1、voa41 中级美国英语第 41-52 课1美式论文、报告写作技巧 编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。研究生 presentation 及 seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。 美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能
2、力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的利基。反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。 通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下： (一) 篇首： 封面(Title) 序言(Preface) 谢词(Acknowledge) 提要(Summary) 目录(Tables and Appendixes) (二) 本文： 引言(Introduction) 主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)
3、、节(Section) 、以及注释 (Footnotes) (三)参考资料： 参考书目(References or Bibliography) 附录资料(Appendix)。 进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。题目可以提供研究者： 一.研究的方向 二.研究的范围 三.资料搜集的范围 四.预期研究成果 通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定写作大纲或 Proposal 的先前步骤， 大纲是论文、报告的骨干，Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或 P
4、roposal 为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作。好的论文或研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上，而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告，及小报告如 Seminar 式的报告。 就算是小报告，也至少应含 (一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期 (二)Summary ： 即主要的结论 (三)Introducti
5、on：包括理论背景及内容 (四)Technical Sections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为 几个片断。 (五)Conclusions：即扼要的结论 (六)Appendixes：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在 此项 美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告通常需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如 PASCAL、LOTUS，统计分析软体如 SAS，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因此 Word for Window、Powerpoint 、Exce
6、l 便成了颇受欢迎的工具。此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。 voa41 中级美国英语第 41-52 课2论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation)，用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。voa41 中级美国英语第四十一课一.本课要点及示例: 在这一课里, 我们学习用助动词 should 和 could 加上 have 再加上动词的
7、过去分词作句子来表示跟过去事实相反的情况, 比方 “你昨天不应该开他的车.“You shouldnt have driven his car yesterday. 或是“我本来可以到超级市场去.“I could have gone to the supermarket. 我们还要学习用助动词 might 或是 must 加上 have 和动词的过去分词来表示猜测过去发生的事情, 比方 “他昨天可能说了.“ He might have said it yesterday. 或是 “他昨天一定到过这儿了.“ He must have been here yesterday. 现在我们还是先听一段对
8、话,内容是说玛丽和彼得到饭馆去吃饭, 结果彼得肚子不舒服. 请你注意听两位英文老师的发音和语调. M: Mary, I dont feel too well. I have a stomach ache. F: Well, you shouldnt have eaten all that pizza. M: I didnt have that much. Besides it might have been something else that I ate. F: What else did you eat? M: I had a salad. Something in the salad
9、could have upset my stomach. F: Maybe, but I had a salad too, and I feel fine. What kind of dressing did you have on your salad? M: Just oil and vinegar. F: Then I dont think it was the salad. It must have been the pizza. Anyway, I hope you feel better soon. M: Thanks, I think Ill lie down for a whi
10、le. 现在老师再用慢速度把整段对话念一遍给你听. M: Mary, I dont feel too well. I have a stomach ache. F: Well, you shouldnt have eaten all that pizza. M: I didnt have that much. Besides it might have been something else that I ate. F: What else did you eat? M: I had a salad. Something in the salad could have upset my sto
11、mach. F: Maybe, but I had a salad too, and I feel fine. What kind of dressing did you have on your salad? M: Just oil and vinegar. F: Then I dont think it was the salad. It must have been the pizza. Anyway, I hope you feel better soon. M: Thanks, I think Ill lie down for a while. 现在我把对话里包含了今天要学的语法的句
12、子挑出来,请英文老师再念一遍给你听. F: You shouldnt have eaten all that pizza. M: It might have been something else that I ate. M: Something in the salad could have upset my stomach. F: It must have been the pizza. 二.SHOULDNT HAVE现在我们开始作练习首先我们练习 shouldnt have 加上动词过去分词的用法.以前我们学过怎么用 shouldnt 劝人不应该作某件事情. 比方有个朋友在公共汽车上抽烟
13、,你看见了就告诉他: “你不应该在公共汽车上 抽烟.“ You shouldnt smoke on a bus. 如果你的朋友告诉你, 他昨天在公共汽车上抽了烟, 你认为他昨天不应该抽, 你就说: You shouldnt have smoked on a bus. 现在我们作第一组练习,学学怎么表示不赞同别人过去作的事情. 在这组练习里你还可以学到一些跟快速食品有关系的词汇, 比方 “牛肉饼店“a hamburger joint, “乳酪牛肉饼“ cheeseburger, “意大利馅饼店“ a pizza parlor 等等. 练习的作法是彼得说出一些过去时态句子, 比方: “ 我去了一家
14、快餐店, 在那儿吃了一个烤牛肉三明治.“ I went to a fast food restaurant. I had a roastbeef sandwich there. 请你用 shouldnt have 加上动词过去分词把句子改成 You shouldnt have had a roastbeef sandwich there. 每作完一句, 老师就会把正确答案念一遍给你听. M: I went to a fast food restaurant, I had a roastbeef sandwich there. F: You shouldnt have had a roastbe
15、ef sandwich there. M: I went to a hamburger joint. I ate a cheeseburger there. F: You shouldnt have eaten a cheeseburger there. M: I went to a pizza parlor. I ate 3 pieces of pizza there. voa41 中级美国英语第 41-52 课3F: You shouldnt have eaten 3 pieces of pizza there. M: I ate so much. F: You shouldnt have
16、 eaten so much. M: I had a big meal. F: You shouldnt have had such a big meal. 下面我们用代换方式练习怎么劝别人在过去应该作某件事. 练习的内容都是说到彼得告诉玛丽他在前一天晚上吃多了肚子疼之后,玛丽劝彼得的话,比方彼得既然吃饱就不应该再吃, 应该小心的选择食物, 肚子疼就应该看大夫,吃药, 躺下来休息等等. 练习的作法是玛丽说一句话, 然后老师会念出一个用过去分词开头的词组, 请你跟玛丽一起把词组代换到原来的句子里. F: You should have stopped eating when you were f
17、ull. M: eaten less F: You should have eaten less. M: been more careful about what you ate F: You should have been more careful about what you ate. M: chosen the right things to eat F: You should have chosen the right things to eat. M: had dinner at home F: You should have had dinner at home. M: gone
18、 to a doctor F: You should have gone to a doctor. M: taken some medicine F: You should have taken some medicine. M: lain down and rest F: You should have lain down and rest. 三.MUST HAVE下面一组练习是用 must have 加上动词过去分词来表示自己认为过去一定发生的事情. 比方玛丽听说彼得前一天晚上吃那么多就下结论说:当时你一定觉得很不舒服; 你肚子疼一定是吃太多, 太快了, 等等. 练习的作法是玛丽说一句话,
19、 然后老师说出一个动词词组请你用动词过去分词作代换练习. 每作完一个句子, 老师就会念出正确答案给你听. F: You must have felt sick. M: feel terrible F: You must have felt terrible. M: have an upset stomach F: You must have had an upset stomach. M: have too much food F: You must have had too much food. M: eat something bad F: You must have eaten some
20、thing bad. M: eat too fast F: You must have eaten too fast. 四.COULD HAVE BEEN下面我们作一组练习, 学习用 could have been 作句子来揣测过去发生的事情.比方玛丽听说彼得吃坏了肚子, 就猜测可能是彼得前一天晚上在饭店吃的东西不干净. 她问彼得许多问题, 彼得都一一的作肯定的答覆.在这组练习里你可以学到美国快餐店常常有的食物和调味品, 比方 “炸薯条“ french fries, “牛奶冰淇淋混合饮料“ milkshake 等等. 现在请你注意听玛丽问问题, 并且跟彼得一起做肯定的答复. F: Could
21、it have been the pizza that you had? M: It could have been the pizza that I had. F: Could it have been the salad that you had? M: It could have been the salad that I had. F: Could it have been the salad dressing? M: It could have been the salad dressing. F: Could it have been the roastbeef sandwich
22、that you ate? M: It could have been the roastbeef sandwich that I ate. F: Could it have been the cheeseburger that you ate? M: It could have been the cheeseburger that I ate. F: Could it have been the french fries? M: It could have been the french fries. F: Could it have been the milkshake that you
23、drank? M: It could have been the milkshake that I drank? F: Could it have been the coffee that you drank? M: It could have been the coffee that I drank. 五.SHOULD + 完成时态在下面一组练习里, 玛丽用 should 加上完成时态向彼得提出建议, 比方 “你当时应该慢慢吃.“ You should have eaten more leisurely. 彼得就用 could 加上完成时态回答说: “我当时是可以慢慢吃,可是我没有.“ I
24、could have voa41 中级美国英语第 41-52 课4eaten more leisurely, but I didnt. 现在请你注意听玛丽的建议, 并且跟彼得一起回答. F: You should have gone to a more traditional restaurant. M: I could have gone to a more traditional restaurant, but I didnt. F: You should have ordered better food. M: I could have ordered better food, but
25、I didnt. F: You should have eaten more leisurely. M: I could have eaten more leisurely, but I didnt. F: You should have had dinner at home. M: I could have had dinner at home, but I didnt. F: You should have cooked something for yourself. M: I could have cooked something for myself, but I didnt. F:
26、You should have made a better decision. M: I could have made a better decision, but I didnt. 六.MIGHT + 完成时态下面我们学习用 might 加上完成时态来揣测过去发生的事情.比方说彼得去快餐店吃饭,排队排了半天一直没有服务员来招呼他; 好不容易来了服务员,彼得叫了菜, 服务员拿来的却不是他要的.下面老师用 maybe 和过去时态作句子揣测发生这种情况的原因, 比方彼得可能站错了队,服务员可能心不在焉,可能把别人叫的菜给了彼得等等,请你改用 might 和完成时态把原来的意思表达出来.下面就是一
27、个例子:M:Maybe Peter stood in the wrong line.F: Peter might have stood in the wrong line.现在我们开始作练习. 每作完一句, 就请你听老师念正确答案. M: Maybe Peter stood in the wrong line. F: Peter might have stood in the wrong line. M: Maybe the clerk was busy. F: The clerk might have been busy. M: Maybe the clerk was absent-mind
28、ed. F: The clerk might have been absent-minded. M: Maybe the clerk misunderstood him. F: The clerk might have misunderstood him. M: Maybe the clerk gave him someone elses order. F: The clerk might have given him someone elses order. 七.听短文回答问题今天我们要听一篇介绍美国快餐店的文章. 这篇文章谈到快餐店的种类,特色,跟受美国人欢迎的原因. 请你注意听. 等一会
29、儿我们要根据文章内容问你几个问题. The favorite food in the United States is the hamburger, a kind of round sandwich of cooked ground beef. The favorite place to buy a hamburger is a fast food restaurant. At fast food restaurants, people order their food, wait a few minutes, and carry it to their tables themselves.
30、People also take their food out of the restaurant and eat it in their cars or in their homes. At some fast food restaurants, people can order their food, pay for it and pick it up without leaving their cars. There are many kinds of fast food restaurants in the United States. The most numerous sell h
31、amburgers, french fries and milkshakes, which are traditionally popular foods among Americans. In addition, fast food restaurants that serve Chinese food, Mexican food, Italian food, chicken, seafood and ice cream are very numerous. The idea of a fast food restaurant is so popular that nearly every
32、kind of food can be found in one. Fast food restaurants are popular because they reflect American life style. First, they are not formal restaurants. Customers wear any type of dress when they go to a fast food place. Second, they are fast. People who are busy do not want to spend time preparing the
33、ir own food or waiting while someone else prepares it. In fast food restaurants the food is usually ready before the customer even orders it. Finally, most food in a fast food restaurant is not expensive. Therefore, people can afford to eat at a fast food restaurant often, while they may not be able
34、 to afford a more traditional and more expensive restaurant very often. 现在请你回答下面三个问题.每回答一个问题,老师就会念出正确答案给你听. 第一个问题是: M: What kinds of food can people get in fast food restaurants? voa41 中级美国英语第 41-52 课5F: They can get hamburgers, french fries, milkshakes, pizza, chicken, seafood, ice cream and others
35、. 第二个问题是: M: Why do Americans go to fast food restaurants? F: It is because fast food restaurants are fast, informal and inexpensive. 第三个问题是: M: Is the food cooked to order in a fast food restaurant? F: No, it is not. voa42 中级美国英语第四十二课一.本课要点及示例: 在这一课里, 我们要学习用 “如果“ if, i-f, if 作假设性的句子来表达跟现在的情况相反的条件和结
36、果. 比方你的好朋友邀请你跟他一起去看电影,可是你必须念书, 不能去, 所以你就告诉他: “如果不是我得念书, 我就跟你去看电影.“ 这句话英文应该这么说:If I didnt have to study, I would go to the movies with you. 现在我们来听英文老师念一段对话, 多举几个例子给你听. 对话的内容是说凯特的父母搬到佛罗里达州, 凯特很想念他们,亨利想法子安慰她的情况. 请你注意听两位英文老师的发音和语调. F: I miss my folks. I wish we could see them. M: Well, if they lived clo
37、ser, we would see them more often. F: If we owned a bigger house, they could live with us. M: You know they would never do that. They would feel that they were intruding. F: Youre right. But I wish I were with them now. Lets go visit them. M: All the way to Florida? We could if we didnt have to work
38、 and if the kids didnt have school. F: Maybe they will come to visit us when it gets warmer. M: Im sure they will. Maybe we can go there to see them this summer on vacation.Meanwhile, why dont you call them on the phone? F: I just did. Thats why I miss them so much right now. 现在老师用慢速度再把整个对话念一遍. F: I
39、 miss my folks. I wish we could see them. M: Well, if they lived closer, we would see them more often. F: If we owned a bigger house, they could live with us. M: You know they would never do that. They would feel that they were intruding. F: Youre right. But I wish I were with them now. Lets go visi
40、t them. M: All the way to Florida? We could if we didnt have to work and if the kids didnt have school. F: Maybe they will come to visit us when it gets warmer. M: Im sure they will. Maybe we can go there to see them this summer on vacation.Meanwhile, why dont you call them on the phone? F: I just d
41、id. Thats why I miss them so much right now. 现在我把对话里包含今天要学的语法的句子挑出来,请老师再念一遍给你听. M: If they lived closer, we would see them more often. F: If we owned a bigger house, they could live with us. M: If they lived with us, they would feel that they were intruding. M: We could if we didnt have to work and
42、if the kids didnt have school. 二.用 IF 引导跟现在事实相反的情况听了上面那些句子, 你可能已经注意到怎么表达跟现在事实相反的情况.在下面一组练习里你可以更仔细地把事实跟假设作个比较. 练习的作法是亨利用现在时态说一句话, 比方 “我们没有大房子. 他们不能跟我们一起住.“ We dont have a big house. They cannot live with us. 接着凯特就用过去时态把句子改成:“如果我们有大房子,他们就可以跟我们一块住.“ If we had a big house,they could live with us.这组练习的内容
43、都是说到凯特的愿望.这些愿望都跟凯特的父母有关系. 练习里有些词汇可能你不熟, 比方“照顾他们“ take care of them,“照料他们自己“ look after themselves, “陪伴他们“ keep the company 等等.请你在听老师念句子的时候一方面注意语法的变化, 一方面注意词汇. M: We dont have a big house. They cannot live with us. F: If we had a big house, they could live with us. M: They dont live with us. We canno
44、t see them everyday. F: If they lived with us. We could see them everyday. M: We dont see them every day. We cannot take care of them. F: If we saw them everyday, we could voa41 中级美国英语第 41-52 课6take care of them. M: They are not young. They cannot look after themselves. F: If they were young, they c
45、ould look after themselves. M: We have jobs in Seattle. We cannot move to Florida. F: If we didnt have jobs in Seattle, we could move to Florida. M: Long distance phone calls are expensive. We cannot talk to them everyday. F: If long distance phone calls werent expensive, we could talk to them every
46、day. M: We are busy. We cannot go to visit them. F: If we werent busy, we could go to visit them. M: Our kids have to go to school. They cannot visit the grandparents. F: If our kids didnt have to go to school, they could visit the grandparents. M: We cannot visit them. We cannot keep them company.
47、F: If we could visit them, we could keep them company. M: We are not there with them. We cannot buy groceries for them. F: If we were there with them, we could buy groceries for them. M: We are not living with them. We cannot do their laundry for them. F: If we were living with them, we could do the
48、ir laundry for them. 在用过去时态表达跟目前相反的情况的时候,be 动词一律用 were,w-e-r-e, were.比方凯特不住在佛罗里达州, 所以她不能够照顾父母. 她可以这样说: I am not in Florida. I cannot take care of them. 要是把这句话改成: “如果我在那儿, 我就可以照顾他们.“ 英文就应该这样说: I could take care of them if I were there. 下面我们作一组代换练习学学这种说法, 同时复习刚才那组练习里的一些词汇.现在请你注意听凯特说一句话, 接着老师念一个词组,请你跟凯
49、特一起把词组代换到前半个句子里. F: I could take care of them if I were there. M: look after them. F: I could look after them if I were there. M: keep them company F: I could keep them company if I were there. M: help them F: I could help them if I were there. M: cook for them F: I could cook for them if I were there. M: buy groceries for them F: I could buy groceries for them if I were there. M: do their laundry F: I could do their laundry if I were there. M: take them shopping F: I could take them shopping if I were there. 下面我们再作一组代换练
