1、公共英语 3 级精讲班第 4 讲讲义DialoguesDialogues 1Mary is buying some books in a bookstore. Mary wants to find some books for her kids and their cousins.Background knowledge: Names of the booksA Cool Drink of Water : the universal importance of clean drinking waterRecycle Every Day: the story of a smart family
2、of rabbits that wisely reuses resourcesThe Story of Rachel Carson : a picture book of life story of Rachel CarsonIf the World Were a Village: about language, religions and food from around the worldPlants on the Trail With Lewis and Clark: about plant identificationGolfing Giant: how to become a gol
3、f expertLanguage points:1. Conservation-themed ones would be approved of. 我想要以环境保护为主题的书籍。1) conservation-themed 以森林、水源、古老建筑保护为主题的2) be approved of 被-所赞成，同意His plan was approved of by the authorities.approve of 赞成，同意Her father will never approve of her marrying such a poor man.2. He is famous for vig
4、orously opposing the use of chemicals to kill pests. 他以强有力的反对使用化学药品杀灭害虫而闻名。be famous for sth/doing sth3. Would you please pay at the cashier counter over there while I wrap these books for you? cashier counter 收银台Dialogue 2Chen, a visiting scholar from China, and his American landlady Sally are talk
5、ing about an article in Nature.Background knowledge: 1 Major causes for tropical biodiversity crisis: 热带生物多样性危机的原因Deforestation 砍伐森林 , illegal logging 非法伐木, hunting 打猎, 2.Nature A famous magazine which is always about the environment, the animals.Language points:1. According to a new study by some S
6、ingaporean scientists, by the end of this century, up to 42 percent of animal species in Southeast Asia could become extinct. 根据新加坡科学家的新的研究，到本世纪末东南亚百分之四十二的动物将会灭绝。1) according to 根据、按照（用法见 Unit 1）2) up to sth 作为最大数量， 多达I can take up to four people in my car.2. How did they figure out? 他们是如何计算出的？figur
7、e sth out1) come to understand sth by thinking 理解某人、某事物， 弄明白I cant figure out why he quit his job.2) discover sth by using arithmatic 演算出，计算出Have you figured out how much the holiday will cost?3. But isnt better to realize whats wrong and start to do something than to remain ignorant of the problem
8、and let the situation stay? 但是认识到错误并开始采取措施比对错误一无所知任由态势发展下去不是要好的多吗？let - stay 让某人某事处于某种状态Dialogue 3Robin, a Greenpeace activist, is talking about a U.S. Europeans joint effort to develop hydrogen-powered fuel cells with his wife Barbara, a journalist.Background knowledge1. hydrogen-powered fuel cell
9、氢动力的燃料电池2. a green approach 环保的方法Language point:1. America and Europe will pool research into hydrogen-powered fuel cell? 美国和欧洲都将向氢动力燃料电池投资吗？pool: put (money, resources) into a common fund 向-提供金钱、资源等They pooled their savings and bought a house in the country.If we pool out ideas, we may find a solut
10、ion. (fig.)2. But does it have anything to do with the progress of the project?这与项目的进展有关吗？have something to do sth 与某事有关系have nothing to do with 与某事无关3. That means making use of renewable resources for the task, say wind and solar resources.那意味这为这个项目使用新的能源，即风能与太阳能。say: suppose sth as an example or a
11、 possibility 假定、比如说You should learn to play chess in, say, three months.Lets take any writer for example, say, Dickens.Say you have an accident: who would look after you.4. By contrast, the United Stated appears more than willing to use supplies of fossile fuels, such as coal or natural gas.与之相对比，美国
12、看起来更愿意使用一些矿物燃料，比如说炭或者天然气。by contrast: 5. Whats more, it also favors employing nuclear power.另外，他也想使用原子能。Whats more6. Do you mean the Americans have the final say in making a choice?你是说美国人有最后做选择的权利吗？have the final say in doing sth 有最后做某事的权利MonologueMonologue Listen to the following news about a dispu
13、te over the effects of the 9/11 incident on the environment.Background knowledge:The U.S Environment Protection Agency （EPA）美国环境保护委员Language points:1. Christine Todd Whiteman is in the hot seat over her role in the downplaying of the health dangers for New York City residents after 9/11.因为在 9.11 事件后
14、对纽约市民的危险轻描淡写而处境艰难。in the hot seat 处境非常艰难2. Jerrold Nadler accuses the administration of covering up a potential health danger in order to get the economy up and running,起诉当局为了使经济增长而掩盖了潜在的健康危险。1) accuse sb of sth 因为某事而起诉某人They accuse him of cheating and theft.charge sb with sthThey charged him with c
15、heating and theft.2) get the economy up 使经济增长3. Whiteman says that she did not object when the White House edited out cautionary notes by EPA scientists. 怀特曼说她不反对白宫删掉美国环境保护委员会科学家的警告性的词语。edit out： remove unwanted words, phrases, from a book or script 在编辑的过程中删除手稿、书等中的不必要的词语They must have edited bits o
16、f the interview out.4. Hillary Clinton is calling for an investigation, saying somebody surely leaned on the EPA to lie, which Whiteman strongly denied.希勒瑞克林顿主张进行调查，认为肯定有人依靠美国环境保护委员会撒谎，为此怀特曼坚决反对。1) call for 要求、需求或需要某事物The situation calls for prompt action.2) lean on sb/sth 依靠某人、某物lean on others for
17、guidancelean on his friendsadvicePassagePassage:Talk about the serious indoor air pollution in Asia. Nongovernmental organizations engaged in the fight against indoor air pollution. Prospect of the fight against indoor air pollution.Background Knowledge1. carbon monoxide 一氧化碳2. noxious fumes 有毒气体3.
18、World health Organization (WHO) 世界卫生组织4. NGO (nongovernmental organization) 非官方组织、民间组织1. Shell Foundation 夏尔基金Language points:1.When it comes to air pollution, the simple life isnt necessarily the safest.当谈到空气污染的时候，最简单的生活并不一定是最安全的come to 谈到、谈及When comes to physics, I totally know nothing at all.1. T
19、his is a problem that has been around forever, as long as humankind has exited.只要人类存在，这个问题就永远存在。as long as 只要As long as you are happy, it doesnt matter what you do.Stay as long as you like.2. Villagers have no choice but to use wood, coal, or dung fires.村民们除了使用木头、炭和粪肥燃料外别无选择。have no choice but to 除此
20、之外别无选择Im afraid you have no choice but to come along with us.3. The women who typically keep their home fires burning are vulnerable to chronic respiratory diseases.家里使用火的妇女容易的慢性呼吸系统疾病。chronic respiratory disease 慢性呼吸系统疾病4. In Indian, for example, some 33 million stoves were given out free to villag
21、ers in rural areas from 1984 to 2000.比如在印度，从 1984 年到 2000 年 33，000，000 个炉子被免费发放到乡村地区的村民手中。give out 1) 分发某物The teacher gave out the exam papers.2) 散发The radiator is giving out a lot of heat.5. follow-up maintenance 下面的，紧跟着的维护6. Program manager Karen Westley says Shell and its partner NGOs made an eff
22、ort to sell their customers not just more efficient tools but also the idea that different is better.项目经历凯任威斯利说夏尔基金和他的搭档应该不仅仅给顾客提供炉子，还应该向他们宣传新式炉子对他们的身体更有益这一观点。1) not only- but also 不仅 - 而且-He not only read the book but also remembered what he had read.2) make an effort to do sth 努力做某事8. You have to
23、make sure that people actually want that damn thing.你必须要确定人们真正需要这东西。damn : adj. expressing disapproval, anger, impatience, etc. 表示不满，愤怒Wheres that damn book?My damn car has broken down!Exercises:Exercises:Reading Comprehension:Passage 11. from the whole passage2. 第二段最后一句“However, the land itself is
24、gradually becoming worn out s it is being used, in some case, too heavily, and artificial fertilizers cannot restore the balance.”。3. 第三段第一句“Whatever its underlying reasons, there is no doubt that much of the pollution caused could be controlled if only companies, individuals and governments would m
25、ake more efforts”。4. from the whole passage5. 最后一段倒数第二句“Advertising has helped this process by persuading many of us not only to buy things we nether want nor need, but also to throw way much of what we do buy”。Passage 26. 第一段最后一句 “ However, some climate changes are caused by air pollution and these
26、 changes may increase”。7. 第二段第三句 “But it has an important function in maintaining the balance between radiation from the sun entering the atmosphere and radiation leaving the earth”。8. 第三段“If the proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere - parts of the earth would be flooded”。9. 第四段“There is al
27、so a fairly strong possibility - the temperature will fall”。10. 文章二、三、四、五分别以“If -, If -, there is -, Another danger - ”分别提出几个假设， 全文都在暗示污染将会影响地球的气候。情态动词1 情态动词的语法特征1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。2） 情态动词 除 ought 和 have 外，后面只能接不带 to 的不定式。3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等
28、形式。2. must 表推测1) must 用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为“一定“。2) must 表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时， must 后面通常接系动词 be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。 You have worked hard all day. You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况的推测判断）He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。比较： He must be staying there. 他现在肯定呆在那里。He must stay there. 他必须呆在那。 3) must
29、 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。I didnt hear the phone. I must have been asleep. 我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。4) must 表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。-Why didnt you answer my phone call?-Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didnt hear it.5) 否定推测用 cant。If Tom didnt leave here until five oclock, he cant be home y
30、et. 如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。3. 表推测的用法can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：1）情态动词+动词原形。表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。I dont know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.2）情态动词+ 动词现在进行时。表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。3）情态动词+动词完成时。表示对过去情况的推测。W
31、e would have finished this work by the end of next December.明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。The road is wet. It must have rained last night.地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。Your mother must have been looking for you.你妈妈一定一直在找你。5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用 cant, couldnt 表示。Mike cant have found his car, for he
32、 came to work by bus this morning.迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。注意：could, might 表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如 can, may。4. 情态动词 + have + 过去分词1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth 表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.Philip can (could) have been
33、 hurt seriously in the car accident.2) must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有“肯定“，“ 谅必“的意思。-Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.-She must have gone by bus.3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示“不该做某事而做了 “。You ought to (should) have been more care
34、ful in this experiment.He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事实上已扔了。）ought to 在语气上比 should 要强。4) neednt have done sth 本没必要做某事I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I neednt have done so. The weather was hot.5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事 I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.5. should 和 ought toshould 和 ought to 都为“应该“ 的意思，可用于各种人称。-Ought he to go?-Yes. I think he ought to.表示要求，命令时，语气由 should（应该）、had better 最好）、must（必须）渐强。
