1、Figures of speech (修辞格),Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Following are s
2、ome common forms of figures of speech.,Simile(明喻) Metaphor(暗喻) (隐喻) Metonymy(转喻) (借喻) Synecdoche（提喻） Punning (双关) Euphemism (委婉语) Rhyming and alliteration (押韵与头韵） Irony (反语) Syllepsis (一语双叙) Hyperbole (夸张) Personification（拟人） Antonomasia （换称）,换称（Antonomasia）的定义与用法：定义：用头衔、绰号和称呼等代替姓名或称谓或用专有名词代替普通名词的修辞
3、手法叫做换称。,用法：用头衔、绰号和称呼等代替姓名或称谓： His Majesty（陛下）a king or the name of the king（国王或国王的姓名） His Honor（阁下）a judge or the name of the judge（法官或法官的姓名） Iron Chancellor（铁血宰相）Bismarck（俾斯麦） 用专有名词代替普通名词： a. 源于宗教或神话： Solomon（所罗门）a wise man（聪明人） Judas（犹大）a traitor（叛徒） Helen（海伦）a beautiful woman（美女） b. 源于历史： Hitler（
4、希特勒）a tyrant（暴君） He is the Newton of this century. 他是本世纪的牛顿。 9 a great scientist Milton（弥尔顿）a poet（诗人） c. 源于文学作品：,Simile(明喻) 1. Simile通常由三部分构成：本体（tenor or subject）,喻体（vehicle or reference）和比喻词（comparative word or indicator of resemblance）。 eg: Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.
5、,as在明喻句中用作介词，后跟名词。也可用作连词，后跟状语从句，表示动作或行为的方式。此外，还有两个常用句型，即asas和asso。英语里有不少含有明喻的成语，其结构为as+形容词+as+名词（第一个as可省略）。例如：,(as) firm as a rock 坚如磐石 (as) light as a feather 轻如鸿毛 (as) close as an oyster 守口如瓶 (as) mute as a fish 噤若寒蝉 (as) strong as a horse 强壮如牛 (as) cool as a cucumber 泰然自若 (as) sober as a judge 十分
6、清醒 (as) sure as a gun 千真万确,as if/though引导的虚拟句型，另外还有其他一些形式 ： Eg: He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he had come out of a painting by Vealsquez. 这匹马真雄俊，看起来仿佛是从一副维拉斯奎兹的油画里跑出来的一样。 He woke them both up getting to bed, but when they tried to wake him up afterwards they might as well have tried
7、 to wake the dead. 他去睡觉的时候把他们两个都弄醒了，但是后来他们想唤醒他时，简直就像唤死人一样。,what型 A is to B what X is to YEg: Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body. 阅读之于思想，如同锻炼之于身体。 Judicious praise is to children what the sun is to flowers. 明智的表扬对于孩子的作用，就像阳光对于花朵的作用。,B What X is to Y, that A is to B. Eg: What salt is
8、to food, that wit and humour are to conversation and literature. 妙语与幽默对于会话与文学，恰似盐对于食物一样。 What blood vessel is to a mans body, that railway is to transportation. 铁路对于运输，好比血管对于人体一样。,Metaphor：(暗喻/隐喻) 在实际运用中Metaphor有时仅出现喻体，本体需要从上下文中分析推敲出来。英语Metaphor的运用格式灵活多样，它可以体现在任何句子成分上，如主语、谓语、表语、定语、宾语或状语。在表达上它可以是一个单词
9、、一个词组或一个句子，甚至是一个段落。以下为英语Metaphor的常见运用格式：,名词型：最常见的句式是“甲是乙”，喻体一般体现在句子的表语部分。 Eg.: All the worlds a stage, and all the men and women merely players. 整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。 Money is a bottomless sea, in which honour, conscience, and truth may be drowned. 金钱是无底的海洋，荣誉、良心和真理都可以淹没在其中。,动词型 Eg.:The boy wolfed dow
10、n the food the moment he grabbed it. 那男孩儿一抓到食物便狼吞虎咽般地吃了下去。 Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested 。 书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。,形容词型 She has a photographic memory for detail. 她对细节有照相机般的记忆力。 The mountainous waves swallowed up the ship. 山一般的巨浪吞没了那艘航船。,-of短语型：-
11、of-短语构成的英语隐语很普遍，根据其结构及用法特征又可细分为两类 ：A. a/the+N1+of+N2 Eg: the bridge of friendship, the valley of despair. B a+N1+of+a+N2 (N1和N2前除a外，还可用the或人称代词的所有格形式) Eg: a flower of a girl, a fox of a man,The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is its natu
12、ral manure. 自由之树需要爱国者和暴君的鲜血来浇灌。鲜血是养育自由之树的天然基肥。 A policeman waved me out of the snake of traffic and flagged me to stop. 一位警察招手要我从长蛇般的车流中出来，并招呼我停下。,Metonymy (转喻/借喻) 该修辞故意不用需要说明的人或物的本称，而是借与该人或该物密切相关的事物名称来代替，即借乙名代甲称。Metonymy的运用基础是联想，两个相互借代的事物必然紧密相关，存在某种现实的联系。如：What is learned in the cradle is carried t
13、o the grave(幼小所学，终生不忘)，句中的the cradle与the grave是跟birth与death密切相关的事物，因此两者之间形成了借代关系。,以事物的特征代替事物本身 A thousand mustaches can live together, but not four breasts. 千条汉子能共处，两个女人难相容。,以工具代替动作或行为者 A hundred bayonets were marching down the street. 100把刺刀正沿街前进。 The pen is mightier than the sword.,以容器代替其中内容。 When
14、ever my husband has a bad day at the office, he hits the bottle.每当我丈夫在办公室不顺心，他就会喝得酩酊大醉。,以人体器官代替其功能 The practiced ear can recognize a classic flavour. 有音乐修养的人能够听出古典音乐的韵味。 She has the eye for the fair and the beautiful. 她有审美眼光。 I have an opinion of you, sir, to which it is not easy to give the mouth.
15、我对你有一个意见，先生，不过很难用话语表达出来。,以人或动物代替其特性 There is still much of the schoolboy in him. 他身上还有许多小学生的气质。 The wolf and the pig mingled together in his face. 凶残与贪婪交织在一起，浮现在他的脸上。,以具体事物代替抽象事物 Although his plan had not completely succeeded, she gave him a pat on the back for having tried so hard. 尽管他的计划未获完全成功，但她对
16、他作出的努力表示赞许。 She is an ageing opera singer who has retired from the stage to teach. 她是一位年迈的歌剧演员，现已退出舞台从事教学。,地名或建筑物名可借以代称设于那里的机构。如： Kremlin(克林姆林宫，俄罗斯政府) The Pentagon(五角大楼，美国国防部) Hollywood(好莱坞，美国电影业) Downing Street(唐宁街，英国政府) Foggy Bottom(雾谷，美国国务院) Buckingham Palace(白金汗宫，英国皇室) P.191,Synecdoche (提喻）Synec
17、doche has often been confused with metonymy, and sometimes even synonymously. This is not surprising, as both figures of speech involves substitution, only metonymy involves substitution of the name of one thing for that of another closely associated with it, whereas synecdoche involves the substitu
18、tion of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part.（用部分代替全体、用全体代替部分或用特殊代替一般）,提喻（借代，指代）大致归纳为四种情况：a.部分和全体互代；b.以材料代替事物；c.抽象和具体互代；d.以个体代替整个类。 例如： 1.Outside,(there is) a sea of faces.外面街上，是人的海洋。（以人体的局部代全体，即以faces 表示people） 2.Have you any coppers?你有钱吗？（以材料代事物，即以copper铜喻指coin money铜币） 3.They share t
19、he same roof.他们住在一起。（以部分代全体，即用roof屋顶，表示house屋子、住宅） 4.He is the Newton of this century.他是本世纪的牛顿。（以个体代整个类，用Newton表示scientist科学家） 5.Ye see/ The steel ye tempered glance on ye.看，你们铸的剑在把你们看管！（以材料代事物，用steel钢，喻指sword剑) 6.It was reported that China won the volleyball match.椐报载：在这次排球赛中，中国队赢了。（以国家名称China代该国球队
20、the Chinese Volleyball Team） 7.Life was a wearing to him.生活令他感到厌倦。（以抽象代具体，即用wearing喻指a wearing thing令人厌倦的事情),The farms were short of hands during the harvest season. He had to earn his daily bread by doing odd jobs. Germany beat Argentina 2 to 1 in this exciting match.,I arrived at the school just t
21、hree feet tall and fatly wrapped in my scarves. The playground roared like a rodeo, Old boots, ragged stockings, torn trousers and skirts, went skating and skidding around. The rabble closed in; I was encircled. Old boots, ragged stockings, torn trousers and skirts= the children dressed in such appa
22、rel.,Over the course of morning, Dr. Levine listens to a dozen hearts, looks down eight irritated throats, diagnoses fluid-filled eustachian tubes, and peers at exudate-covered tonsils. the body parts mentioned above stand for patients with different ailments.,A major lesson Americans need to learn
23、is that life consists of more than cars and television sets. There sits my animal guarding the door to the henhouse. instead of “dog“ He hurled the barbed weapon at the whale. instead of “harpoon“ If you still do not feel well, youd better call up a sawbones and have him examine you.,Euphemism (委婉语)
24、以文雅、悦耳或温婉来代替粗野、刺耳或直露。借助语音、语法、词汇，表达生活中使人尴尬、惹人不快、招人厌恶或令人恐惧的事物。Euphemism又叫sweet talk（甜言蜜语），gilded words（镀金的字眼）或cosmetic words（化装词）.,疾病 Look off colour（气色不好，指身体有病） under the weather（在恶劣天气条件下，指健康欠佳） not all there（神志不清，实指患精神病） long illness（久病，实指癌症） social disease（实指艾滋病） 替代illness或disease婉称疾病的词有condition,
25、disorder, problem, trouble等。,残疾 Disabled（丧失能力的） handicapped（受到障碍的）， inconvenienced（行动不便的）, hard of hearing（听觉困难的）， auditory-impaired（听觉损伤的）表示“耳聋的“； sight-deprived（被剥夺视力的） visually retarded（视力上有障碍的）指“失明”。,衰老 Advanced in age（年岁上先行的） past ones prime（已过壮年） feel one age（感觉上了年纪） golden age（金色岁月） sunset ye
26、ars（日落之年） senior citizen（资深的公民） the longer living（生活经历较长者）,死亡多达上百条:如go west（西去），be at rest（安息），be asleep in the Arms of God（安睡在上帝的怀抱中），go the way of all flesh（走众生之路），join ones ancestors（加入祖先的行列），return to dust（归之尘土），breathe ones last（作最后一次呼吸），pass away（离去），run ones (own) race（跑完自己的赛程），be no longer w
27、ith us（与我们永别了）。,有关人体、排泄、性爱、生育 -“赤身露体” In the altogether（全体）， in a state of nature（处于天然状态）， in ones birthday suit(身着生日服装) -“女性乳房” globes（球体） apples（苹果） curves（曲线） charms（迷人之处）,-排泄 Pass air（排气）， let a breezer（刮一阵微风）， make a noise“放屁”； wash ones hands（洗洗手） relieve oneself（让自己轻松一下）， get some fresh air（去
28、呼吸点新鲜空气）， answer the call of nature（应付自然本能之需）,-性、爱 have relations with（与人有染）， go to bed with（与之共寝）， make love（做爱）， do it（干那种事儿） live together（同居） sleep around（到处睡觉） married but not churched（结婚了但未去教堂举行仪式）,-孕育 in the family way（家居打扮的）， eating for two（吃双份饭）， swallow a watermellon（吞了颗西瓜籽）， learn all abo
29、ut diaper folding（学叠尿布）， rehearsing lullabies（练唱催眠曲）， wear the apron high（围裙高系）。 be confined（行动受限制）， in travail（处于痛苦之中，指分娩）。,有关政治、经济、军事、外交的委婉语 DP(=displaced person离乡者，指“难民”), energy release（能量释放，指“核辐射泄露”）， eyes only（只准用眼，指“绝密文件”）， to misspeak（口误，表示：“出言不慎”或“撒谎”）， ongoing situation（持续态势，指“老大难问题）， to k
30、nock doors（到处敲门，指“游说议员”）。,A revenue gap（岁入差，即“赤字”）， slowdown（减速，指“经济衰退”）, cash flow problem（现金流动问题，即“可用现金不足”）， adjustment downward（下向调整，指“效益不佳”）， income maintenance（维持性收入，即“救济金”）， technical adjustment（技术性调整，指“股票市场价格的波动”）。,Air support（空中支持，即“轰炸”）， all out strategic exchange（全面战略交火，实际指“世界核大战”）， to pac
31、ify（绥靖，指“毁掉敌方城市乡村”） to escalate（升级，指“扩大战争范围及烈度”） adjustment of the front（战线调整，即“撤退”） Department of Defense（美国国防部，原名为即“作战部”，因有好战之嫌，1947年起换用现名）,destabilization（动摇，指“推翻”或“颠覆”） to share ideas（分享观点，指“具有一致看法”） a serious and candid discussion（认真而坦率的讨论，实际指“双方观点严重对立的会谈”） an underdeveloped nation（低度发达国家，实际指“贫
32、穷落后之国”） person non grata（不受欢迎之人，实际指“要驱逐的外国间谍”） Page 207,以下为一些实际用例，部分出自名家笔下，堪称巧用英语委婉的典范。 And, it being low water, he went out with the tide. 正是退潮的时候，他跟潮水一道去了。*作者用“驾潮而去”表示“溺水而死”，话说得哀婉动人。 If you will allow me , I will call your carriage for you . 如果你愿意的话，我去给你叫辆车。*以“去给你叫辆车”委婉地下达了逐客令，却礼貌、得体。 The boy used
33、 to take things without permission and has just been out of the rehabilitation home in the country. 那男孩以往常不经允许拿走东西，他刚从乡间的康复中心出来。 *“不经允许拿走东西”实际指“偷窃”，“康复中心”实际是“劳教所”的婉称。,He pardoned us off-hand, and allowed us something to live on till he went the way of all flesh. 他轻易地就原谅了我们，并且直到他逝世为止还一直供给我们生活费。 Im af
34、raid she cant act that part she is a little on the plump side. 恐怕她扮演不了那个角色她有些发福。,The reactor began to run out of control “above critical” in the parlance of the nuclear engineer.反应堆开始失控或者用核工程师的话来说：处于临界点之上。 *above critical实际为“核反应堆泄露”。政府在处理核事故时用词尤慎，惟恐引起民众恐慌或愤怒。 He was both out of pocket and out of spi
35、rits by that catastrophe, failed in his health and prophesied the speedy ruin of the empire. 经过这次灾难，他手头拮据，总是无精打采，身体也不好，时常预言大英帝国不久便会垮台。 *作者用委婉语out of pocket 代替poor或bankrupt这类羞于启齿之词，而且与out of spirits 同一结构，相映成趣。,Pun (双关语)Paronomasia（双关）俗称 Pun。该辞格巧妙利用英语许多词谐音、多义的特点，在同一句话里同时表达两层不同意义，以造成语言活泼、幽默或嘲讽的修辞效果。par
36、onomasia（双关）在英语中出现很早，是一种有趣的文字游戏，广泛应用于各种文学作品，或插科打诨，或借题发挥，或旁敲侧击，使语言表达妙趣横生。paronomasia（双关）的构成需要两个基本条件，即双重情境(double context)和多义词或同音异义词。,To England will I steal, and there Ill steal. (William Shakespeare: Henry V) 我要偷偷溜回英格兰，上那儿偷去。 *动词steal 重复使用，前者为“潜行”之义，后者为“偷窃”之义，构成双关，表达幽默.Women have a wonderful sense o
37、f right and wrong, but little sense of right and left. 女性对善恶具有惊人的感觉，但对左右则感觉甚微。Some persons can be everywhere at home; others can sit musingly at home and can be everywhere. 有些人可以四海为家而无拘无束，也有些人可以静坐家中而神游四海。,When does the baker follow his trade? Whenever he kneads the dough. 面包师傅什么时候营业？ 每当他揉面的时候。回答中利用n
38、eed(需要)和knead(揉)这两个同音异形异义词，并配上dough的一词多义(含“生面”和“钱”之意),形成两个双关来构成幽默。 On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday they prey on you. 他们星期日为你祈祷，星期一对你敲诈。,What four letters of the alphabet would scare off a burglar? O，ICU. 哪四个英语字母会吓跑窃贼？ O，ICU 这是利用四个字母OICU组合谐音的句子：Oh, I see you. 类似这样的还有：IOU (I owe you), 其意为“借款
39、单据”；OIC，外国眼镜商利用这三个字母的形状作广告，其形就像个眼镜，念起来音同Oh, I see.真是匠心独具！,More sun and air for your son and heir.我们这里阳光灿烂，空气新鲜，对您的儿子事业和财产继承大有裨益。这是一幅为海滨浴场作宣传的广告画上的一句话，巧用了同音异义词(即谐音双关)：sun与son, air 与heir,因其生动、幽默，具有很强的号召力，易打动父母的爱子之心。),-Where is Washington ? -Hes dead. -I mean, the capital of the United States. -They lo
40、aded it all to Europe. -Now do you promise to support the constitution? -Me? How can I? Ive got a wife and five children to support.这则幽默据说是在美国大选登记时，对选民的口头测试。明显当中运用了一系列的双关语：Washington既指美国首都，又指美国第一任总统； Capital 兼有“资本“和“首都“之意；Support既是“支持“又是“抚养“。 可见这里双关语运用的恰当好处，既体现了幽默感，又讽刺了美国的政治。,Hyperbole (夸张) 英语夸张可分为两
41、类，即扩大夸张( Extended Hyperbole)和缩小夸张(Reduced Hyperbole)。前者将描写对象的形象、数量、作用、程度等特征的东西说得特别高、特别大；后者正相反，即把描写对象的形象、数量、作用、程度等特征性的东西说得特别低、特别小。 examples,Havent seen you for ages. I could sleep for a year. Were all tired to death. America laughed with Mark twain. Its a crime to stay inside on such a beautiful day.
42、 Womens tears the most mighty weapon in the world.,His eloquence would split rocks! 他的雄辩之威之利，能劈磐石。 It is the last straw that breaks the camels back. 骆驼负载过重，加根草就能压垮。 One father is more than a hundred schoolmasters. 一个父亲的作用大于100个教师。,She has that everlasting rotation of tongue, that an echo must wait t
43、ill she dies before it can catch her last words. 由于她的话真是说个不停，连回声也得等到她死才可以抓到她的最后的话。 Some movie stars wear their sunglasses even in churches; theyre afraid God might recognize them and ask for autograph. 有些电影明星连在教堂里也戴上太阳镜，惟恐上帝可能认出来而请他们签名。,“ Poly, I love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon
44、 and the stars and the constellation of outer space. “波莉，我爱你。对我来说，你就是整个世界，是月亮，是星星，是整个宇宙的星宿。” A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes. 当真理刚刚穿上鞋子，谎言就可能已经走了半个世界。 *该句为夸张与拟人两辞格并用。,Miss Bolo went straight home in a flood of tears and sedan chair. ( Charles Dicken
45、s ) 波洛小姐泪如涌泉，坐了轿子径直回家去了。 *a flood of tears既是夸张，又是隐喻，还与其后的and sedan chair构成一语双叙，相映成趣。,Syllepsis (一语双叙)Syllepsis指的是在一个句子里一个关键词可以与两个或两个以上的词语搭配，而且所有这些搭配在句法规则和语义上都是正确的，并产生不同的字面意义和比喻意义，以收到简洁、才智卓越之效果。,Sentences you learned,We had two salaries, a full-time nanny and guilt pangs over practicing parenthood by
46、 substitute. 我们有两份薪水，一位全职保姆，也有让别人替自己代行父母之职的内疚和痛苦。 Now, my wife brings home the paychecks, the office problems and thanks for good work on the domestic front. 现在，我太太带回家的不仅有工资支票，也有她办公室的问题和烦恼，还有对我在家庭战线的出色工作所表达的感谢。,Types of syllepsis,. One verb governs two nouns(Using a verb or a phrasal verb to govern
47、two or more other words, that is, two parts share the same verb or the same phrasal verb) . One adjective modifies two (or more) nouns (Two parts share the same adjective.) . One prep. governs two (or more) objects (Two parts share the same adjective.) . One verb shares two subjects,. One verb gover
48、ns two nouns,1. The newly elected member for Central Leeds took the oath and his seat. 那位新当选的里慈中心区的委员宣誓就职。2. The senator pick up his hat and his courage. 参议员拾起了帽子的同时鼓起了勇气。,3. She open the door and her heart to the homeless boy.她的心对于这个无家可归的男孩来说就像一扇爱的大门在向他敞开着。4. The bald old man lost his temper and hi
49、s hat before the whole audience.这老头在大庭广众之下，大发脾气，把帽子一抛。,. One verb governs two nouns,. One verb governs two nouns,5. He caught a cold and a bus.他感冒了并赶上了公共汽车。 6. He swallowed bread and butter and a spasm of emotion.他吞下奶油面包，忍住一阵激动。 7. He lost the game and his temper.他输了这一局，大发脾气。,. One adjective modifies two (or more) nouns,形容词带起的“一语双叙”，有时可以把一些表现人情感的修饰语转而修饰事物1. Yesterday he had a blue heart and coat.blue heart: depressed heart 忧郁的心情blue coat 蓝色的上衣昨天他穿着一件蓝色的上衣，而且心情忧郁。分析： 说话人借助上下文的语义相关，用衣服的颜色来反衬人物的心境，把所要表达的意思传达给读者，起到借物移情的效果。,
