1、love is a fallacy,第二组,By Max Shulman,Note About The Author,Name: Max Shulman Born: Mar 14, 1919 in St. Paul, Minnesota Died: Aug 28, 1988 in Los Angeles, California Occupation: Writer Active: 50s Major Genres: Comedy, Romance Career Highlights: House Calls, Rally round the Flag, Boys!, The Tender Tr
2、ap First Major Screen Credit: Half a Hero (1953),Max Shulman (March 14, 1919August 28, 1988) is a 20th century American writer best known for his television and short story character Dobie Gillis, as well as for best-selling novels. His writing often focused on young people, particularly in a colleg
3、iate setting. Shulman works include the novels Rally Round the Flag, Boys! and Sleep Till Noon. He was also a co-writer, with Robert Paul Smith, of the long-running Broadway play, The Tender Trap, starring Robert Preston, which was later made into a successful movie.,Author,However, he is probably b
4、est remembered for his creation of the character “Dobie Gillis”, who was the subject of a series of short stories compiled under the title, The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, which became the basis for a CBS television series of the same name, and had previously been the subject of a film.,Author,Shulm
5、an was also a screenwriter（编剧）. He was one of the collaborators（合作者） on a television documentary（记录）, Lights Diamond Jubilee光明的周年纪念, which was supposedly a celebration of the 75th anniversary（周年） of the invention of the light bulb by Thomas A. Edison.,Charles Lamb (1775-1834),Thomas Carlyle ( 1795-1
6、881),John Ruskin (1819-1900),English essayist and critic.,English author, Scottish writer.,English critic and social theorist. A writer on art and architecture.,Warming up,What is love? What is logic? What is logical fallacy?,What is logic?,Briefly speaking, we might define logic as the formal syste
7、matic study of the principles of valid inference and correct reasoning . Logic is used in most intellectual activities, but is studied primarily in the disciplines of philosophy, mathematics, semantics, and computer science. Logic examines general forms which arguments may take, which forms are vali
8、d, and which are fallacies. But this is a rough definition, because how logic should be properly defined is actually quite a controversial matter.,What is logical fallacy?,Usually , an argument is deductively valid when its premises provide conclusive evidence for the conclusion. Otherwise an argume
9、nt that fails to be conclusively deduced is invalid; it is said to be fallacious. Three kinds of fallacy: 1. material fallacy - in its material content through a misstatement of the facts. 2. verbal fallacy - in its wording through an incorrect use of terms. 3. formal fallacy -in its structure throu
10、gh the use of an improper process of inference.,Logical fallacy:逻辑谬论,逻辑论证，即提出支持某些论题或结论的论据。论证有两个部分组成：论点所支持的结论，与引证结论的某些前提。而结论是经由前提所推导出来的。当前提为结论提供确凿证据时，论据的演绎推理便有效；反之则会成为谬论。 成为谬误的方式有三种： a内容，即事实陈述错误；b措词，即术语使用错误；c结构（或形式），即推导过程错误。那么，逻辑谬误可分为三类，即内容（material）谬误，措词（verbal）谬误以及形式（formal）谬误。,Logical fallacies in
11、 this story,1.Dicto Simpliciter (以偏概全) 2.Hasty Generalization (草率推断) 3.Post Hoc (牵强附会) 4.Contradictory Premises (自相矛盾) 5.Ad Misericordiam (文不对题) 6.False Analogy (错误对比) 7.Hypothesis Contrary to Fact (违背事实) 8.Poisoning the Well (井中投毒),The examples of logical fallacies,1.Dicto Simpliciter (以偏概全) My roo
12、mmate thinks that philosophy lesson is very hard, so is mine , thus , everyone think that the philosophy lesson is difficult. 2.Hasty Generalization (草率推断) Guns and hammer , as well as metal can be recognized as murder tools.But limited purchase of hammers are ridiculous, thus limited to buy guns ar
13、e also ridiculous.,3.Post Hoc (牵强附会) The last five times that Ive worn my white pants , something depressing has happened. Im not going to wear those pants again!,4.Contradictory Premises (自相矛盾) There is a person who sells shield(盾) as well as spear(矛).He boasts of his shield, saying :“My shield is
14、strong and clinking, any sharp thing can get through it .”While at the same time he boasts of his spear ,and say :“My spear is sharp pole ,nothing can pierced.”Someone asks him:“If you use your spear to stab your shield, what will be the result ?” The man is tongue-tired, he cant say a word.,5.Ad Mi
15、sericordiam (文不对题) A:What you eat today for breakfast? B:Last night , I ate rice , overnight ate lobster. 6.False Analogy (错误对比) The birds nest is made by bird , so the bullpen is also made by cow.,7.Hypothesis Contrary to Fact (违背事实) Pointing to the deer, intentionally say horse 8.Poisoning the Wel
16、l (井中投毒) You are told, prior to meeting him, that your friends boyfriend is a decadent(颓废的) wastrel(废物). When you meet him, everything you hear him say is tainted(污染的).,Questions on the text,Whats the main idea of the text? What is the purpose of this story?,Main idea of the text,This text is a piec
17、e of narrative（叙事） writing, and the whole story is humorous satire（讽刺）. The writer, Max Shulman, is satirizing or making fun of a smug, self-conceited（自负的） freshman in a law school. The freshman is made the narrator of the story who goes on smugly boasting and singing praises of himself at any conce
18、ivable opportunity .He struggles against two antagonists（n.对手）: Petey Burch, his roommate whose girlfriend he plans to steal; and Polly Espy, the girl he intends to marry after suitable re-education. In order to smarten her up, the narrator decides to give her a course in logic. He succeeds too well
19、 because the whole thing backfires（事与愿违） on him when Polly refutes （驳斥）all his arguments as logical fallacies before finally rejecting him. At the end of the story, the reader feels the narrator has got what he deserved（应得的）. He has been too clever for his own good.,The purpose of the writing,The purpose of this essay, according to the writer, is to demonstrate（证明、论证） that logic, far from being a dry （枯燥的）pedantic（迂腐的） subject, is a living thing ( a human being). full of beauty, passion and painful emotional shocks.,Thank You !,
