1、基础英语语法1,英语的词类,Self-introduction,殷健：Jack, 雅思教学总监，11年教学经验。东南大学英语、南京大学教育学双硕士。主讲：雅思写作、托福写作、SAT写作、BEC商务英语、翻译、语法等。Mailbox: QQ: 750729743 Mobile: 13851433407,课程教案,教学特点,1）语法体系讲解2）补充材料学习3）学习任务（写作）,今日学习内容,Warming-up: 3 mini-tasks 1）名词 2）动词 3）形容词 4）动词Sum-up: a short essay,学习的重点,1）系统的词类语法知识：名词、动词、形容词、副词等2）考试要点
2、词形变化、正式词语与非正式词语、同义词替换等,词形变化,Succeed - success - successful successfully,正式词语与非正式词语,孩子 儿童 后代 Kid Child Offspring,同义词替换,Good Wonderful Gorgeous Fantastic Marvelous Brilliant,Warming-up,Mini-task 1Give your comments on the following paragraph and try to improve it. 5 minutes,New-semester resolution,The
3、 new semester has come. In this new semester, I will try my best to be a good student. First, I will try my best to study hard, because knowledge is important. Second, I will try my best to make friends, because friends are important. Last, I will try my best to have a part-time job, because getting
4、 some money is good.,Comments and improvement,Warming-up,Mini-task 2Please describe the following picture, using as many attractive words as possible. 5 minutes,Warming-up,Mini-task 2下文为经济学家上摘录的文章，我们将里面的词汇变得平淡。请将划线的词汇转换为地道生动的词汇。5 minutes,Exercise,Mr. Obama writes (1) good speeches and delivers them
5、beautifully. He attracts huge crowds, (2) stimulates their passions and moves them to tears. Yet he is no crude demagogue. He (3) deals with policy questions with an (4) excellent mix of intellect and pragmatism. His advisers (5) are surprised at his (6) ability to (7) consider complex arguments and
6、 pick solutions that seem both (8) reasonable and politically (9) possible.,Economics,Mr Obama writes brilliant speeches and delivers them beautifully. He attracts huge crowds, stirs their passions and moves them to tears. Yet he is no crude demagogue. He approaches policy questions with an admirabl
7、e mix of intellect and pragmatism. His advisers marvel at his capacity to weigh complex arguments and pick solutions that seem both sensible and politically feasible.,名词,教学内容： 1）专有名词和普通名词 2）可数名词与不可数名词及名词的复数 3）名词的所有格 4）主语名词与谓语的一致,专有名词 vs. 普通名词,专有名词：个别的人、地、物、团体等。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。如： IELTS, TOEFL, Tom,
8、PSY专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。 如：the Great Wallthe Peoples Republic of China,附录1,考试常用专有名词汇总1）常见男女姓名 2）常见地名：英国、美国、澳大利亚、加拿大、新西兰等,普通名词：是许多人或事物的共有名称。1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：book。2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family, committee, community, company, council, crew。3）物质名词（Materia
9、l Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：wood, water, metal, fire, soil。4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：happiness, anger, sorrow, love, hatred,附录2,1）高频写作/阅读名词 2）高频口语名词,可数名词；复数形式,在单数名词词尾加s如：melon melons ,desk desks.s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如：classclasses, boxboxes, dishdishes, peachpeaches sandwich sandwiches注：
10、少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如：photophotos, pianopianos.,boy boys以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es如：familyfamilies, citycities, partyparties.strawberrystrawberries,以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如：shelfshelves, wolfwolves, lifelives, knifeknives.不规则变化manmen, womanwomen, sheepsheep,toothteeth, fishfish, childchildren, oxoxen, goo
11、segeese，foot-feet 不可数名词一般没有复数形式说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如：a bag of ricetwo bags of rice, a piece of paperthree pieces of paper, a bottle of milkfive bottles of milk four glasses of juice two cups of coffee,附录3,不规则名词复数表,不可数名词,是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。 如：water, milk, fruit, cereal, soup, juice, coffee, coke, pepper,
12、porridge, sugar, salt, news, oil, information不可数名词转化为可数名词,物质名词量的表示a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。 比较： Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数) b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。 This factory produces steel. (不可数) We need various steels. (可数) c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。 Our country is famous for tea.
13、 我国因茶叶而闻名。 Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。,抽象名词有时也可数。 four freedoms 四大自由 four modernizations四个现代化 物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。 如： a glass of water 一杯水 a piece of advice 一条建议,关于主谓一致,1、谓语和主语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：The book is old.(这本书是旧的 ）The water is very cold.(水很冷)2、集体名词(如family, class, team,
14、group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时, 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班) 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China(三班有张中国地图),关于主谓一致,4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers（裤子）, gloves（手套）等名词往往用复数
15、形式,故谓语用复数。The shoes are very cheap(这鞋子很便宜)6、a lot of 后面跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A lot of students are playing football now.(现在有许多学生在踢足球) A lot of water is in the cup.(杯子里有许多水）,关于主谓一致,7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数如：The teacher and his son are flying kites.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) 8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词
16、决定。如：There is a table in the room.There are four chairs in the room.There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子),关于主谓一致,9、用bothand连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and I are goodfriends(你和我是好朋友）10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：A woman with her child is in the car(一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子在车里),关于
17、主谓一致,11、eitheror或者 neithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离),关于主谓一
18、致,13、主语中含有 half of three quarters of all (of) the .等词语时,谓语的单复数由of后名词的单复数来确定, 如： All of the water is dirty(这些水是脏的)Half of these students are girls.,练习,主谓一致的题目,名词的所有格,名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加s。如：Childerns Day(儿童), my sisters book(我姐姐的书)(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加。如：Tea
19、chers Day(教师节)(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加s. 如：todays newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes break(十分钟的课间休息),Chinas population(中国的人口).,(4)大部分表示无生命东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如：a map of our country(我国地图）the capital city of China（中国首都）(5) s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺如：my aunts(我阿姨家), the doctors(诊所)(6) 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A
20、 and Bs 的形式 如：Lucy and Lilys bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)(7) “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my fathers(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of his(我的一位朋友),巩固练习,Multiple Choice,1 Last night, there was a food accident. The _ were ill, but no _ were lost.A. child, lives B. children, life C. children, lives D. child, l
21、ife2. -This is a photo of _ when they were young.-OK, how happy they both looked!A. my father and mother B. my mother and fathersC. my mothers and fathers D. my fathers and my mother3. The new student is in _ , Grade Two.A. Class Third B. Third Class C. Class Three D. Three class4. Today is Septembe
22、r 10th. Its _ Day. Lets go and buy some flowers for our teachers.A. Teachers B. Teachers C. the Teachers D. Teachers5. The market isnt far from here. Its only _ bicycle ride.A. half an hours B. half an hours C. half an hour D. an hour and a half,6. - What would you like to drink, girls?- _, please.A
23、.Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffeeC. Two cups of coffee D. Two cups of coffees 7. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs for _.A. fun B. wishes C. interest D. thanks 8. Some _ are flying kites near the river.A. child B. boy C. boys D. childs9. After the exam, well have_
24、 holiday.A. two weeks B. two-weeks C. two weeks D. two weeks10. They are those _ bags. Please put them on the bus.A. visitor B. visitors C. visitors D. visitors,11.- How many workers are there in your factory?- There are two _.A. hundreds B. hundred C. hundred of D. hundreds of12. -What do you think
25、 of the _ the Moonlight Sonata by Beethoven?- It sounds really wonderful.A. subject B. music C. book D. animal13. There is not enough _ in the corner for the fridge.A. place B. room C. field D. ground14. _ comes from sheep and some people like eating itA. Wool （羊毛） B. Pork C. Mutton （羊肉） D. Milk15.
26、If you dont take more _, youll get fat.A. medicine B. lessons C. photos D. exercise,16. My school is about twenty _ walk from here.A. minute B. minutes C. minutess D. minutes17. Mum, I have _ to tell you!A. a good news B. some good news C. some good newes D. much good news18. Which is the _ to the p
27、ost office?A. street B. way C. road D. address19. I stayed at _ last Sunday.A. my uncles B. my uncles C. my uncles D. my uncles family20. Maths _ not easy to learn.A. are B. is C. am D. were,形容词,形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。 Describe the following pictures with adjectives.,Job hunting,功能分类：定语形容词vs.表语形容词,定语形
28、容词（1）以-er结尾表示关系的形容词（elder, former, inner, latter, outer, upper等）：my elder brother Who is elder? （）；,（2）强化性形容词包括强调性形容词（certain, definite, plain, pure, sheer等），增强性形容词（absolute, entire, extreme, perfect, total等）和减弱性形容词（feeble, slight等）：Its sheer blackmail. The blackmail is sheer. （）；,（3）限制涉及范围的形容词（chie
29、f, joint, lone, main, only, principal, sole, very等）： the chief product The product is chief（）；（4）专业性形容词（chemical, coastal, hydroelectric, maritime, nuclear, solar, wooden, woolen等）： the chemical weapons The weapons are chemical（）；,表语形容词（1）带后置修饰语的形容词： 1. The ship is bound for Australia.the bound ship
30、 for Australia（）；2. The committee was opposed to my suggestion.the opposed committee to my suggestion（）,（2）带前缀a-的形容词（afloat, afraid, aghast, akin, alert, alight, alike, alive, alone, aloof, amiss, asleep, ashamed, averse, awake, aware, awash等）：1. The child was afraid.an afraid child（）；2.The couple l
31、ook alikean alike couple（）,（3）一些表示健康状况的形容词（faint, ill, poorly, well, unwell等）：1. The girl looks poorly.the poorly girl（）；2. My brother feels unwellmy unwell brother,形容词的语义分类,1.品质形容词 品质形容词是直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词。它有级的变化，可以用程度副词来修饰。在句中作定语，表语和补语。形容词中大多数属于这类形容词。 如： frightened (受惊吓的) foolish（愚蠢的） clever（聪明的） Th
32、e naughty boy did a foolish thing. （作定语） The boy is naughty. （作表语） His mother tried her best to make him clever. （作补语）,2. 类属形容词 表属于哪一类的形容词。 如：He is a foreign visitor. Thats our dairy work.,3. 颜色形容词 表示颜色的形容词。 4. 强调形容词 起强调作用的形容词。 如： He is a complete stranger to us. He is a total failure. He is a perfe
33、ct fool. It was pure luck that he wasnt hit by the car. .,5. Ving 形容词 Ving 形容词是动词加ing形式转化而来的形容词。 如： He was an amusing man. What he told me was surprising. These flowers are pleasing. The end of this film was very satisfying.,6. Ved 形容词 Ved 形容词是过去分词转化而来的形容词，与Ving形容词意思不同，一般有被动意义， 多数为品质形容词。 如： Im inter
34、ested in English. We are worried about this.有些Ved 形容词是类属形容词，也由动词变化而来，但不用于比较级。 如： All these are required subjects. She is a trained nurse.,7. 合成形容词1）five-year-old, 结构是：数词+名词单数+连字符+形容词 2）kind-hearted 结构是：形容词+连字符+过去分词 3）peace-loving 结构是：名词+连字符+现在分词 4）well-known结构是：副词+连字符+过去分词 5）three-legged 结构是：数词+连字符+
35、名词+ed 6）two-month结构是：数词+连字符+单数名词 7）full-time结构是：形容词+连字符+名词 8）good-looking 结构是：形容词+连字符+现在分词 9）water-covered 结构是：名词+连字符+过去分词 10）cat-like 结构是：名词+连字符+介词,附录4,1）高频形容词 2）各类英文写作高阶形容词,比较级和最高级,1. 单音节形容词或副词后面直接加-er或-est talltallertallest fastfasterfastest2. 以-e结尾的单音节形容词或副词直接加-r或-st largelargerlargest nicenicer
36、nicest3. 以-y结尾的形容词或副词，改-y为-i再加-er或-est busybusierbusiest earlyearlierearliest,比较级和最高级,4. 形容词或副词是重读闭音节时，双写最后的辅音字母，再加-er或-est hothotterhottest bigbiggerbiggest5. 多音节形容词或副词前面直接加more或most deliciousmore deliciousmost delicious beautifulmore beautifulmost beautiful6. 不规则变化 good (well)betterbest bad (badly
37、)worseworst,比较级和最高级在句子中的运用,1）被形容主语+ am / are / is + 比较级 + than + 被比较宾语I am taller than you.Pasta is more delicious than pizza.,比较级和最高级在句子中的运用,2）被形容主语+ 行为动词 + 副词最高级 + 比较范围（of + 人/物，in + 地方）.Cheetahs run fastest in the world.He studies best of us.,副词,副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。 副词的种类：,1.时间副词： 1）表示发生时间的副词：
38、 Its beginning to rain now! 现在开始下雨了！ I havent seen her recently. 最近我没见到她。 Will you be free tonight? 你今晚有空吗？ See you later. 回头见。2）表示频繁程度的副词，也称频度副词（Adverbs of Frequency）: She is constantly changing her mind. 她老是改变主意。 We do meet now and then, but not regularly. 我们确实偶尔也见面，但不经常见面。3）还有一些其他表示时间的副词： Ill be
39、back presently (shortly). 我一会儿就回来。 What decision did you finally arrive at? 你们最后作出了什么决定？ Nancy was up early. 南西很早就起来来了。 He has just had an operation. 他刚动过手术。,2. 地点副词： 1）有不少表示地点的副词： She is studying abroad. 她在国外留学。 If he is not here, hes about somewhere. 如果他不在这儿，那就在附近什么地方。 2）还有一些部分与介词同形的副词，有人称它们为副词小品词
40、 （Adverb Particles）. 这些与介词同形，跟宾语的是介词，否则是副词： 用作介词： The Dead Sea is below see level. 死海在海平面之下。 Dont stand so near the train. 不要站的离火车这么近。 He jumped off the horse. 他从马上跳了下来。 用作副词： I could see river down below. 我可以看到下方的那条河。 He lives quite near. 他住的很近。 3）还有一些地点副词表示地区范围等： We have no shops locally. 我们在本地区没有
41、商店。 The theory has been universally accepted. 这个理论已被普遍接受。,3 方式副词 英语中有大量方式副词，说明行为方式（回答how的问题）： She gently refused to accept the gifts. 她委婉地拒绝接受那些礼物。 How beautifully your wife dances. 你夫人舞跳的真美。2）还有相当多的副词，表示某些情绪： This I gladly accepted. 这东西我高兴的接受了。 She smiled gratefully. 她感激的笑了笑。 He looked at her sadly
42、. 他凄然的看了看她。3）还有一些以-ly结尾的副词，表示动作发生的状况： He left the town secretly. 他悄然离开了这座城市。 I only met her accidentally. 我只是偶然碰见她的。4） 程度副词和强调副词 He loved his mother dearly. 他深爱他的母亲。 I strongly object to your saying that. 我强烈反对你这样说话。 Is she badly hurt? 她伤得重吗？,4. 疑问副词： 疑问副词用来引导特殊问句：how: How is your grandmothers rheum
43、atism? 你奶奶的风湿病怎么样了？ where: Where does she come from? 她是哪儿人？ when: When can you come? 你什么时候能来？why: Why was he so late? 他为什么来得这么晚？,5. 连接副词： 连接副词意思和词形都和疑问副词一样，但都引导从句或与不定式连用：how: Thats how I look at it. 这是我的看法。（引导表语从句）Do you know how to start this machine? 你知道这台机器怎样启动吗？（引导不定式短语）where: I dont know where
44、he lives. 我不知道他住在哪儿。（引导宾语从句）I cant decide where to go for my holidays. 我不能决定去哪度假。（引导不定式短语）,6. 关系副词： 关系副词可引导关系从句作宾语：where：We then moved to Paris, where we lived for 6 years. 此后我们搬到巴黎，在那里住了6年。when: There came a day when the rain fell in torrents. 有一天下起了倾盆大雨。why: The reason why he came is not very conv
45、incing. 他来的理由不太有说服力。,附录5,英语常用副词,动词,动词是用来表示主语做什么（即行为动词），或表示主语是什么或怎么样（即状态动词）的词。,及物动词vs.不及物动词,一、及物动词 后面必须跟宾语，意思才完整，例如： Give me some ink, please.（请给我一些墨水。） If you have any questions, you can raise your hands.（如果你们有问题，你们可以举手。）,二、不及物动词 后面不能跟宾语，意思已完整。不及物动词有时可以加上副词或介词，构成短语动词，相当于一个及物动词。例如： He works hard.（他工作
46、努力。）Jack runs faster than Mike.（杰克跑步比迈克要快些）Please look at the blackboard and listen to me.（请看黑板，听我说）,持续性动词vs.瞬间动词,一、持续性动词 表示一个动作可以持续一段时间或更长时间。常见的有study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean, sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, write, sit, stand, lie, keep等。,二、瞬间性动词 表示一个动作发生在一瞬间，非常短暂。亦称终止性动词。常
47、见的有begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off等。,规则动词变化表,不规则动词变化表,附录6：不规则动词表附录7：写作高分动词,Sum-up,Topic: _ Is My Top Concern Time: 10-15 minutes Requirements: You have a thesis Use as many attractive words as possible,
