1、American Literature Arrangement Brief Introduction The Colonial and Revolutionary Periods The Romantic Period 3. The Realistic Period 4. The Naturalistic Period 5. The Modern Period 6. The Contemporary Period Brief Introduction Short history (mid-19th century - now) Non-American at first With native
2、 elements and national characteristics now The Colonial and Revolutionary Periods 1. Writing for religious, practical or historical 2. Major topic: Puritanism 3. predestination 4. original sin 5. total depravity 6. limited atonement 1 6 0 7 1 7 9 0 拼命地挣钱、拼命地省钱、拼命地捐钱”。 Career Calling Jonathan Edwards
3、 (1703 1758) Edwards “is widely acknowledged to be Americans most important and original philosophical theologian,“ Masterpiece: “Sinner in the Hands of an Angry God”(1741) Represents the religious idealism Benjamin Franklin(1706-1790) He represents levelheaded common sense and succeeded in many asp
4、ects. Political leader, ambassador, scientist essayist, musician Literary works: Poor Richards Almanac Autobiography 资本主义精神最完美的代表 Poor Richards Almanac 穷人几乎没有，乞丐一无所有，富人拥有太多，没人会说够了。 唯人与瓜难知。 凡不勤勉的人，决不会有荣誉。 勤则万事易，懒则万事难。 不能服从的人，就不能指挥。 有知识的傻瓜比没知识的傻瓜更糟。 对上级谦恭是职责，对平辈谦恭是礼貌，对下级谦恭是高尚。 如果你知道如何支出少于收入，你就有了点金术。 自
5、助者，天助之。 通向荣誉的捷径是把为荣誉而干的事当作为良心而干。 世上最高尚的问题是：我能做什么有益的事？ 不要出卖道德去买财富，也不要出卖自由去买权力。 你要赶着事务走，别让事务赶着你走。 若对小错误视而不见，那你就会犯大错。 什么都不想的人最幸福，因为他从不失望。 不要听朋友的坏话，也不要说敌人的坏话。 把你欠的还掉，你就知道什么是你的。 借钱给一个敌人，你会赢得他。借钱给一个朋友，你会失去他。 Autobiography His most famous work. “the faithful account of the colorful career of Americas first
6、 self-made man ” Besides the record of his worldly success, its also a record of his spiritual growth. his success is the evidence gods love. The Revolutionary Periods (1765-1970) Declaration of Independence（ preamble ） We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that th
7、ey are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights,74 that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government bec
8、omes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will di
9、ctate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a lon
10、g train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. 独立宣言（前言） 我等之见解为，下述真理不证自明：凡人生而平等，秉造物者之赐，拥诸无可转让之权利，包含
11、生命权、自由权、与追寻幸福之权（原意为：拥有私人资产之权）。兹确保如此权力，立政府于人民之间，经受统治者之同意取得应有之权力；特此，无论何种政体于何时坏此标的，则人民有权改组或弃绝之，并另立新政府，本此原则，以成此型式之政权，因其影响人民之安全幸福至巨。深思熟虑后，当得此论，即建立长久之政府，不应以无足轻重之理由改组，而基于已知之过往，世人宁可容忍积重难返之邪僻。然当连串之滥权者与篡夺者执迷不悟，迫人民屈伏于绝对专制下时，推翻此政府，是其权利，是其义务，并为未来之安稳提供新保障。 The Romantic Period （ 1790-1865） Emphasis on : free expre
12、ssion of emotions pay attention to the psychic state Theme: landscapes Influenced by： British Washington Irving (1783-1859) “ the father of American literature ” Techniques: local color and symbolism Works: Rip Wan Winkle The Legend of Sleepy Hollow James. F. Cooper(1789-1851) The Leatherstocking Ta
13、les 4. The Pioneer 拓荒者 1823 2. The Last of the Mohicans 最后的莫希干人 1826 5. The Prairie 大草原 1827 3. The Pathfinder 探路人 1840 1. The Deerslayer 杀鹿者 1841 2. the conflicts between nature and civilization Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882) The spokesman of Transcendentalism Nature 论自然 1836 Essays 论文集 包括 论自助 论超灵
14、论补偿 论 爱 论友谊 等 12篇论文。 人不是在自然里，而是在自身中看到 切都是美好而有价值的。世 界非常空虚，它却从这种虚饰的外观中得到好处，使灵魂骄傲地得 意洋洋。 ” 当人人权利都平等的时候，从道德、理智上讲，人们在财产方面则 是非常不平等的， 个人拥有衣服，另一个拥有一片土地。 ” 我必须提供的三条实用准则是：第一，决不阅读任何写出来不到一 年的书；第二，不是名著不读；第三，只读你喜欢的书。 ” Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864) Identity： puritan, romanticist, moralist Masterpiece: The Scarle
15、t Letter A Adultery Angel Edgar Allan Poe(1809-1849) An outsider of the main current of AL 侦探小说 (detective story)鼻祖、科幻小说 (science fiction)先驱之一、恐怖小说 (horror fiction)大师、短篇 哥特小说巅峰、象征主义 (symbolism)先驱之一，唯美主 义 (aestheticism)者。 Famous in foreign country rather than his own country. Masterpiece : The Raven
16、1845 The Fall of the House of Usher 1939 Herman Melville(1819-1891) Moby Dick (1851) Human Nature Poetry Two founts: Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson Leaves of Grass 1800 poems O Captain! My Captain! Walt Whitman O CAPTAIN! my Captain! our fearful trip is done, The ship has weathered every rack, the
17、 prize we sought is won. The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting. While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring; But O heart! heart! heart! O the bleeding drops of red! Where on the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead. O Captain! my captain! rise up and hea
18、r the bells Rise up for you the flag is flung for you the bugle trills, For you bouquets and ribbond wreaths for you the shores crowding, For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning; Here, Captain! dear father! This arm beneath your head! It is some dream that on the deck Youve fa
19、llen cold and dead. My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still, My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will; The ship is anchord safe and sound, its voyage closed and done, From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won; Exult, O shores! and ring, O bells! But I
20、, with mournful tread, Walk the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead. 哦船长，我的船长！ 哦船长，我的船长！我们险恶的航程已经告终， 我们的船安渡过惊涛骇浪，我们寻求的奖赏已赢得手中。 港口已经不远，钟声我已听见，万千人众在欢呼呐喊， 目迎着我们的船从容返航，我们的船威严而且勇敢。 可是，心啊！心啊！心啊！ 哦殷红的血滴流泻， 在甲板上，那里躺着我的船长， 他已倒下，已死去，已冷却。 哦，船长，我的船长！起来吧，请听听这钟声， 起来， 旌旗，为你招展 号角，为你长鸣。 为你岸上挤满了人群 为你，无数花束、彩带、花
21、环。 为你，熙攘的群众在呼唤，转动着多少殷切的脸。 这里，船长！亲爱的父亲！ 你头颅下边是我的手臂！ 这是甲板上的一场梦啊， 你已倒下，已死去，已冷却。 我们的船长不作回答，他的双唇惨白、寂静， 我的父亲不能感觉我的手臂，他已没有脉搏、没有生命， 我们的船已安全抛锚碇泊，航行已完成，已告终， 胜利的船从险恶的旅途归来，我们寻求的已赢得手中。 欢呼，哦，海岸！轰鸣，哦，洪钟！ 可是，我却轻移悲伤的步履， 在甲板上，那里躺着我的船长， 他已倒下，已死去，已冷却。 The Realistic Period Stressed truthful treatment of material For the
22、 world of experience For the commonplace For the familiar and the low Writers: Mark Twain; William Dean Howells; Henry James Mark Twain(1835-1910) The true father of national literature Localism: anti-flowery and anti-sentimental Masterpiece : The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn Others: The Adventure
23、of Tom Sawyer The Prince and the Pauper Henry James (1843-1916) The international theme 长篇小说： 一个美国人 、 贵妇的画像 中短篇小说： 黛西 米勒 、 螺丝在旋紧 、 丛林猛兽 20世纪初，詹姆斯接连发表 鸽翼 、 使节 和 金碗 3部长篇 小说，使他的创作达到高峰。 psychoanalysis 心理分析小说 William Dean Howells The Rise of Silas Lapham（ 1885） 塞拉斯 拉帕姆的发迹 豪威尔斯把现实主义定义为“诚实地处理素材， 半点不多，半点不少”
24、。 “ photographic pictures ” The Naturalistic Period 1900-1914 Scientific determinism 自然主义文学是西方现实主义文学发展到极致蜕变的产物，也是生 物学、遗传学等科学理论影响文学创作的结果。 Human being are no more than animals responding to environmental forces. Representatives： Stephen crane, Theodore Dreiser and Frank Norris Stephen Crane（ 1871-1900
25、） A Girl of the Streets 街头女郎梅季 The Red Badge of Courage 红色英勇勋章 Theodore Dreiser 1871-1945 Sister Carrie 1900 嘉莉妹妹 Jennie Gerhardt 1911 珍妮姑娘 Trilogy : The Financier 金融家 The Titan 巨人 The Stoic 斯多噶 An American Tragedy 美国悲剧 1925 The Modern Period(1914-1939) 1. The lost generation 2. “ 迷惘的一代”在战争期间深受战争宣传的欺骗之苦，对所有崇高的字眼都弃 3. 之如敝屣：“什么神圣、光荣、牺牲这些空泛的字眼儿，我一听就害 4. 臊 我可没见到什么神圣的东西，光荣的东西也没有什么光荣，至于牺 5. 牲，那就像芝加哥的屠宰场，不同的是肉拿来埋掉罢了。”
