1、一 不一致（Disagreements）所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致等例 When one have money, he can do what he want to.(人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么)剖析：one 是单数第三人称，因而本句的 have 应改为 has ;同理，want 应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致改为： Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)二 修饰语错位（Misplaced Modifiers）英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含
2、义可能引起变化对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解例 I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.剖析：better 位置不当，应置于句末三 句子不完整（Sentence Fragments）在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生例 There are many ways to know the society. F
3、or example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on .剖析：本句后半部分for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句改为：There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper. 四 悬垂修饰语（Dangling Modifiers）所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清例如：At the age of ten, my grandfat
4、her died. 这句中at the age of ten只点出十岁时，但没有说明”谁”十岁时按一般推理不可能是 my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了改为：When I was ten, my grandfather died.例 To do well in college, good grades are essential.剖析：句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚改为：To do well in college, a student needs good grades.五 词性误用(Misus
5、e of Parts of Speech)“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等例 None can negative the importance of money.剖析：negative 系形容词，误作动词。改为：None can deny the importance of money.六 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her t
6、o be her bridesmaid.(玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。)读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.例 1. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself.剖析：句中人称代词 we 和反身代词 yourself 指代不一致。改为 We
7、can also know society by serving it ourselves.七 不间断句子(Run-on Sentences)什么叫 run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。例 There are many ways we get to know the outside world. 剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。改为：There are many ways for us to learn about the o
8、utside world.或:There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside World八 措词毛病(Troubles in Diction)Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题，囿于教学时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限，影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲，斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。例 The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also
9、makes pollution. (农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。 )剖析：显然，考生把 obstacles“障碍”， “障碍物” 误作 substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)” 。改为：The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.九 累赘(Redundancy)言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组；能用词组的不
10、用从句或句子。如：In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句，我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为：In spite of his laziness, I like him.例 For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.剖析：整个句子可以大大简化。改为： Diligent, caring people
11、 use money only to buy what they need.十 不连贯(Incoherence)不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。例The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth. 剖析：The fresh water 与逗号后的 it 不连贯。It 与 things 在数方面不一致。改为： Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.十一 综合性语言错误(Comprehensive Misusage)所
12、谓“综合性语言错误”，是指除了上述十种错误以外，还有诸如时态，语态，标点符号，大小写等方面的错误。例 1Today, Money to everybody is very importance, ours eat, cloth, live, go etc.人们进行写作的一般目的是向读者传递信息、介绍情况，或阐述作者对某一主题所持的观点，用英文写作也不例外。为让读者更好地理解所传递的信息，使用英文进行写作时，行文一定要注意做到清晰、准确、简洁这三点，这就是公认的英文写作“黄金三定律”。 定律之一：清晰 文章的清晰体现在读者能够很容易理解作者讲述的内容。为保证所写文章清晰明了，写作时有两点一定要加
13、以注意： 一是越确切具体越好。在这一方面，作者首先应明确了解自己所要传达的信息、读者的范围及特点，然后再选择相关信息，采用某种文体格式传递给读者。也就是说，写作必须要以特定读者为对象，以让读者能够明确接受作者所传递的信息为宗旨。尽量以客观陈述为主，少主观臆测推断；尽量明确无误表达，少模棱两可评论，这是使文章清晰确切的写作准则。 二是组织结构富有逻辑性。文章结构富有逻辑性会让读者很轻松地读懂作者要表达的思想内容。文章的这种逻辑性可以通过采用从一般到具体、从“全景”到细节、从问题的定义到分析再到提出解决方案等多种方式来体现。 定律之二：准确 要使文章语义表达准确，首先要尽量不要在学术文章中出现“大
14、概、也许”之类模棱两可的词语，避免出现容易让人困惑和误解的词语和表达法；其次，要尽量避免使用那些有多种含义的词语和表达法。例如：Singapore is a fine country 这句话中的 fine 一词有多种含义，如“好的、细小的、罚款”等。日常生活中这样使用没有问题，但在写作时一定要避免使用这种容易产生歧义的多义词。 定律之三：简洁 直截了当、切中要点是保证文章简洁的最好写作形式。与中文写作相比，英文写作非常强调直奔主题、简单明快的写作风格。例如，在写作一个段落时，常常将概括段落主要内容的主题句(topic sentence)作为段落的首句，以便让读者迅速明确本段要讲述的内容。另外，
15、写作时尽量将每个句子写得简短一些，少用或不用冗长的复合句。切记：短小精练的句子表达的意思才强而有力。 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic Do We Need “Never give up”? You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below in Chinese:1. “永不言弃”一直被认为是一种积极的生活态度，是个人成功的关键因素2. 但是，也有人认为适当的放
16、弃才是明智的选择3. 你对此的看法及理由【范文】Do We Need “Never give up”?It is widely accepted that “Never give up”, a strong and positive life attitude, is the key for individual success on the grounds that permanent persistence may boost our confidence, strengthen our will, and provide us a second chance for success wh
17、en we are in hardship. However, others argue that sensible abandonment is more precious than blind persistence because the wise one should choose the most suitable area for himself/herself.主题句 In my opinion, we need to learn to give up timely. The most immediate reason is that we should adjust our a
18、im carefully in order to go ahead continuously. Sometimes, to give up those unrealistic targets 不定式做主语 is essential for success. Besides, the attitude “Never give up” exhausts us both mentally and physically. Only through learning to give up can we lead a pleasant and relaxing life. Finally, the tem
19、porary comprise means a new start, a beginning bringing new hopes, expectations and opportunities for us.Passive as giving up sounds alike, it represents a more mature and realistic mentality. If those opposing this attitude can take into consideration of its benefits, then this may seem acceptable
20、in our lives. Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Do Libraries Become Useless at the Age of Information? You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese:1. 有些人认为信息时代不再需要传统图书馆了，因为2. 有些人认为信息时代传统图书馆仍然有重要作用，因为3. 你的
21、看法【范文】Do Libraries Become Useless at the Age of Information?There has been a heated discussion about libraries at the age of information among people. Some people, especially the younger generation, challenge the value of conventional libraries. When they need any information in their studies or wor
22、k, they can turn to their computers for help. For this reason, they do not need to go to a library for borrowing or returning one or two books.While others, including most old people as well as scholars, value libraries. They love libraries because they can enjoy peace and quietness in an isolated s
23、piritual world. And they also have access to rare academic works needed for their studies in the libraries.In my view, conventional libraries are still available though there is still much room for improving. At the Age of Information, as long as knowledge is respected and cherished, libraries wont
24、extinct from our lives. On the other hand, libraries should not refuse the latest information technology, which will enable them to regain those young readers.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Deal with Sub-health? You should write at le
25、ast 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese:1. 随着现代化的不断加速发展，全世界的物质生活水平不断攀升，但人们却日益受到“亚健康”这种不良状态的威胁2. 亚健康的具体表现及在我国的蔓延程度(据调查，北京 75%、上海72%、广州 70%的上班族都处于亚健康状态)3. 在现代社会中应怎样解决亚健康问题【范文】How to Deal with Sub-healthWith the modernization of the world, peoples standard of living has improved a
26、 lot. Then there appears a state of sub-health among people which poses a new threat to them.There are some typical symptoms for people who are in a state of sub-health. First of all, those who suffer from it often have a headache or backache. Secondly, they feel like having a rest frequently. What
27、upsets us most is that, the situation is spreading countrywide. As a result, more and more workers in big cities are harassed by it, with a percentage of 75 in Beijing, 72 in Shanghai and 70 in Guangzhou respectively.Then how can we solve this problem effectively? Experts suggest that the best way t
28、o keep ourselves healthy is to do exercises. It is also very important that people should form a good living habit, for example, getting up early and going to sleep early. Only doing so can we keep us healthy.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic I
29、nformation Security. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below in Chinese:1. 信息安全问题日益重要2. 信息安全事故可能导致的危害3. 如何做到信息安全【范文】Information SecurityThe human beings are stepping into the information society. The information industry develops increasingly, so do the hackers, trick-p
30、laying teens, exploring children, fraudsters, and serious white-collar criminals. Thus, information security becomes an impending important issue.In case of information breach, the victims a government department, an organization or an institution, or a company, will inevitably suffer great or small
31、 loss. Government may be threatened with national security. Companies may lose opportunities to develop new projects. And the publics and users? confidence will be damaged.Then how to deal with this issue? Technology is only a partial solution to information security. Whats more important is that or
32、ganizations and companies should promote the awareness on information security to its staff. However, since no system can ever be 100 percent secure, a prevention-only approach to information security management is not enough. Companies and organizations should adopt a dual approach to information s
33、ecurity management by combining prevention and detection techniques.Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Jobs for Graduates. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below:1、 大学生难找工作2、 原因很多3、 解决的办法Job hunting has
34、 always been a headache for college students. Though many graduates are employed right after graduation, some are not. Most serious of all, some still have no idea where to go working even a long time after graduation.The reasons for this phenomenon are various. On the one hand, a few years ago coll
35、eges and universities enrolled so many students in popular majors, such as economy, finance and so on that the number of graduates was greater than the need in the market. On the other hand, most graduates would rather stay in large cities without suitable job to do than go to the country.I reckon t
36、his problem can be solved if both colleges and students take measures. First, they should research the market and develop special skills to suit its need. Second, students attitude towards employment should be changed. They should go to small cities and country. There they can also give full play to
37、 their professional knowledge. In a word, if we pay much attention, the situation can be improved.With the development of science and human civilization, many formerly unimaginable things come into reality. Some of them have positive effects on our life, but some are distasteful. The phenomenon of _
38、 (主题现象) is an example of the former / latter one. There are many factors that may account for it, and the following are the most conspicuous aspects. To start with, _ (原因 1). Furthermore, _ (原因 2). Eventually, _ (原因 3). Good as _ (主题现象) is, it has, unfortunately, its disadvantages. The apparent example is that _ (缺点例子 1). In addition, _ (缺点例子 2). On the whole, the phenomenon is one of the results of the progress of the modern society. There is still a long way for us to improve / eliminate _ (主题现象) and make our life more comfortable.
