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1、英语词性的分类及用法词性的分类词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分十个大类。 词类 英语名称 作用 例词 名词 Noun(缩写为n.) 表示人或事物的名称 party 政党 China 中国 代词 Pronoun (pron.) 用来代替名词、形容词或数词等 He 他 that 那 数词 Numeral (num.) 表示数量或顺序 one 一 first 第一 形容词 Adjective(adj.) 用来修饰名词,表示人或事物的特性、性质 safe 安全 great 伟大 副词 Adverb (adv.) 用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,表示动作或形状的特性 hard 艰苦 h

2、ere 这里 冠词 Article (art.) 用在名词前,帮助说明名词所指的人或事物 an,a,the 动词 Verb (v.) 表示人或事物的动作或状态 eat 吃 have 有 介词 Preposition (prep.) 用在名词、代词等前面,说明句子中词与词之间的关系 under 在。 。 。 。 。 。下 in 在。 。 。 。 。 。里 连词 Conjunction (conj.) 用来连接词、短语或句子 and 和 but 但是 感叹词 Interjection (interj.) 表示说话时的感情或口气 Hello 喂 why 呃,嘿 名词的概念名词可以分为专有名词和普通名

3、词 . 专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如 Beijing, China, the United States,等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。(普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词)普通名词又可分为下面四类: 1)个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun 2)集体名词:表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family (以上两类属于可数名词)3)物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air 4)抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概 念,如:work (以上两类属于不可数名词)名词复数的规则变化情况 构成方法 例词 一般情

4、况 加 -s map-maps bag-bags car-cars 以 s, sh, ch, x 等结尾的词 加 -es bus-buses watch-watchesce, se, ze, (d)ge 等结尾的词 加 -s license-licenses 以辅音字母+y 结尾的词 变 y 为 i 再加 es baby-babies 其它名词复数的规则变化1) 以 y 结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加 s 变复数:如:two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays2) 以 o 结尾的名词,变复数时:a. 加

5、s,如: photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos; b. 加 es,如:potato potatoes tomatotomatoes3) 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词变复数时: a. 加 s,如: belief-beliefs roof-roofssafe-safes gulf-gulfs;b. 去 f, fe 加-ves,如:half-halvesknife-knives leaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives thief-thieves; 名词复数的不规则变化1)child-chil

6、dren foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-men woman-women2)单复同形如:deer, sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese 3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。如: people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说 a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词

7、,表示国民总称时,作复数用。4)以 s 结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:maths,politics,physics 等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。news 是不可数名词。典型例题解析1.Several _ are talking under the treeAnd they are _. Awoman; children Bwoman; child Cwomen; children2.How far is your school from here? Not very farIts about twenty walk. Aminutes Bminutes Cminutes 3. There a

8、re three in my family. A. people B. person C. child4. Most students can go to college for further in our city. A. education B. information C. science5. This is bedroom. The twin sister like it very much. A. Ann and Jane B. Ann and Janes C.Anns and Janes 根据所给单词的正确形式填空:1. Different people may have dif

9、ferent _. (idea)2. I often go to work on . (foot)3. I know one of the . (boy)4. Mr. Brown is wearing a pair of . (glass)5. Please give them their . (photo)6. Are there any in the box? (watch)7. There are twelve in a year. (month)8. Would you like some ? (tomato)9. Look at those in the boats! (people

10、)10. Look! The are singing. (woman)11. September 10th is Day. (teacher)12. Jim has some . (knife)13. How much are these ? (vegetable)14. My school is twenty _ walk from here. (minute) 15. The girl under the tree is a friend of_. (Lucy)答案:C C A A BIdeas foot boys glasses photos watches months tomatoe

11、s people women Teachers knives vegetables minutes Lucys 代词代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。一、 人称代词 是表示“我” 、 “你” 、 “他” 、 “她” 、 “它” 、 “我们” 、 “你们” 、“他们”的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化数 单数 复数 单数 复数格 主格 主格 宾格 宾格第一人称 I we me us第二人称 you you you you第三人称 he sh

12、e itthey Him her itthem 通常,主格作主语,宾格作宾语通常,当单数的主格作主语时,谓语动词用单数;复数的的主格作主语时,谓语动词用复数。Eg. He is my friend. Its me. They are from China.She lent me a book.I love it.Are you interested in them?二、 物主代词表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种,其人物和数的变化见下表,数 单数 复数人称 一 二 三 一 二 三形物 my your his/her/ its our your

13、their名 物 mine yours his/hers /its ours yours theirs通常,形容词性物主代词相当形容词的用法,应该位于名词的前面;名词性物主代词相当于形容词性物主代词+名词,之后不接名词。Eg. I like his car. Our school is here and theirs is there. This is your picture. And that is mine.三、 指示代词表示“那个“、“这个“、“这些“、“那些“等指示概念的代词。单数 复数this thatthese thoseEg. That is a good idea. I lo

14、ve those books in blue.These people are my friends.四、 自身代词,也称为“反身代词“表示“我自己“、“你自己“、“他自己“、“我们自己“、“你们自己“和“他们自己“等的代词。单数 复数第一人称 myself ourselves第二人称 yourself yourselves第三人称 himselfherselfthemselvesitself反身代词的用法1. 用作同位语(加强被修饰词的语气,紧放在被修饰名词后, 或句末):The box itself is not so heavy.You said it yourself.2. 用作宾语(

15、动词或介词的宾语):Take good care of yourself.3. 用作表语The poor boy was myself.五、 表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有 each other 和 one another 两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么区别。We should love each other. Tom and Betty are friends, so they always help each other. Our students learn one another.六、 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11,both,each,ever

16、y 等,以及含有 some-,any-,every-,no-加上body,one,thing 的合成代词,如 anybody, something,no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语eg. I want something hot.Do you need some coffee?There is nothing good.All of you are students.七、 疑问代词有 who,whom,whose,what 和 which 等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)W

17、hat are you?Who is his coat?Whose bag is this?Which do you prefer? The blue one or the white one?Could you tell me what is his name?Mother asked which one I wanted.八、 关系代词有 who,whom,whose,that,which,as 等,可用作引导定语从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(通称为先行词) 。He is the man whom yo

18、u have been looking for. I hope I can find a job that I can devote myself to.This is the book whose covering is old.That is the same food as you want.习题:1.He shouted louder to the runners, but he still couldnt make _ heard. A. him B. himself C. them D. themselves 2.There are flowers and trees on _ s

19、ides of the river. A. every B. both C. either D. all 3.She has three good friends. One is a doctor; _ are teachers of Chinese. A. another B. the other two C. other D. others 4.Before handing in your compositions, please correct the mistakes in each line if_. A. so B. no C. any D. some正确形式填空1._(我) am

20、 a worker. _(你) are a doctor. _(她) is a teacher.2.This is_ (他的 )shirt. 3. This is _(我的)pen.4._(他们的) trousers are there. 5. I like this picture. Please give _(它) to_( 我).6. People get _(他们的 ) money from_(我).7._(他们) are new students. _(他们的) names are Lucy and Lily.8. These are _(我们的 ) shoes. Can _(我们)

21、 wear _(它们).9Thank _ for _(你的) help. 10. _(他) loves _(她), and _(她) loves _(他),too.11. _(我) love _(你), and _(你) love _(我) ,too.答案:B B B C1 I You She2 his 3 my4 Their5 it me 6 their me 7 They Their8 our we them9 you your 10 He her she him11 I you you me 冠词冠词作为一种虚词,在英语中只能和名词一起使用。英语中的冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词。1.不定冠词

22、的用法不定冠词有两个,a 和 an。a 用在辅音开头的单词前面;an 用于以元音开头的单词前。如:a book, an apple。1) 不定冠词用在但数可数名词前表示“某一个” 。如:There is a policeman at the door.门口有个警察。2) 不定冠词用在单数可数名词之前,表示“任何,每个” 。如:A car must be insured.汽车一定要上保险。A soldier must obey orders.军人必须服从命令。3) 不定冠词用于头一次出现的单数名词之前。如:There is a box in the room. The box is heavy.

23、房间里有个箱子。这个箱子很重。4) 不定冠词和名词连用作表语或同位语,主要说明某个人或东西所属类别。如:She is a teacher. 她是个老师。We all thought him a suitable person for the job.我们都认为他是适合做这个项目的人。5) 定冠词用在价格、速度、比率等短语中。如:six kilometers an hour 每小时 60 公里3 times a day 每天三次6) 不定冠词用在专有名词前。如:He wants to buy a Kodak.他想买架柯达相机。7)不定冠词用于某些固定短语中。如:have a try 试一下 ta

24、ke a break 休息一下 have a good time 玩得痛快make a living 谋生 as a matter of fact 事实上 in a word 总而言之2. 定冠词的用法1) 定冠词和名词连用,表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。如:Mother carved the meat into slices.妈妈把肉切成了片。2) 定冠词用于可数名词前,表示一类人或东西。如:The horse is a useful animal. 马是一种有用的动物。3) 定冠词用于第二次出现的名词之前。如:I got a letter yesterday. The letter was

25、 sent by e-mail.我昨天接到了一封信。那信是电子邮件。4) 定冠词用于有词组或者定语从句修饰的名词前。如:He is investigating the cause of the fire.他正在调查这场大火的原因。5) 定冠词用于某些名词或者形容词前,表示一类人,一个民族,阶级或阶层。如:the chinese 中国人 the rich 富人the dead 死者 the deaf 聋人6) 定冠词用于指说话双方都知道的人或事。如:Please close the door.请把门关上。7) 定冠词用于世界上独一无二的事物前。如:the sun 太阳 the earth 地球

26、the world 世界 8) 定冠词用于序数词前表示顺序。如:the third group 第三组9) 定冠词用于形容词和副词的最高级前面。如:This is the most intersting book I have ever read. 这是我所读过的书中最有趣的一本。10)定冠词在 play 后和乐器连用play the piano 弹钢琴 play the flute 吹长笛11)定冠词与姓氏的复数形式连用,表示一家人。如:The Blacks came to China in 1994.布莱克一家是 1994 年来中国的。12)定冠词的其他用法the Changjiang R

27、iver 长江 the Red Sea 红海 (用于表示江河海洋的名词前)the Taiwan Straits 台湾海峡 the Gulf of Mexico 墨西哥湾 (用于表示海峡海湾的名词前)the Alps 阿尔卑斯山 the Sahara Desert 撒哈拉沙漠 (用于山脉沙漠的名词前)the Peoples Republic of China 中华人民共和国(用于国家名称)the National Gallery 国家美术馆 the Military Museum 军事博物馆(用于公共建筑名前)the State Council 国务院 the Senate 参议院 the Ho

28、use of Representatives 众议院 (用于机关、团体名词前)the Geneva Agreement 日内瓦协议 the Washington Post 华盛顿邮报 (用于报刊、条约之前)3.不用冠词的情况1) 表示独一无二的职务、身份前一般不用冠词。如:Elizabeth II, Queen of England 英国女王伊丽莎白二世He was elected chairmen of the committee.他当选为协会主席。2) 表示球类、棋类的运动项目不加冠词。如:play football 踢足球 play chess 下象棋3) 在一日三餐名词前不用冠词。如:

29、have breakfast/lunch/supper 吃早饭/午饭/晚饭4) 交通工具名词前不用冠词by car 坐汽车 by ship 坐船by plane 坐飞机 on foot 步行5) 在一些地点的名词,如:bed, church, school, hospital,home, work 等。当人们去这些地方做在这些地方应该做的事时,不加冠词。go home 回家 go to school 去上学 go to church 去教堂祈祷in hospital 住院 go to work 上班注:如果在上述词组前面加上定冠词 the,可以表示去这些场所做其他的事情。如:He came t

30、o the school to speak to the headmaster.他来学校和校长谈话。He went to the church to see the carvings.他去教堂看雕刻。His mother is in hospital and he has been in the hospital to take care of her.他妈妈生病住院了,他就一直在医院里面照顾她。4.泛指概念的四种表达方式1) 不带 the 的不可数名词可以表示泛指I like music.我喜欢音乐。2) 不带 the 的复数可数名词表示泛指。Bananas are yellow.香蕉是黄色

31、的。3) “the+单数可数名词 ”可以表示泛指The elephant is the largest land mammal.大象是陆地上最大的哺乳动物。4) “不定冠词 a/an+单数可数名词” 可以表示泛指。A dog makes good pet.狗是很好的宠物。习题:1 When Linda was a child, her mother always let her have _ bedA the breakfast in B the breakfast in the C breakfast in D breakfast in the2 Beyond _ stars the ast

32、ronaut saw nothing but _ spaceA the, 不填 B 不填,the C 不填,不填 D the, the3 Alexander Graham Bell invented _ telephone in 1876A 不填 B a C the D one4 After watching _ TV, she played _ violin for an hourA 不填,不填 B the, the C the, 不填 D 不填,the5 Many people are still in _ habit of writing silly things in _ public

33、 placesA the, the B 不填,不填 C the, 不填 D 不填,the6 Paper money was in _ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in _ thirteenth centuryA the, 不填 B the, the C 不填,the D 不填,不填7 Have you seen _ pen? I left it here this morningIs it _ black one? I think I saw it somewhere A a, the B the, the C the, a

34、 D a, a8 She is _ newcomer to _ chemistry but she has already made some important discoveriesA the, the B the, 不填 C a, 不填 D a, the9 Many people agree that _ knowledge of English is a must in _ international trade todayA a, 不填 B the, an C the, the D 不填,the10 _ usually go to church every SundayA The B

35、rown B A Brown C Browns D The Browns11 The train is running fifty miles _A an hour B one hour C the hour D a hour12 _ earth we live on is bigger than_ moonA The, a B The, the C An, a D An, the13 Whats the matter with you ?I caught _ bad cold and had to stay in _bedA a, / B a, the C a, a D the, the14

36、 Do you know _ lady in blue?Yes She is a teacher of a universityA the B a C an D /15 Wheres _ nearest supermarket?Its over there, just around the cornerA a B an C the D /16 The young man will work in _ school as a maths teacherA the B a C an D /17 Most of the representatives think that _ the meeting

37、 was very successfulA on whole of B on a whole C on the whole D on the whole that18 The investigators found that more should be done for _ in IndiaA those poor B a poor C poor D the poor19 He grabbed me _ and pulled me onto the busA a arm B an arm C the arm D by the arm20 “How did you pay the worker

38、s?”“As a rule, they are paid _ ”A by an your B by the hour C by a hour D by hours答案:1-10 CACDC CDCAD 11-20 ABAAC ADDDB 形容词用来表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词称为形容词。作 用 例 句 定 语 You can see a lot of beautiful flowers in the garden. 表 语 Your coat is too small. 宾语补足语 The old woman keeps everything clean and tidy. 注意:1.有

39、些形容词只能作表语,如:alone, afraid, asleep 等。例如:The old man is alone.2. 形容词用来修饰 something, anything, nothing, everything 等不定代词,要放在这些词的后面。 Youd better tell us something interesting.形容词在句子中的位置1 定语时放在名词的前面,且音节少的词放在音节多的词前。 a big yellow wooden wheel .2 表语时放在连系动词之后。The price sounds reasonable作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。 We must

40、 try our best to keep our environment clean. 后置的情况:修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。Something serious has happened to him.与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”的词连用时形容词后置。 Hes 1.8 metres tall. 注意:一. 以-ly 结尾的形容词 1)friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely ,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词。daily,weekly ,monthly, yearly,earlyTh

41、e Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily.用形容词表示类别和整体 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) -出处-材料性质,类别-名词a small round table;a tall gray building;a dirty old brown shirt;a famous German medical

42、 school副词副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、 介词、连词等单词或短语,以说明动作性质或状态的特征的词一、副词的位置 1.在许多情况下,副词都放在所修饰的动词后面或句末。The girl dances very well. 2.有时也放在主语后面,谓语动词前面(对动作加以强调)。He angrily closed the door. 3.句中的副词如碰上助动词,be 动词,则通常放在助动词,be 动词之后,实义动词之前We have already read the book.二.副词的分类1、 时间和频度副词: now, then, often, always, usually, ea

43、rly, today, lately, next, last, already, generally, frequently, seldom, ever, never, yet, soon, too, immediately, hardly, finally, shortly, before, ago, sometimes, yesterday.2、 地点副词: here, there, everywhere, anywhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, down, back, forward, home, upstairs, downs

44、tairs, across, along, round , around, near, off, past, up, away, on. 3、方式副词: carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast, well, calmly, politely, proudly, softly, warmly4、 程度副词,放在被修饰词之前: much, little, very, rather, so, too, still, quite, perfectly, enough, extremely, entirely, almost, s

45、lightly.5、 疑问副词: how, when, where, why. 6、关系副词: when, where, why. 7、连接副词: how, when, where, why, whether.三、副词的排列顺序1) 时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。2) 方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用 and 或 but 等连词连接。 Please write slowly and carefully.3) 多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。The children played games very quietly in their room by themselv

46、es yesterday。注意:1 副词 very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。 改错:(错) I very like English. (对) I like English very much.注意:2副词 enough 要放在形容词的后面,形容词 enough 放在名词前后都可。I dont know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat.形容词与副词的比较等级大多数形容词和副词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级、比较级和最高级,

47、用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。规则变化构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级一般单音节词尾加-er, est tall taller tallest以不发音的-e 结尾的单音词和少数以-le 结尾的双音词只加-r, -stnice simple nicer simpler nicest simplest 以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音词,双写结尾的辅音字母,再加-er, -estbig fat thin bigger fatter thinner biggest fattest thinnest 以辅音字母-y 结尾的双音节词,改 y 为 I, 再加-er, -estbusy easy busier easier busiest easiest 少数以-er, -ow 结尾的双音节词末尾加-er, -estclever narrow cleverer narrower cleverest narrowest 其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加 more, most 来构成比

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