宾语 a new bike, 直接宾语 us, 间接宾语 history, 直接宾语 Tom, 间接宾语 it, 直接宾语 me, 间接宾语 message, 直接宾语 6. to read newspapers and books to take the boy difficult Lily get on the bus playing football 7. family giventhird some downstairs of the other shoe! 8. on her face. Every night when he was eleven. too fast. With the medicine box under her arm because she loves books. if youve lost it to see the other machine.
