1、13 专八人文知识:英国地理概况the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea.英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。 the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters. 迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。“the act of union of
2、 1801“: in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain. 1801 合并法：1801 年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。 gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highland
3、s. 盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。 the “backbone of england“: it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills. 英格兰脊梁：指的是山脉的背脊。 lead ore: british lead ores have been worked since pre-roman times. it contains silver. 铅矿：自前罗马时代开始，英国的铅矿就被开发了。内含银。 china clay: the deposits of china clay in cornwall are of
4、 great economic value.瓷土：康沃尔的瓷土沉淀带来了巨大的经济价值。 4 专八人文知识复习：美国地理概况 本文针对英语专业八级考试的人文知识部分，总结了美国国家的主要地理概况，希望对同学们有所帮助。 The Fall Line 瀑布线：A point where water-falls or rapids suddenly drop from a higher level to the lower one.瀑布线指的是瀑布急速地从高处向低处流泻的点。 The Appalachian Range 阿巴拉契亚山脉：1200 miles long，consists of the
5、Piedmont Plateau, Appalachian Plateaus and Appalachian Range.阿巴拉契亚山脉全场 1200 英里，由皮德蒙特高原、阿巴拉契亚高原及阿巴拉契亚山脉组成。 The Cordillera Range 科迪勒拉山脉： Composed of the Coast Range, the Cascades and the Rocky Mountains.科迪勒拉山脉由海岸山脉、卡斯卡德山以及洛基山组成。 The Great Basin 大盆地：The Part between the Colorado and Columbia Plateaus.指
6、的是科罗拉多和哥伦比亚高地之间的部分。The Great Central Plain 中部大平原： The land mass between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians.指的是洛基山和阿巴拉伊亚山之间的平原。 The Great Plain 大平原：The western part of the central plain.大平原：指的是中部平原以西的部分。 2The Mississippi River 密西西比河： The longest, the most important river in the U.S.A. . It has
7、a drainage area of 3225000 square kilometers.密西西比河是美国最长、最重要的河流。它的流域面积达 3225000 平方公里。 The Five Great Lakes 北美五大湖：Lake Michigan, Superior, Erie, Huron and Ontario.北美五太湖指的是密歇根湖、苏必利尔湖、伊利湖、休伦湖以及安大略湖。 The Niagara Falls 尼亚加拉瀑布：Famous falls in North America, 1240 meters wide, the drop averages 49 meters.尼亚加
8、拉瀑布是北美最著名的瀑布，有 1240 米宽，平均落差为 49 米。Yellow stone National Park 黄石国家公园：Located in the northern part of Wyoming. It is the oldest national park in the world and the largest wildlife preserve in the U.S.A.黄石国家公园位于怀俄明州的北部地区。是世界上最古老的国家公园，是美国最大的野生保护区。 Grand Canyon 大峡谷：In northern Arizona, one of the great n
9、atural wonders of the world. It measures about 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide, and more than a mile deep. Its walls show layers that tell the story of the formation of the earth.大峡谷在亚利桑那州的北部，是世界上最伟大的自然奇迹之一。它约有 277 英里长，18 英里宽，约 1 英里深。它的墙壁断层记录了地球形成的过程。Old Faithful 老忠实喷泉：The most famous gayer in Y
10、ellowstone National Park, erupting more than l00 feet in the air about every 73 minutes.老忠实喷泉是黄石国家公园最著名的喷泉，每 73 分钟向空中喷水 100 英尺多高。 Chinatown 唐人街： An area in a city where many Chinese people live and where are Chinese shops, restaurants, clubs; two, important Chinatowns: New York City and San Francisc
11、o.唐人街是许多中国人生活、居住的地区，那里有许多中国店铺、饭店、夜总会。两条最重要的唐人街分别在纽约和旧金山。 Indian Reservation 印第安保留地：It refers to the barren desert regions where only Indians live exclusively.印第安保留地指的是专门给印第安人居住的贫瘠的沙漠地区。 New England 新英格兰：It consists of six states: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connect
12、icut. This region is featured with mountains, valleys, rivers.新英格兰由六个州组成：缅因州、新罕布什尔州、佛蒙特州、马萨诸塞州、罗德岛州以及康涅狄格。这个地区主要以多山、多山谷、河流为特征。 The Mountain States 山地诸州：Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico.山地诸州指的是蒙大拿州、怀俄明州、科罗拉多州以及新墨西哥州。 The Pacific Coast States 太平洋沿岸诸州： Washington, Oregon and California.太平洋沿岸诸
13、州包括华盛顿州、俄勒冈州以及加利弗尼亚州。Mount McKinley 麦金利山：6187 meters high, on the middle of the Alaska, the highest peak on this continent.麦金利山高达 6187 米。在阿拉斯加的中部。是这片大陆上最高的山峰。Pearl Harbor 珍珠港：The base of the Pacific Fleet of the U.S.A. near the city of Honolulu in Hawaii.3珍珠港是美国太平洋舰队的基地，在夏威夷的火奴鲁鲁市附近。5 专八人文知识复习：加拿大地理
14、概况 Canada is the worlds second largest country after Russia. 60% of the population in Canada inhabit in the area between Quebec city and the western end of Lake Ontario. 加拿大是世界上幅员第二大的国家，大约 60%的人口集中在魁北克市与安大略省西端。Toronto 多伦多：Toronto is Canadas largest city and the provincial Capital of Ontario.多伦多是安大略省
15、的省会，加拿大经济中心，第一大城市。 Ottawa 渥太华：Ottawa is the capital of Canada and the countrys fourth largest city. It is located in the Ottawa Valley in the eastern part of the province of Ontario.加拿大首都，第四大城市，地处安大略省东部的安大略谷。 Vancouver 温哥华：Vancouver is British Columbias largest city and the third largest city in Can
16、ada. It is an important ice-free harbor and the major Canadian outlet to the Pacific Ocean and the largest cargo port on the Pacific.不列颠哥伦比亚省的最大城市，也是加拿大第三大城市。它是加拿大一个非常重要的不冻港，而且是加拿大通往太平洋的主要通道，太平洋最大的货运港口。 Quebec 魁北克省：Quebec is the largest province in Canada geographically, and the second most populous
17、, after Ontario. It differs from the other provinces of Canada because of its strong French culture. Montreal, the second largest city of Canada, is located in this province. The Quebec city is the center of the province.魁北克省是加拿大最大的省，人口仅次于安大略省。法国文化的强烈影响使它与其他省区不一样。加拿大第二大城市蒙特利尔位于该省。其中心是位于圣劳伦斯河上的魁北克城。
18、The Canadian Shield 加拿大地盾：The Canadian Shield is a semicircle band of rocky highlands and plateaus around the Hudson Bay from the northern shores of Quebec to the Arctic shores of the Northwest Territories. The Shield covers almost half of the Canadian territory.这是围绕哈得孙海湾的一块半圆形多石高低和高原，从魁北克省的北部海岸一直延伸
19、到西北自治领的北极沿岸。几乎加拿大的一半面积在加拿大地盾一带。 Mount Logan 洛跟峰：Mount Logan is the highest peak in Canada and is located in the Yukon Territory of northwest Canada.加拿大最高峰，位于加拿大西北部的育空地区。 The Mackenzie River 马更些河：The Mackenzie River is the longest river in Canada, flowing between the Canadian Shield and the Rocky Mou
20、ntains.马更些河是加拿大最长的河流，流经加拿大地盾与西部落基山脉之间，全长 1600 公里。英国文学(English Literature)450-1066 Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) Period 古英语（或盎格鲁 撒克逊）时期1066-1500 Middle English Period 中古英语时期1500-16601516-15781578-16251625-1660The Renaissance 文艺复兴1) The beginning of the Renaissance2) The flowering period3) The epilogue
21、 of the Renaissance41660-1785 The Neoclassical Period 新古典主义时期1785-1830 The Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期1832-1901 The Victorian Period 维多利亚时期1901-1914 The Edwardian Period 爱德华时期1910-1936 The Georgian Period 乔治五世时期1914 - The Modern Period 现代时期1945 - Postmodernism 后现代主义一、 Old and Medieval English Literature
22、中古英语文学 (8 世纪-14 世纪)1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period 古英语时期 (449-1066)a. pagan poetry(异教诗歌): Beowulf贝奥武甫- 最早的诗歌；长诗(3000 行) heroism a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报b. religious poetry: Caedmon(凯德蒙 610-680): the first known religious poet; the father of English songCynewulf(基涅武甫
23、 9C): The Christc. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735); Alfred the Great(848-901)2) The Medieval Period 中世纪 (1066-ca.1485 / 1500): a. Romance 中世纪传奇故事 (1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌无名诗人 - Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文爵士与绿色骑士: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines 14th C, Age
24、of Chaucer: * Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟 1340-1400): 文风：vivid and exact language, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftnessthe father of English poetry; the father of English fiction; 首创“ 双韵体”; 首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家The Canterbury Tales: pilgrims stories 受 Boccaccio(薄伽丘) - Decameron十日谈启发The House of Fame; Troilus a
25、nd Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose玫瑰罗曼史( 译作)* William Langland(朗兰 1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman农夫皮尔斯之幻象: 普通人眼中的社会抗议b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471) : Morte dArthur亚瑟王之死- 圆桌骑士二、The Renaissance Period 英国文艺复兴 (1500-1660): humanism 十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧1) 诗歌 Henry Howard(霍
26、华德 1516-1547)a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特 1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literatureb. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士 1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想 - “the complete man” Defense of Poetry为诗辩护 Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia阿卡狄亚: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern worldc.Edm
27、und Spenser(斯宾塞 1552-1599): the poets poet; non-dramatic poet of 伊丽莎白时代 - long allegorical romance文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd Calendar The Faerie Queen仙后：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian StanzaSp
28、enserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体 ): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗), and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line.2) Prose 散文a. Thomas More(莫尔 1478-1535): 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人 Utopia乌托邦: More 与海员的对话b. John Lyly (黎里 1553-160，剧作家 近代唯物主义哲学奠基人和近代实验科学先驱the trumpeter of a new age;
29、 Essays(论说文集) ：Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classic53) 戏剧a. Christopher Marlowe(马洛 1564-1593): University Wits 大学才子派 Edward II； The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人first made blank verse(无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗) the principle instrument of English dramaThe Tragical History of Doctor Faustus浮士
30、德博士的悲剧：根据德国民间故事书写成; 完善了无韵体诗。Tamburlaine the Great帖木儿大帝 ：残酷而野心勃勃的帝王b. William Shakespeare(剧作家 现实主义创始人16 comedies : Merchant of Venice (Shylock; Antonio; Bassanio; Portia); The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记 A Mid-Summer Nights Dream; As You Like It皆大欢喜 ; The Twelfth Night; The Comedy of Errors;Much Ado About
31、 Nothing无事生非; The Winters Tale冬天的故事; All is Well that Ends Well终成眷属11 tragedies: Romeo and Juliet; Hamlet; Macbeth麦克白; The Tempest暴风雨Othello: a hero Othello vs. bad man Iago; Venice and CyprusKing Lear: British King; greatest achievement; most complex in plot and most painful10 historical plays: Hen
32、ry IV; Henry Vc. Ben Jonson(琼生 1562-1637 诗人 Volpone狐狸; The Alchemist炼金术士三、 17 世纪文学 1) Literature of the Revolution Period (Age of Milton)资产阶级革命时期: poetry (Metaphysical 玄学派+ Cavalier 骑士派)a. John Donne(多恩 1572-1631)：玄学派创始人; A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning临别辞：莫悲伤文风：obscene, vulgar and serious philos
33、ophical thinking the conflict between body and soul The Holy Sonnets; The Flea; Go and Catch a Falling Star; The Songs and Sonnets（主题-爱）b. John Milton(弥尔顿 1608-1674)：Renaissance and Reformation (宗教改革)Paradise Regained复乐园; Paradise Lost失乐园: the greatest English epic; Satan is the heroSamson Agonistes
34、力士参孙：closet drama; for reading rather than performing; On His Blindness目盲自咏; Areopagitica论出版自由; Comus; Lallegro快乐的人; Lycidas c. John Bunyan(班扬 1628-1688): prose writing in the Puritan Age; 文风：simple and lively prose styleThe Pilgrims Progress天路历程: prose allegory depicting a human soul searching for
35、salvation 宗教寓言“具有永恒意义的百科全书” ，英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁神曲 、奥古斯丁忏悔录并列世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。2) Literature of the Restoration Period (Age of Dryden)王政复辟/德莱顿时期: tendancy to Realism and Formalismrestoration literature: cliquish culture 小集团文化; French classical tastea. John Dryden (德莱顿 1631-1700, 批评家 the father of English Cr
36、iticismestablish the heroic couplet(英雄史诗式两行诗) as the fashion for satiric, didactic(说教) and descriptive(描写) poetry最先提出“玄学诗人” 一词；他创造的“ 英语双韵体 couplet”, 成为英国诗歌的主要形式之一。All for Love; Alexanders Feast; An Essay of Dramatic Poesy论戏剧诗歌: the great playwrights of Greece and Rome, 英国文艺复兴 rationality, equality 中
37、期 (Samuel Johnson) old classicsConform to rules and principles established by Roman and Greek Classical writers; use rimed couplet(押韵的两行诗)Order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, be judged in terms of the thematic concerna. Samuel Pepys(毕博思 1633-1703): The greatest diarist in 17th C The Diaryb
38、. Alexander Pope(蒲柏 1688-1744) : 新古典主义代表; master in satire and heroic couplet; Age of Pope 18 世纪初6期文风：词句工整、精练、富有哲理；对 Byron 影响巨大 first introduced rationalism to EnglandAn Essay on Criticism(处女作); An Essay on Man; Odyssey; The Rape of the Lock夺发记; Dunciad愚人记c. Richard Steele (斯梯尔 1672-1729) Addison wr
39、ote essays; 抨击封建偏见，傲慢的富人，及大众对赌博和决斗的反感The Spectator(旁观者报)：共同创办；the Spectator Club - 现代英语小说先锋贡献：资产阶级新社会道德；18 世纪英国社会真实写照；英语散文正式成为一大文学流派d. Samuel Johnson (字典约翰 1709-1784) : literary dictator; “grand champion in literature of that age”The Dictionary of the English Language: 英语字典的基础； The Lives of English
40、poets: 52 early English poets2) 十八世纪小说的崛起: 首批 英国小说家 the Sentimentalist Father of English and European Novels Moll FlandersThe Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe: the first person singularCrusoe represented the English bourgeoisie at the early stage of its development. A Journa
41、l of the Plague Yearb. Henry Fielding(菲尔丁 1707-1754, 小说家 英国现代小说创始人；comic epic in prose 创始人文风：exact study and observation of real life Joseph Andrews; AmeliaThe History of Tom Jones, a Foundling弃婴汤姆琼斯的故事: 18 世纪英国群像；Mr. Allworthy “Prose Humor”c. Jonathan Swift(斯威夫特 1667-1745, 政论家 “Proper words in prop
42、er places, makes the true definitions of a style”Gullivers Travels格列佛游记: Liliput(小人国); Brogdingnagians(大人国); Laputa(勒普泰岛); Houyhnhnms(慧马国)The Battle of the Books; The Tale of a Tub; A Modest Proposal (bitter irony)d. Tobias George Smollett (1721-1771)：冒险小说* Sentimentalism(感伤主义): It indulges in emoti
43、on and sentiment, which are used as a sort of relief for the grief felt towards the worlds wrongs and as a kind of mild protest against social injustice.a. Samuel Richardson(理查森 1689-1761): the founder of the English domestic novel 小说开始审视“ 发生于内心的东西”Pamela; Clarissa; The History of Sir Charles Grandi
44、sonb. Laurence Sterne (斯特恩 1713-1768)：Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy项狄传- unusual and queer artistic formc. Oliver Goldsmith (戈德史密斯 1728-1774)：Romantic school; The Deserted Village荒村; She stoops to ConquerThe Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德的牧师：one of the most enduring characters in English fiction3) Po
45、etry of the Pre-Romanticism and Sentimentalism (前浪漫主义和感伤主义诗歌) ：18 世纪中期a. James Thomson(汤姆森 1700-1748 苏格兰) ：The Seasons: theme - nature; blank verse； the first significant poem in the tradition of Pre-Romanticismb. Edward Young(杨 1683-1765) c. William Collins(柯林斯 1721-1759)：Ode to Evening晚颂d. Thomas
46、Gray(格雷 1716-1771)：sympathy for the poor and unknown, mocks the great ones who despise and hurt themElergy Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌 ；Ode on the Springe. William Blake(布莱克 1757-1827 浪漫派诗人、画家、雕刻家)： symbolism The Marriage of Heaven and HellSongs of Experience经验之歌: The Tiger; London; The Chim
47、ney-Sweeper扫烟囱的孩子 世间的丑恶Songs of Innocence天真之歌 : The Lamb Poetical Sketches素描诗集 f. Robert Burns(彭斯 1759-1796 苏格兰) ：the greatest songwriter; the national poet of Scotland; the peoples poet文风：lyrics on love and friendship; simplicity; Scotch dialects My Hearts in the Highland7A Red, Red Rose; Auld Lang
48、 Syne旧日美好时光 ; For a That and a That不管那一套4) 戏剧a. John Gay(盖伊 1685-1732): The Beggars Opera乞丐歌剧 : one of the most conspicuous stage triumphsb. Richard Brinsley Sheridan(谢立丹 1751-1816 喜剧作家)： tendency to Realism the artificial comedy (风俗喜剧) criticize English high society for its vanity, greed and hypocr
49、isy 五、The Romantic Period 英国浪漫主义文学 (1798-1832) 女性小说家涌现 passion, emotion and natural beautyIt begins with William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridges joint work Lyrical Ballads in 1798.It ends with the death of Walter Scott in 1832. The Poetic Revolution(1798-1837): Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats 反对新古典主义文学1) 特点 individuals1. It is mar
