1、Cause and Effect,Sentence Patterns and Homework,What has sparked the increasing interest in exercise ? For one thing , people have gained a greater awareness of the need for physical fitness . For another , the constantly improving standard of living enables Chinese people to patronize the increasin
2、g number of recreational venues . The main thing perhaps centers on the healthcare and psychological benefits exercise provides . 什么引发了人们对锻炼越来越浓的兴趣？一方面，人们更加清楚地意识到保持身体健康的必要性。另一方面，不断提高的生活水平使中国人能够支付增加的娱乐支出。最主要的原因可能在于锻炼带来的身心健康的双赢。,Sentence Pattern to Follow,Effect,Cause 1,Cause 2,Cause 3,Cause & Effect
3、Relation,Topic: My learning experience in junior school,Effect,The deep impact of opening to the outside world is readily discernible in a number of areas : the adoption of many Western habits , both good and bad ; changing social and moral values ; the trend towards individualism ; and the introduc
4、tion of state-of-the-art concepts and technology . The key to adopting Western way centers on accepting the good and rejecting the bad . 对外开放的深刻影响在许多方面都能看到：模仿西方的习惯，包括好的和坏的；改变社会和道德价值观；个人主义的趋势；引进已发展的概念和技术。采取西方方式的关键在于取其精华，去其糟粕。,Sentence Pattern to Follow,III. Cause-and-Effect Discouse at Paragraph Leve
5、l,3.1 主题句 “果” “果因”型语段 3.2 主题句“因” “因果”型语段 3.3 主题句“果”，发展句分析因，再次归纳论点 3.4 “果-因-果”型语段 3.5 “因-果-因-果”型语段,There is no life on Earth.(S1) For one thing, Earths surface in the area of Manhattan （曼哈顿）is composed of solid concrete (混凝土)and nothing can grow there.(S2) For another, the atmosphere is filled with c
6、arbon monoxide （一氧化碳）and other deadly gases and nobody could possibly breathe this air and survive. (S3),topic sentence 主题,S1,effect(果),S2,S3,cause 2 (因),cause 1 (因),分析,主题句 “果”， “果因”型语段,The further advancement of human civilization is always followed by the damage to the nature. To propel （推进）the so
7、cioeconomic development, most countries try to reach their goals at the expense of the environment. There is one popular saying that we should develop ourselves first, and then we try to save the environment. This shallow consensus（意见） has caused the pollution of all kinds. Thus, its time for mankin
8、d to take steps to stop polluting the nature for following generation.,effect 果,主题句“因” “因果”型语段,The rapidly emerging sexual revolution has been accompanied by many disturbing trends . Perhaps the most serious consequences center on the rapid spread of sexually transmitted diseases ( STDs ) , rising p
9、rostitution and the rise in AIDS cases . 伴随着迅速出现的性革命有很多令人烦恼的趋势。最严重的后果可能是性传染病的迅速蔓延、卖淫现象及艾滋病患者的增多。,Sentence Pattern to Follow,主题句“因” “因果”型语段,In America, however, it is thought that the reduced accident figures are due rather to the increase in traffic density(密度). This is why it has even been suggeste
10、d that the present speed limits should be done away with completely, or that a guide should be given to inexperienced drivers and the speed limits made advisory(顾问的), as is done in parts of the USA.,effect 果,cause 因,主题句“因” “因果”型语段,The two-day weekend is sincerely popular with college students. It of
11、fers students more leisure time for their hobbies and entertainments, which help them relax completely after five-day hard work. It also relieves the pressure on them from too many courses and assignments. Therefore, many students try to enjoy themselves in many interesting ways such as going campin
12、g and having a potluck party.,主题句“果”，发展句分析因，再次归纳论点“果-因-果”型语段,Although blacks had “freedom” in a legal sense, most of them still did not have any education or economic independence. Consequently, they were helpless to participate significantly in the political process to try to improve their status.
13、Except for farm work, most former slaves had no skills. As a result, many blacks went back to work for the same white people who used to be their masters.,“因-果-因-果”型语段,1 : Has the cause/effect relationship been effectively addressed ? 2 : Has sufficient supporting detail been included ? 3 : Does the
14、 writing contain an effective opening and closing ? 4 : Does the writing form a meaningful whole ?,Writing and Revising Evaluating,The signal words of cause-effect,so consequently the result of as therefore the effect of thus because of the consequence of since accordingly have an effect on owing to
15、 for this reason the reason for due to as a result as a result of hence result in It follows that because sothat the cause of so that now that for fear that thanks to suchthat oweto out of so asto seeing that,effects therefore, so as a result, consequently, accordingly, because of this, thus, hence,
16、 for this reason, result in,causes due to, because of, owing to, as a result of, on account of , for, on the ground of, through , because, since, as, on the ground that,Transitional Words and Phrases,常用于因果分析法的连接词 because, because of, for, since,due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result (of), accordin
17、gly, hence, so, thus,therefore, consequently, for this reasonFor one thing, for another,The first reason is that the second one is It is mainly (partly) because of It is not that , but that It is not because but because This is why ,therefore, consequently, as a result, and for this reason 通常后面接逗号 T
18、he weather was cold; therefore, Sally closed the window. The weather was cold. Therefore, Sally put on her coat. The weather was cold. Consequently, Sally put on her scarf. A blizzard hit the town. As a result, the schools were closed. Since, because 置于表示原因的句子前，句后用逗号. Because the weather outside was
19、 cold, Sally closed the window. so 前面的句子后加逗号 The weather was warm, so Jim turned on the air conditioner.,Sentence Pattern to Follow,Two major factors contributed to devastating summer flooding along the Yangtze River and its tributaries . First , erosion resulting from excessive deforestation in the
20、 upper reaches of the river and , second ,heavy silting which raised the riverbed in the main channel . 两个主要因素导致了夏季长江及其支流的特大洪水。第一，过度砍伐引起的河流上游的侵蚀，第二，严重的泥沙淤积抬高了主干道的河床。 Greed and a total lack of social consciousness have been cited as major reasons for the dramatic rise of corruption . 人们认为贪婪和社会意识的彻底缺乏
21、是造成腐败急剧增加的主要原因。,Identifying the reasons for an emerging phenomenon which involves several complicated factors is far from an easy task . For example , some scientists attribute environmental deterioration to a series of natural factors , while others place the blame solely（独自的，单独的） on inappropriate human behavior . 要找到涉及许多复杂因素的新现象的原因远非一件易事。例如，一些科学家把环境的恶化归结为一些自然因素，而另一些人把责任都推在人类不适当的行为上。,Sentence Pattern to Follow,Assignment: The Popularity of Online Shopping,You can focus on either causes or effects.,
