1、Space Invader,On the subway, open spaces create a zone of comfort.,Armrests on a long bench in Central Park allow for ample breathing room.,In Union Square, a few feet between women goes a long way toward easing tensions about being in a busy area.,SPACE INVADERS,Pre-reading questions What is the de
2、finition of “personal space”? Is personal space important to you? Why or why not? Are there any examples when you have felt that your personal space was being invaded. Can you describe these? How did you feel when this happened?,What is personal space?,Personal space can be viewed as an extension of
3、 the human body. Therere different types/zones of personal space. What are them? There are four distinct zones of personal space: the intimate zone, for whispering and embracing; the personal zone, for conversing with close friends; the social zone, for conversing with acquaintances; and the public
4、zone, for interacting with strangers.,Personal space can be imagined as a kind of bubble surrounding a person that protects his or her privacy and which other people may not normally enter. Allowing somebody to get very close and enter your personal space may be a sign of trust or love. On the other
5、 hand, intruding others personal space can be rather offensive. The amount of space people need to feel around them varies with various factors, such as culture, sex, familiarity between people, crowdedness of the situation, etc. For example:,Cultural information 1,Audiovisual supplement,Cultural in
6、formation, people from cultures that like a lot of personal space feel awkward and embarrassed when somebody comes too close to them; people of the same sex may sit or stand closer to each other than to somebody of the opposite sex; strangers and casual acquaintances usually need more space than fri
7、ends and members of the same family who know each other well; in a noisy street people may need to stand closer than they would normally, simply in order to hear each other.,Cultural information 2,Audiovisual supplement,Cultural information,Is “personal space” a term of the seventies? Is it out of d
8、ate nowadays? Can you think of any other trouble we have nowadays?,Structural analysis,Part I,(Paragraphs 1 2): The writer calls the readers attention to the invasion of personal space by relating an experience of how his personal space was invaded.,Part II,(Paragraphs 3 7): The writer analyzes some
9、 likely causes of the shrinkage of personal space, and attributes the invasion of personal space to the general decline of good manners.,Part III,(Paragraph 8 9): The author presents his view about the essence of personal space, i.e. it is psychological, rather than physical, and urges people to “ex
10、pand the contracting boundaries of personal space”.,1. until we were all hugger-mugger . like a Slinky. (Paragraph 1) 2. The phrase “personal space” has a quaint, . (Paragraph 2) 3. . Ive wondered if its the season: , much less). (Paragraph 4) 4. Or perhaps the proliferation . keep to themselves. (P
11、aragraph 4) 5. we allow all kinds . without them.) (Paragraph 5) 6. “Dont tread on me” . with a spread. (Paragraph 5),sentence paraphrase,7. The logistics of it vary according to geography. (Paragraph 5) 8. The decline of manners has been widely lamented. (Paragraph 6) 9. Ive also noticed an. manife
12、st destiny. (Paragraph 7) 10. . individuals routinely commandeer booths and sets of facing seats meant for foursomes. (Paragraph 7) 11. personal space is psychological, not physical: . inner space. (Paragraph 8) 12. In the same way that the breeze .boundaries of personal space. (Paragraph 9),sentenc
13、e paraphrase,Detailed reading1 until we were ,1. until we were all hugger-mugger against each other, the original lazy line having collapsed in on itself like a Slinky. (Paragraph 1),Paraphrase:, until we were all pushing against each other, leaving the line in disorder.,Detailed reading,2. The phra
14、se “personal space” has a quaint, seventies ring to it . (Paragraph 2),The phrase “personal space” sounds old-fashioned and reminds one of the seventies .,Paraphrase:,Detailed reading4 . Ive wondered ,3. . Ive wondered if its the season: T-shirt weather can make proximity more alluring (or much, muc
15、h less). (Paragraph 4),Paraphrase:,. it has passed through my mind that maybe the cause (of the space invasion) is the season: summer may make people want to be closer to those whose physical attraction is revealed by light summer clothing (though it may also make them wish to move further away from
16、 those smelling unpleasantly of perspiration).,Detailed reading,Detailed reading4 Or perhaps ,4. Or perhaps the proliferation of coffee bars in Manhattan is infusing so much caffeine into the already jangling locals that people can no longer keep to themselves. (Paragraph 4),Paraphrase:,Or perhaps t
17、he increasing coffee bars in Manhattan . attract more and more people, who are stimulated and excited by the caffeine they take in, so that they become eager to meet others and no longer want to remain in private.,Detailed reading,Detailed reading5 we allow,5. we allow all kinds of invasions of pers
18、onal space in private. (Humanity wouldnt exist without them.) (Paragraph 5),Paraphrase:, privately we allow people with whom we have close relationships to enter our personal space in a variety of ways. (Indeed, in the absence of sexual intimacy, none of us would be here.),Detailed reading,Detailed
19、reading5 The logistics,7. The logistics of it vary according to geography. (Paragraph 5),Paraphrase:,People in different regions are given different sizes of personal space.,Detailed reading,6. “Dont tread on me” could have been coined only by someone with a spread. (Paragraph 5),“Dont step into my
20、space.” This could only have been invented by people who have a farm and thus a large space all their own.,Paraphrase:,Detailed reading6 The decline of,8. The decline of manners has been widely lamented. (Paragraph 6),Paraphrase:,Many have expressed regret at the deterioration of manners.,Detailed r
21、eading,Detailed reading7 Ive also noticed,9. Ive also noticed an increase in the ranks of what I think of as space invaders, mini-territorial expansionists who seize public space with a sense of manifest destiny. (Paragraph 7),Paraphrase:,Ive also noticed that the problem of space invasion has becom
22、e more and more serious, and that space invaders, acting in the way territorial expansionists usually do, take it for granted that they have the right to seize public space.,Detailed reading,Detailed reading6-7 . individuals routinely,10. . individuals routinely commandeer booths and sets of facing
23、seats meant for foursomes. (Paragraph 7),Paraphrase:,. individuals, as usual, occupy the booths and seats which are designed for four people.,Detailed reading,Detailed reading8 personal space,11. personal space is psychological, not physical: it has less to do with the space outside us than with our
24、 inner space. (Paragraph 8),Paraphrase:,. personal space is more a psychological matter than a physical one. As far as we feel comfortable in our mind, it does not matter whether our physical personal space is large or small.,Detailed reading,Detailed reading9 In the same,12. In the same way that th
25、e breeze from a butterflys wings in Japan may eventually produce a tidal wave in California, I have decided to expand the contracting boundaries of personal space. (Paragraph 9),Paraphrase:,The author hopes that his own stand against the shrinking of personal space, while small in itself, will nonet
26、heless eventually have a dramatic effect in the same way as the breeze from a butterflys wings in Japan, if it initiates a chain of waves, may eventually produce a tidal wave in California.,Detailed reading,Detailed study - Para.1,The author is very careful with his choice of words in his descriptio
27、n. Describe the actions in words. A series of verb phrases and adverbs are used to vividly describe the process.,Text Analysis -Part,I was at the bank,I was standing in a line snaking around some tired velvet rope.,drooping, loosened or slackened,A murderous knife Those purposeless days Carrie leads
28、 quite a busy life. 西雅图不眠夜 Sleepless Seatle Transferred epithet: in which an adj. properly modifying one noun is shifted to an other noun in the same sentence. Eg: the workers are repairing the building on a dizzy height. He was ashamed of his humble scores an the examination.,移位修饰(transferred epith
29、et),将本应该用来修饰某一类名词的修饰语用来修饰另一类名词。例如： There was a short, thoughtful silence. 出现了一阵短暂的、令人沉思的寂静。 The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder. 老人把一只令人安心的手放在我的肩膀上。 He closed his busy life at the age of sixty. 在六十岁时他结束了他那忙碌的一生。 This is the cheapest market in this country. 这是这个国家最便宜的市场了。,Vivid descripti
30、on,1. a man in a sweat-suit; 2. me; 3. the woman reading the Wall Street Journal;4. the man scribbling a check;5. white-haired lady,inching toward,advanced toward,sidle up to,shuffled toward,in his eagerness,minutely,in mild annoyance,absent-mindedly,Chain effects: cause chaos,We were so hugger-mugg
31、er.,“the original lazy line having collapsed in on itself like a Slinky.”,slow a line that is not straight and ordered,原本松松垮垮的队伍早已挤做一团，跟压缩的弹簧似的。,Slinky as a toy,“机灵鬼”，一种用软弹簧做成的会翻跟头的玩具,slinky as adj.,Sextually attractive,Self-learning -inch, sidle,inch forward, past, through: v. move slowly and caref
32、ully in a specified direction He inched his way through a narrow passage. sidle over/up to sb. sidle along, past, away: v. walk in a quiet or cautious way, as if you dont want anyone to notice you A man sidled up to me and asked if I wanted a ticket for the match.,shuffle,v. walk without lifting you
33、r feet properly off the ground He slipped on his shoes and shuffled out of the room. shuffle around: v. move your feet about while standing or move your bottom around while sitting, often because you feel uncomfortable or embarrassed. She shuffled around in her chair. He shuffled the question off an
34、d changed the topic. She shuffled out of the chores by saying that she was ill.,Translation,囚犯们沿着走廊拖着脚步进入牢房。 The prisoners shuffled along the corridor and into their cells. 他一向总是能狡猾地摆脱任何困难，我们不知道他这回又要耍什么花招。 Hes always been able to shuffle out of any difficulty. We dont know how he will do this time.
35、物价在缓慢下降. Prices are inching down.,Para.2 -personal space,What is the writers personal space? 18/1 foot/10/”impossible to measure” “has a quaint, seventies ring to it.” “Like the tweleve limit around national shores” “our individual border which no stranger can penetrate without making us uneasy”,1 i
36、nch=2.54 cm 1 foot=30cm,Analogy 类比,What is “ personal space”?,“Imaginary bubble” - feel comfortable； “individual boundary or terrotory”- more phychlogical than phisical; Moveable/changeable,Proxemics(空间关系学),The study of the distance between people as they interact In close proximity to,Zones for per
37、sonal space,Intimate distance: (0-1.5 feet) between close friends, family members; show affection, give comfort or protect. Personal distance: (1.5-4 feet) most conversation. Social distance/: (4-10 feet)less personal situations, in business or workshop. Public distance: (10 feet)lecture, churches,
38、public gathering.,Paraphrase,The phrase “personal space” has a quaint, seventies ring to it, but it is one of those gratifying expressions that are intuitively understood by all human beings. The phrase sounds old-fashioned and reminds people of seventies, but it is an expression that will make peop
39、le feel satisfied and that is instinctively understood.,ring,singular a particular quality that something such as a statement seems to have: Her account has a ring of authenticity about it. have a ring of truth: His version of events had a ring of truth. have a familiar ring: This story may have a f
40、amiliar ring to it.,Text Analysis -Part,Para.3-examples of space invasion,In our daily life, can you give some examples of personal space invasion? Funny examples: how close is too close? Examples in the text: In elevators; on the street; on the subway; in lines at the airport Wedge in, zigzag, jost
41、le, no longer carve out zones, press forward,Buses, elevators, theatres and many other similar places tend to reduce personal space. People routinely find themselves in such situations tend to have smaller personal space and more tolerance for space invasion.,wedge,v. force into a narrow space; fix
42、sth. in position by using a wedge or sth. else 把门打开，用报纸抵住门让它开着。 Open the door and wedge it open with newspapers. 用一些纸片塞在桌脚, 那样它就不会摇晃了. Wedge pieces of paper in between the leg and the floor and it wont be shaky any more. 我如果不在的话，把作业塞进门缝吧。 If Im not in, wedge your homework under the door.,jostle: v.
43、It was so sad the once-intimate brothers now jostled with each other for the legacy left by their father. press: v. 很多人挤在她身边，她进不了门。 So many people pressed around her that she couldnt get into the house. 支持者们围着她，争相要她的签名。 Fans were pressing around her, all trying to get her autograph.,Fidget,fidget (a
44、bout) (with sth) : v. you keep moving your hands or feet slightly or changing your position slightly, for example because you are nervous, bored, or excited. It is bad manners to fidget about with the knives and forks at table. 她经常为她母亲的健康而烦躁不安。 She is always fidgeting about her mothers health. fidge
45、ty: adj. restless or inclined to fidget,Malthusian Logic 马尔萨斯人口论,Thomas Robert Malthus: British economist and clergyman. Essay on Population He argued that without the practice of “moral restraint” the population tends to increase at a greater rate than its means of subsistence, unless war, famine,
46、or disease or efforts are made to limit population.,Paraphrase,T-shirt weather can make proximity more alluring (or much, much less). Summer may either make people want to be closer to each other or more likely, keep a distance between each other.,Manhattan,Manhattan Island, an island in New York ci
47、ty surrounded by the Hudson, East, and Harlem rivers,Language work,(Sth) is relentless: adj. sth bad never stops or never becomes less intense. 我快要疯了，邻居的小孩不停在哭。 The relentless crying of a child of the neighbor dries me crazy. (Sb) is relentless: adj. determined to do sth and refuse to give up, even
48、if what is being done is unpleasant or cruel. Relentless in his pursuit of knowledge, he became a well-respected scholar. relent: v. decide to be less strict, determined or harsh The pressure for us to finish the project in time will not relent.,infuse,vt. Fill with 注入 Infuse sb with sth Infuse sth
49、into sb His speech infused the men with a desire to win.,Keep to,Keep to the point; dont try to shuffle off the concerned topic. Things will only work out if we all keep to the plan. She is old and feeble, so that she always keeps to the house. Nobody knows him much for he usually keeps to himself.
50、I will be very grateful if you can keep it to yourself.,Para.5-Geographical differences,The amount of space people need to feel around them varies with various factors, such as culture, sex, familiarity between people, crowdedness of the situation, etc. More PS less PS in Colorado (US) in Calcutta (India) Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere Englishmen Brazilians,
