1、词 汇 学 Lexicology,一、题型和考点分布二、重点、考点串讲三、应试、答题技巧,词汇学自考题型,I. 选择题（30%） II. 填空题（10） III. 搭配 （10） IV. 辨别 （10） V. 定义 （10） VI. 简答 （12） VII. 论述 （18）,2002年2006年全国高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题考点分布,I. Basic Concepts of Word and Vocabulary,1.1. WordA word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning
2、and syntactic function. （1）a minimal free form of a language （2）a sound unity （3）a unit of meaning （4）a form that can function alone in a sentence.,出题形式：填空，选择2006年 13. Which of the following is NOT correct? _ A. A word is a meaningful group of letters. B. A word is a unit of meaning. C. A word is a
3、sound or combination of sounds. D. A word is a form that cannot function alone in a sentence. 答案 D2004年 20. According to semanticists, a word is a unit of _. 答案：meaning,1.2. Sound and MeaningThe relation between sound and meaning is not logical， but arbitrary and conventional.Woman (English) Frau (
4、German) femme (French ) funu ( Chinese)出题形式：填空，选择和举例说明. 2002年 18.The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary or _. 答案：conventional,1.3. Sound and Form English sound is an imperfect representation of the spoken form. (1) in English there are more phonemes than letters. (2) The pronunciati
5、on has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. (3) Some of the differences were created by the early scribes. (4) The borrowing is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.,1.4. VocabularyAll the words in a language make up its vocabulary.The term vocabulary is used in dif
6、ferent senses. the total number of the words in a language, in a particular historical period. of a given dialect, of a given book, of a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.,出题形式：选择, 填空，定义。2002年9.The term “vocabulary“ is used in different ways because of all the followin
7、g reasons EXCEPT that( )A. it can refer to the common core of a languageB. it can refer to the total number of the words in a languageC. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical periodD. it can stand for words in given dialect or field答案：A,1.5. Classification of Wordsby use freque
8、ncy： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary, by notion： content words and functional words by origin： native words and borrowed words.出题形式：选择, 填空 2006 12.Words can be classified according to the following criteria EXCEPT _.A. notion B. use frequencyC. foundation D. origin 答案：C.,1.5.1 Basic Word St
9、ock The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Five obvious characteristics：(1)All national character（2）Stability.（3）Productivity.（4）Polysemy.（5）Collocability出题形式：选择, 填空，定义，搭配 2004（8），2003（19）,1.5.2 Nonbasic Vocabula
10、ryThey include the following： terminology， jargon， slang， argot， dialectal words， archaisms， neologisms.Terminology：technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areasE.g. penicillin,Jargon：the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professio
11、ns communicate among themselves.E.g. ballpark figures for estimate Slang：the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like cant（shoptalk -of any sub-group）, jargon, and argot, all of whic
12、h are associated with, or most available to, specific groups of the population.E.g. Grass for marijuana(大麻),Argot：the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups, and outsiders can hardly understand it.E.g. dip（pick-pocket） Dialectal words：words used only by speakers of the d
13、ialect in questionE.g. beauty（AusEexcellent ),Archaisms：words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. They are found mainly in older poems, legal documents and religious writing or speech .E.g. quoth（said） Neologisms： newly-created words or ex
14、pressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.E.g. internet 出题形式：选择, 填空，定义，搭配 . 2003（44) jargon,1.5. 3 Content WordsContent words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. Content words, which constitute the main body of the English vocabulary, are numerous, and the number is
15、ever growing. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.E.g. earth, cloud, run, walk,1.5.4 Functional WordsFunctional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. As their chief function is to express the relation between notions, the relatio
16、n between words as well as between sentences, they are known as form words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category. E.g. on, of, upon 出题形式：选择, 填空，定义，简答 . 2004（42) functional words,1.5.5 Native words Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century
17、by the German tribes：the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words. native words have two other features： （1）Neutral in style. （2）Frequent in use.,1.5.6 Borrowed Words Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple t
18、erms. According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing, we can bring the loan-words under four classes. (1) Denizens. E.g. pork (2)Aliens. E.g. kowtow (3)Translation-loans. E.g. long time no see ，tea (4) Semantic-loans出题形式：选择, 填空，定义，搭配，简答 . 2005（42) Borrowed Words,II. The Development
19、of the English Vocabulary,2.1 Indo-European language family 2.1.1 Indo-European language family Indo-European language is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.,2.1.2. Germanic Germanic is a language branch in the west set of Indo-European language family. It consists
20、of the four Northern European Languages：Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English.,出题形式：选择, 填空，定义2002(44)Germanic2006年 9. Both English and _ belong to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European langua
21、ge family.（ ）A. Celtic B. DanishC. French D. Scottish答案：B,2.2. A Historical Overview of the English vocabularyCeltic of Celts. Latin of the Roman Legions.The Germanic tribes Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. As a result, Celtic made only a small contribution to the English vocabulary with such words as cra
22、g and bin and a number of place names like Avon, Kent, London, and Thames. 出题形式：选择, 填空 2004（18）2.,2.2.1 Old English (450-1150)Anglo-Saxon almost totally blotted out the Celtic.Anglo-Saxon=Old English.At the end of the 6th century，the introduction of Christianity brought many religious terms such as
23、abbot, candle, altar, amen, apostle.,In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. As a result, many Scandinavian words came into the English language. such as skirt, window, leg, birth, they, their, them, egg.Old English has a vocabulary of about 50, 000 to 60, 000
24、words.It was a highly inflected language（屈折语言） just like modern German.,出题形式：选择, 填空2004年 3. After the invading Germanic tribes settled down in Britain, their language almost totally blotted out _. A. Old English B. Middle English C. Anglo-Saxon D. Celtic 答案：D2003年 10. _ is considered to be a highly-
25、inflected language. AOld English BMiddle English CEarly Modern English DLate Modern English 12.The introduction of _ at the end of the 6th century had a great impact on the English vocabulary. Aprinting B. Christianity CFrench words D. all the above,2.2.2Middle English（1150-1500）Old English began to
26、 undergo a great change when the Normans invaded England from France in 1066. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English. E. g. government, social scales, law, religion, moral matters, military affairs, food, fashion and so on.,Three languagesEnglish, French and Latin-
27、 existed simultaneously continued for over a century.During this period, Britain had trade relations with the low countries, especially Holland. Such as deck, easel, freight, and stoop.Middle English retained much fewer inflections.If we say that Old English was a language of full endings, Middle En
28、glish was one of leveled endings.,出题形式：选择, 填空2006年 16.The Norman Conquest in 1066 started a continual flow of _ words into English. 答案：French2005年 4. In the early period of Middle English, English,（ ） existed side by side. A. Celtic and Danish B. Danish and French C. Latin and Celtic D. French and L
29、atin 答案：D,2.2.3. Modern English（1500-up to now）Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England. Early Modern English （1500-1700）: Ancient Greek and Roman classics. English borrowed a lot of Latin vocabulary.,Late Modern English （1700-up to the present）：In the mid-seventeenth centu
30、ry:Bourgeois Revolution Industrial RevolutionColonizationEnglish absorbed words from all major languages of the world. Since the beginning of this century, particularly after World War II:Words about science and technology.,In modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions.
31、a synthetic language（Old English）the present analytic language.,出题形式：选择, 填空2004年 7. Since the beginning of this century, _ has become even more important for the expansion of English vocabulary. A. word-formation B. borrowing C. semantic change D. both B and C 答案：A2002年 14. Early Modern English refe
32、rs to the language spoken( )A. from 1066 to 1500 B. from 1150 to 1500C. from 1500 to 1700 D. from 1600 to 1800 答案：C,2.3. Growth of Present-day English VocabularyThree main sources of new words: (1) the rapid development of modern science and technology；(2) social, economic and political changes；(3)
33、the influence of other cultures and languages.,出题形式：选择，简答2004年 6. The major factors that promote the growth of modern English are _. A. the growth of science and technology B. economic and political changes C. the influence of other cultures and languages D. all the above 答案：D,2.4. Modes of Vocabula
34、ry DevelopmentThree channels：Creation, Semantic change, Borrowing. Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary, particularly in earlier times. Though still at work now, it can hardly compare with what it did in the past.,In earlier stages of English, French, Latin, Greek and S
35、candinavian were the major contributors.Reviving archaic or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant. This is especially true of American English.,出题形式：选择, 填空，简答2005年 15. The four major foreign contributors to the English vocabulary in earlier ti
36、mes were French, Latin,（ ）. A. Scandinavian and Italian B. Greek and Scandinavian C. Celtic and Greek D. Italian and Spanish 答案：B2003年 7.Though still at work today , _ can hardly compare with what it was in the past. A. word-formation B. borrowing C. Derivation D. conversion 答案：B47.Is it true that archaic and obsolete words in English will remain for ever out of use?,
