1、Proceedings on the 9th International Symposium for Environment Behavior Studies1A study on the development and the transformation of space composition and behavior of traditional farm houses in Liaonan territory of Chinatake the research of traditional farm houses in Lvshun Dalian for exampleNIU Jin
2、g1, ZHOU Bo 2, SU Jianan 3, YANG Ziqiong4 , KONG Lingyu5, ZHAO Weibo61 Institute for Human Settlements Dalian university of Technology, Dalian, 116024, ChinaEmail: 2 Institute for Human Settlements Dalian university of Technology, Dalian, 116024, ChinaEmail: 3 Institute of Environment Design Dalian
3、university of Technology Dalian, 116024, ChinaEmail: 4,5,6 School of Architecture & Fine Art Dalian university of Technology Dalian, 116024, ChinaEmail: ABSTRACTIn this paper, we will discuss the the development and the transformation of the space and the environment of traditional farm houses which
4、 are built in different times in Liaonan territory in China form the following aspects, the relationship between all kinds of the space in houses and the behavior in space and so on. Focus on the most unique characteristic in north China “kang”, to analyse the development, the classification and the
5、 condition of service of the “kang”, thereby, we can know the connection of the change of the “kang” and the behavior.Keywords: traditional farm houses, the space and the environment, behavior1 Research BackgroundRecently, as the slogan “To build a new socialist countryside” is put forward, the gove
6、rnment attach great importance to the construction of the countryside. However, there are a lot of spontaneity and blindness during this process, and the consequence is the disorder of the construction and the waste of the resource. In this article, we make a summary about the feature that the chang
7、e of he space composition and the life style in the traditional farm houses, investigating the relationship between the heating style and the Proceedings on the 9th International Symposium for Environment Behavior Studies2space composition system in north China, making comparisons between different
8、cases, grasping the Regional features in this diversification, the purpose is to offer advice for the construction of the countryside.2 Object Of StudyThe object of study in this paper is 23 raditional farm houses, which is located on the “Huangnichuan” village and the “Xiaonan” village in Lvshun Da
9、lian., and we put more attention to analyzed the 12 households. The analytical method combine the quantitative and qualitative analytic method. Quantitative analytic method: we analyze the data from the construct years, the areas, the population and the service condition of the space. Qualitative an
10、alytic method: Based on the quantitative analytic method, discussing the relationship between the development of the space and the behavior from the life and the tradition. Lvshun is located in north China, and close to the ocean, so the climate in here is very special. Accordingly, there are a lot
11、of local features in its traditional farm houses. (Figure 1) (Table 1)3 The overall changes in the traditional farm houses3.1 The mode of the traditional farm houses in north ChinaAs shown in figure 2, the traditional farm houses usually use three-bay or five-bay, named “One out of two dark”. This c
12、omposition is one-side and one-depth, and usually disposed symmetrically. The entrance Table 1: the temperature in LvshunFigure 1: geographical position of LvshunFigure 2: Pattern of traditional spaceAnnualaveragetemperature( )Averagetemperaturein Jan.（ ）Averagetemperaturein Aug.（ ）11.1 -1.7 24.2Pro
13、ceedings on the 9th International Symposium for Environment Behavior Studies3is in the middle, the room is named “Waidi” which is the transition form the outside and the inside, and the kitchen is also in here, the bedroom is close to the two side of the “Waidi”. In the traditional farm houses, the
14、live unit is “kang”, in which you can sleeping, dining, meeting, birdnesting and so on, it can be said that “kang” become the center of the lifestyle.3.2 The overall change in the traditional farm housesAs the society has improved, the standards of living in countryside rose noticeably. The lifestyl
15、e in countryside close up to the city life. Because of the change of the behavior and the requirement in the room, it will necessarily lead to the change of the function of the room. It shown us that the convert of the lifestyle has tending to the city life. At the same time, this convert have evide
16、nt local characteristics.From the above table 2, the houses which were built in the early years have been added (Adding rooms based the traditional structure three-bay or five-bay in the Vertical and horizontal, as kitchen, bedroom, warehouse and so on. For instance Lu0702, Lu0710, Lu0711, Lu0705, L
17、u0611) and rebuild(Do not change the outline of the plane, Re-arrangement the inside of the space, for instance, Lu0703, Lu0704）mostly. The writer collect the quantity of the series and the section, the position of the entrance, the space of the entrance and other element(Figure 3), analysed the inf
18、luence of the overall changes in the traditional farm houses which caused by the added and the rebuild in Liaonan territory in China.From the model of the living space, we can see that the added and the rebuild of the traditional farm houses made the living area and the per capita living space exten
19、ded. Comparing it with the traditional three-bay or five-bay, we will find that the plane is free, the entrance is Flexible according to the environment. At the same time, it bring the change of the field, the mixed field which combine with the behavior of Reception, dinning, sleeping and Reunite gr
20、adually evolve the Private field and the Public field which become to functional room like living room, dinning room and so on. But “kang” and the orderly lu0601 1962 70.7 1 nothing Southlu0602 1936 77.3 7 nothing Southlu0603 1940 38 3 nothing Southlu0604 1936-1937 125.3 5 a South、 northlu0605 1936
21、74.5 4 nothing Southlu0606 1986 159.1 8 a,r northlu0607 1960 65.3 5 a Southlu0608 1760 62.6 5 a Southlu0609 1936 84.3 7 e Southlu0610 1886 69.2 3 nothing Southlu0611 1930 85.3 6 a Southlu0612 1971 80.3 2 a Southlu0701 2002 168.81 4 e Middlelu0702 2002 131.46 3 a,r Southlu0703 1972 42.97 2 r Southlu0
22、704 1973 48.37 2 r Southlu0705 1983 75.05 3 a Southlu0706 1974 43.01 2 nothing Southlu0707 1978 51.76 2 r Southlu0708 1974 49.65 2 r Southlu0709 1983 93.95 6 a,r South、 northlu0710 1995 162.61 2 a,r Middlelu0711 1995 179.48 4 a,r SouthNo.Year of constructionNumber oflivingperson The type of kangBuil
23、ding area（ m)Adding(a)/Rebuild(r)Table 2: Survey dataProceedings on the 9th International Symposium for Environment Behavior Studies4plane has be saved, and the houses keep the local characteristics in Liaonan territory in China. (Figure 4)4 The inside changes in the traditional farm houses4.1 The “
24、kang” and the bedroomFor dwellings in the countryside of Northern China, Kang is a special common facility, to many families it is not only the basic heating equipment, but also the center of family activities. However, the function of Kang changes with the development of the society and improvement
25、 of living standard.Traditional kang basically is formed of four types: (Figure 5)Type A: South Kang:the one arranged in the south side of the bedroom, by window, get plenty of sunshine, specially loved by old people.Type B: North Kang: the one arranged in the north side of the bedroom, by the north
26、ern wall, more space saved, and usually as a kind of Transfer space Type C: Middle Kang:the room which usually has a large depth is divided into the south part and the north part, the form of North Kang is usually arranged in the south part, and since the depth is small in the other one, it is often
27、 used as kitchen.Type D: Hybrid Kang: the one mixed with the types above.Figure 3: The space composition elementFigure 4: SpaceBehaviorFigure 5: Type of the “Kang”Proceedings on the 9th International Symposium for Environment Behavior Studies5Area(bedroom)/Area(room)0%20%40%60%80%0 1940s1960s1970s19
28、80s1990s2000syearproportionArea(kang)/Area(room)0%10%20%30%40%0 1940s1960s1970s1980s1990s2000syearproportionThe requirement of the spaces independence and function of specificity become increasingly high with the improvement of living standards. And in recent years, especially since the 1970s the ne
29、wly built and rebuilt rural residence lead to the obiviousness of the space segmentation and connection. Sitting room, bedroom, dining-room and other special chamber gradually arised . The consequence of the space change greatly influences the behavior on the kang. (Figure 6)From the statistical dat
30、a, it can be seen that the number of the area of the bedroom in proportion of the house is basicly decreasing by the year(Figure 7), so is the one of kang in proportion of the house, the furniture put on the kang in the early years has been replaced by the one on the floor. At the same time, the typ
31、e of kang has become more diversiticated, to meet the requirements of the life, people prefer to the type of north and middle kang which saves more space and better for the activities to the one of south which has better daylighting and view. This point out that in more and more family, the place of
32、 reception and having dinner have been separated from kang, and this ancient space form has degenerated as a kind of place used for sleeping or occasionally ,no longer the center of the main family activities.In the survey, more and more new residence, young people prefer northern kang or use bed in
33、stead, while only old people would like to choose kang because of habit. Some families choose kang in winter, while the bed in summer. However, the towardness is not the critical factor any longer.(e.g.:0701)4.2 The “kang” and the othersThe traditional kang are usually made of clay billet and brick,
34、connected with the cooking stove outside and the chimney inside. Use the left heat of cook to warm kang. Here, kang is used to store the heat while the cooking stove is used to product heat. In this way, fire kang can be a vector of cook and heat, effiently area calculation of inter space71.137.18 5
35、8.70 41.7486.07 10.69 90.681.70 5.45 10.14 7.74 1.16 8.67 2.5346.59 21.21 29.91 26.75 41.79 37.87 24.260 1940s 1960s 1970s 1980s 190s 200stotal area kang areabedrom areaFigure 6: Area calculation of inter spaceFigure 7: Area ratioProceedings on the 9th International Symposium for Environment Behavio
36、r Studies6and fully used the energy. In the traditional residence in north, kang and cooking stove cannot be separated, so it restrict the place of kitchen in the house. However,because the transfer of heating, the location and form of the kithchen become more free，the cooking tour and traffic flow
37、routes changed with the layout of the whole house.For example, before the extra-built of lv0711, the entrance of the house is also the entrance of the kithchen. However, after adding the north part, the entrance change to the north, and the original one became just the entrance of the kithchen, whic
38、h make the fixed confusion line more clear.The suituation is almost the same as Lu0611. and this host choose to built one more rome on both sides of the house, which separated the kithchen from the living room to sovle to traffic routes problem. (Figure 8)4 ConclusionWith the development of the soci
39、ety, the behavior of people living in the countryside in the south of LiaoNing Province in China has greatly changed and this no doubt cause the whole change of the residence plane. The space show us that it become various and complex, and tend to be urbanized residential plane. Although kang which
40、can be seen as the characteristics of northern residence is reservation, and the status in the familiy activities shows greatly degradation, no matter in the aspect of the tectonic or the form of layout, kang has revoluted and developed which can be seen a inevitable evolution. So the writer hope in
41、 the future, the construction of the residence in the southern part of LiaoNing Province should be fully considered the modern characteristics based on not losing the traditional features.References1. Wu liangyong, Introduction to sciences of human settlements, China building industry press, 20012.
42、Wang zhenpo, Development trend of Chinas rural residential, City, 2009.63. Zhou lijun, Li tongyu, Qu yongzhe, Northeast Han traditional courtyard features of analytic space, South building, 2008.104. Lu jiansong, Jiang min, 1979-2009 changes in rural residential investigation in Hunan, Architectural journal, 2009.10Figure 8: Analysis of kithchenentrance traffic route
