1、语法专题三 介词和介词短语,-2-,高考感悟,考点归纳,1.(2018全国,语篇填空)I was searching these three western lowland gorillas Id been observing. 2.(2017全国,语篇填空)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and work. 3.(2017全国,语篇填空)After school she plans
2、 to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree _ engineering or architecture.,1.for 句意:我在寻找我一直在观察的这三只西部低地大猩猩。search for是固定搭配,意为“寻找”。 2.from 根据前面的to可知,这里填from。to and from work“上下班”。 3.in get a degree in.为固定搭配,意为“取得学位”,故用介词in。,-3-,高考感悟,考点归纳,4.(2016全国,语篇填空)Most of us
3、are more focused our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day. 5.(2016全国,语篇填空)In India,for example,most people traditionally eat their hands. 6.(2015课标全国,语篇填空) For those who fly to Guilin,its only an hour away car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.,4.on focus on “关注,聚焦”,为固
4、定短语,因此填on。 5.with 句意:例如,在印度,大部分人传统上用手吃饭。介词with表示“用”之意。 6.by by car是固定表达,意为“坐汽车”。by后接交通工具时,表示交通工具的名词前不加冠词。,-4-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,八,九,十,1.in用在表示年、季节、月份,或泛指上午、下午或晚上的名词前;on用在表示某一天,某一天的上午、下午或晚上的名词前;at用在表示某一时刻或时间上的某一点的词前。 We will have a meeting at 8 oclock in the morning on Sunday. 我们将在星期天早上八点钟开会。,-
5、5-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,八,九,十,2.for后接“一段时间”,表示某事持续多久,多与完成时连用;during表示“在期间”;through表示“一直,自始至终”。 The new boy looked at the teacher for a few seconds. 这个新来的男孩子看了老师几秒钟。 I went to France during the summer holiday. 暑假期间我去了法国。 They worked hard through the winter. 整个冬天他们都在努力工作。,-6-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,
6、六,八,九,十,3.from,since from表示时间的起点,意为“从”,多用于“from.to/till.”中;since表示“自从以来”。 I have been waiting here from morning till noon. 我在这里从早上等到中午。 Great changes have taken place in our school since Dec.,2015. 自从2015年12月以来,我们学校发生了很大变化。 注意for和since都常与完成时连用,但for接时间段,since接时间点。如for two hours(持续)两小时;since last week
7、从上周直到现在。,-7-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,八,九,十,4.before,by,till,until before指“在之前”,与after相对。by指“不迟于,到时为止,在以前”,by后接过去时间,常与过去完成时连用;by后接将来时间,常与将来完成时连用。till/until“直到为止”,在肯定句中,till/until必须与延续性动词连用;在否定句中,till/until常与非延续性动词连用。 Please come before ten oclock. 请在十点钟以前回来。 September 30 is the day by which you must
8、pay your bill. 在9月30日之前,你必须支付账单。 You must wait for him till/until tomorrow. 你必须一直等他到明天。,-8-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,八,九,十,5.after,in after+一段时间:表示“在之后”,用于一般过去时;但时间为点时间时,只能用after,即after+点时间,用于各种时态。 in+一段时间:表示以说话时为起点一段时间之后,与一般将来时连用;但表示“在之内”时,用于各种时态。 After eight it began to rain. 八点后开始下雨。 Jane is in a
9、hurry because the train to the airport leaves in half an hour. 简很匆忙,因为去机场的火车半小时内就发车了。,-9-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,八,九,十,1.on意为“在的上面”;over意为“在(垂直)的正上方”;above意为“在(不一定垂直)的上方”;under意为“在(垂直)的正下方”;below意为“在(不一定垂直)的下方”;near意为“在附近”;next to意为“紧挨着”;round/around意为“在周围”;by意为“在旁边”;along表示沿着街、路、河岸等;across主要表示从某物的
10、表面“横过”,涉及“面”的概念;past意为“从旁经过”;up表示向上,由南到北,由西到东,由沿海到内陆,由小地方到大地方,由农村到城市,反之则用down;through指从某物的内部“穿过”;over指“越过”某一障碍物。,-10-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,八,九,十,The Great Wall winds its way from west to east,across deserts,through valleys and over mountains until at last it reaches the sea. 长城从西蜿蜒东下,穿过荒漠和山峡、翻越高山
11、,直到最后到达大海。 2.表示两者的位置关系时,in表示“在同一区域内或同一范围内”;on表示“接壤,相邻”;to表示“相离,相隔”,两者不属同一范围,也不接壤。 Mongolia is/lies on the north of China. 蒙古与中国北部接壤。,-11-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,八,九,十,1.at表示“以速度,以价格”。 He bargained with the assistant,trying to get this bicycle at a low price. 他和店员讨价还价,争取便宜买下这辆自行车。 2.for表示“用交换,以为代价”。
12、 He sold his car for 500 dollars. 他以五百美元把车卖了。 注意at表示单价(price),for表示总钱数。 3.by表示“按计算”,后跟度量单位。接具体单位前用定冠词the,接具体度量名词时该名词前不加冠词。 They are paid by the day. 他们按天计算报酬。,-12-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,八,九,十,1.by表示用某种方式,多用于交通。如by bus乘公共汽车,by e-mail通过电子邮件。 注意表示搭乘交通工具用by时,名词前不加冠词;用in时,名词前要加冠词。请比较: I went there by c
13、ar/in a car. 我乘汽车去那里。 2.with表示“用某种具体工具、身体的某部分或器官”。 We speak with our mouths. 我们用嘴说话。 注意with表示用某种工具时,名词前必须用冠词或物主代词。,-13-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,八,九,十,3.in表示用某种材料或语言。 Please speak in English and write in ink. 请用英语说并用墨水写。 4.through表示“以(方法、手段),经由”,后面多接抽象名词。 You can only achieve success through hard wor
14、k. 只有通过努力工作,你才能获得成功。,-14-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,八,九,十,besides表示包含,“除之外还有”。except表示排除,“除之外”,指整体里面排除部分,后面可接代词、副词、介词短语,还可接that从句或wh-从句。 but表示排除,多与nobody,none,no one,nothing,anything,everyone,all,who等连用,其后可以接不定式。 except for表示“除之外”,常在说明基本情况后,从细节上加以修正。 apart from表示“此外,除之外还有”,相当于besides/as well as;表示“撇开来
15、说,除去”,相当于except(for);in addition to表示“除之外还有”,相当于besides。,-15-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,八,九,十,Apart from going shopping,the old lady likes walking except when it rains. 天不下雨时,这位老太太除了购物还喜欢散步。 Beijing is a beautiful city,except for its traffic. 除了交通问题,北京是一座很美的城市。,-16-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,八,九,十,1.for
16、表示原因,常与sorry,famous,punish,praise,thank,blame等词连用。 The Smiths are praised for the way they bring up their children. 史密斯夫妇因培养孩子的方式而受到了表扬。 2.at指情感变化的原因,意为“因听到或看到而”。 He was surprised at the news. 他对这个消息感到吃惊。 3.from指“外在的原因”,如受伤、车祸、劳累等。 Suffering from overwork,she is out of shape. 由于工作过度,她健康状况不好。,-17-,高考
17、感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,八,九,十,4.of指“内在的原因”,如疾病、饥饿、年老等。 If they dont find enough bamboo,pandas will die of hunger. 如果找不到足够的竹子,熊猫会死于饥饿。 5.with指生理上或情感上的由外界到内心的原因。 He was trembling with cold. 他冷得发抖。 6.by表示外部的,尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。 She took your umbrella by mistake. 她错拿了你的伞。,-18-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,八,九
18、,十,1.of+抽象名词=形容词 of+great/much+抽象名词=very+形容词 of+no+抽象名词=not+形容词 The book is of great value to our research. 这本书对我们的研究有很大价值。 This old machine is of no use. 这台旧机器没用了。 2.to与情感名词连用,表示“某种行动后产生的感觉” to+ones+情感名词=to the+情感名词+of sb. To our great surprise,the boy lied to the teacher. 令我们非常吃惊的是,那个男孩对老师撒谎了。,-19
19、-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,八,九,十,1.(表示方向)与方向相反;逆着;迎着;顶着 against the wind 迎着风;逆着风 2.(表示方位)紧靠着;倚靠着 against the wall 靠着墙 3.(表示对象)对不利;对有害;以为竞争对手;违反;违背 fight against同战斗;against the natural law 违背自然规律 It was a real race against time to get the project done.Luckily,we made it. 完成这项工程的确是和时间的一场赛跑。幸运的是,我们做到了。
20、4.(表示对比)和比;和对照;以为背景 against the blue sky 以蓝天为背景,-20-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,八,九,十,1.(表示位置)在/往另一边;在/往那一边;在/往的更远处 The house is beyond the bridge.房子在桥那边。 2.(表示时间)迟于;晚于;在之后 Dont stay here beyond midnight.不要在这里过夜。 3.(表示范围)超出;非所能及 The switch on the wall was beyond the childrens reach. 墙上的开关小孩子是够不到的。,-21-
21、,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,八,九,十,4.(表示程度)超出的范围;超过;对来说太难 Math is beyond me.I can never get high grades. 数学对我来说很难。我从来都得不了高分。 5.(表示数目)多于;超过 There werent beyond twenty people present. 出席的人不超过20个。,-22-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,八,九,十,1.at at lunch在吃午饭 at table在吃饭 at school在上学 at peace在和平时期 at first=at the be
22、ginning初期 at the beginning of在的初始阶段 at the end of.在结束时,-23-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,八,九,十,2.in in a sense从某种意义上说 in common共同;共有 in place在适当的位置 in practice在实践中;实际上 in public公开地;当众 in turn依次;轮流;反过来 in case以免;万一 in detail详细地 in office在执政 in power当权;在执政,-24-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,八,九,十,in progress在进行中
23、 in return作为回报 in time及时;最终 in the way挡路 in exchange for用以交换 in favour of同意;支持 in the meanwhile同时 in spite of不管;不顾 in terms of就来说 in addition to此外,除以外,-25-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,八,九,十,3.on on behalf of代表 on condition that以作为条件 on sale出售 on strike在罢工 on the increase正在增加 on the air正在广播 on the contra
24、ry相反,-26-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,八,九,十,4.under under control在控制之中 under discussion在讨论中 under development在发展中 under construction在建设中 under repair在修理中 5.for for lack of由于缺乏 for the benefit of为了的利益 as for就而论;关于,-27-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,八,九,十,6.by by chance=by accident偶然;碰巧 by name凭名字;用的名字 by far到目
25、前为止 7.out of out of order发生故障;失调 out of place不得其所的;不适当的 out of control失去控制 out of ones reach某人够不着的地方 out of the question不可能 out of question毫无疑问,-28-,.单句填空 1.I kept on walking,seeing watchtower after watchtower my way.(2017山西八校高三上学期第一次联考) 2.Although we didnt really understand everything,it was good t
26、o be lost the atmosphere of the occasion!(2017江西南昌十校高三第二次模拟) 3.On this blog(博客) I will be posting a travel journal _ photographs and drawings.(2017湖北高三第一次联考),1.on/along “我”继续行走,沿途看见一个接一个的烽火台。on/along ones way意为“沿途”。 2.in be lost in sth.意为“沉浸于”,是固定搭配,故用介词in。 3.with 此处with表示“具有,带有”的含义,后跟名词photographs
27、and drawings做后置定语。,-29-,4.I was born in a town called Blackburn,in the northwest of England,and lived there till I left home the age of eighteen. 5.Most caves are formed nature under the ground,but some have entrances people can find. 6.These paintings look exactly the same the Lascaux Cave Painting
28、s.,4.at at the age of为固定搭配,意为“在岁时”。 5.by 大部分洞窟是在地下自然形成的。由该句中的被动形式are formed可以判断,应用介词by。 6.as the same as为固定搭配,意为“和一样”。,-30-,7.Even a 9th-grader can sit the same classroom as 12th-graders. 8.There have been cultural exchanges China and Greece in recent years. 9.Copenhageners love to walk.Foot traffic
29、 accounts 80% of all traffic in the Copenhagen city center.,7.in in the classroom意为“在教室里”,符合语境,故用介词in。 8.between 表示“在(两者)之间”要用介词between。between.and.“在和之间”。 9.for 步行占交通总量的80%。account for“占(一定数量或比例)”,是固定短语。,-31-,10.She also goes to other countries where people cannot afford this treatment and helps th
30、em free. 11.They know the city like the back of their hands,and are glad to be some help. 12.Art usually appears the form of diverse architecture,body decoration,clothing manufacture,and memorial sculptures.,10.for for free意为“免费”,为固定搭配,故用介词for。 11.of “of+名词”相当于该名词所对应的形容词,即of help相当于helpful。 12.in in
31、 the form of意为“以形式”,为固定搭配。故填in。,-32-,13.Last night Mr.Crook didnt come back as usual.Instead,he met some friends and stayed out midnight. 14.We can become a smart shopper by choosing for value,not for looks; other words,choose good quality goods with plain packages. 15.America is growing older.Today
32、,10 out of every 100 Americans are 65.,13.until/till 句意:昨晚克鲁克先生没有像平常一样回家。相反,他与几个朋友聚会并且直到午夜才回来。until/till“直到”,符合题意。 14.in 根据句意可知,空后部分的内容用来进一步解释说明空格前的内容;再根据提示词other words,故填in;in other words“换句话说”。 15.over 根据前文growing older的情况判断现在十分之一的美国人超过65岁,over表示“超过”。,-33-,16.On some other websites,you can connect
33、 with people all over the world. 17.Meanwhile,Doctor Marescaux in New York watched her on a video screen and then sent messages to the robot machine the computer. 18.The Scottish girl blue eyes won first prize in the Fifth Chinese Speech Contest.,16.from from all over the world“来自世界各地”,from表示来源、出处。
34、17.through 此处表示通过电脑给机器人发送信息,故填through。 18.with 句意:那个长着蓝色眼睛的苏格兰女孩在第五届汉语演讲比赛中获得了一等奖。介词短语在句中做定语,with意为“长着”。,-34-,19.She drove so fast at the turn that the car almost went the road. 20.A serious study of physics is impossible some knowledge of mathematics.,19.off 句意:她在拐弯处开车速度太快了,车差点儿偏离了道路。go off the roa
35、d是固定搭配,意为“偏离了道路”。 20.without 句意:没有一些数学方面的知识,认真进行物理研究是不可能的。without“无,没有”,在此表条件。,-35-,.单句改错 1.I am grateful to my English teacher Susan,at whose help I couldnt have won first prize in the English Talent Competition for high school students last week.2.Therefore,I always looked down upon my classmates
36、who turned for me in their studies.,atwithout 根据语境可知,此处表示“要是没有她的帮助”,故将at改为without。forto turn to sb.“向求助”,为固定搭配。,-36-,3.You can imagine how shy I was when I thought of that with so many eyes fixed to me.4.Stuck on the traffic,we didnt know what to do.5.It was on Sunday so I didnt have to go to school
37、 as usual.,toon/upon fix on/upon为固定短语,意为“集中(目光、注意力等)于”。onin (be) stuck in意为“陷入”,为固定词组,故用介词in。删除on 本处意为“那是星期天”,无须加介词。不是强调句型,因此要把on去掉。,-37-,6.Besides,Sarah is in great help.7.In the same time,a number of teenagers climbed on to the dish and held a little party of their own.8.There was a rich man who c
38、arried many treasures to the distance to look into happiness.,inof 她非常乐于助人。be of help = be helpful。InAt at the same time是固定搭配,意为“同时”。intofor 根据后面的happiness可知,此处应用look for“寻找”,而look into意为“调查”,不符合语境。,-38-,9.Beside this,it is necessary that we should also tell our parents what we are going to do when
39、we go out.10.These scenic spots have attracted millions of tourists in this year.11.This morning,I was jogging in the park when I caught sight a wallet on a bench.,BesideBesides beside表示“在旁边”,besides表示“除之外”,此处表示除了记住父母的生日外,还要在出去时告诉父母“我们”要去做什么,所以改为Besides。删除in 时间状语被this/that修饰时,其前不用介词。sight后加of catch
40、sight of意为“看见”,符合语境,故用介词of。,-39-,12.After confirming he was the owner,I handed the wallet back with him.13.Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes of animals both on land and sea?,withto 此处表示作者把钱包还给了失主,hand sth.back to sb.为固定用法,故用介词to。第二个ofto 句意:你曾经听说过树是水陆两栖动物的栖息地吗?be home to是固定短语,意为“是的所在地/栖
41、息地/家园/产地”。,-40-,14.A common memory they all have from their school days is the school uniform.15.Tony saw a toy on a shop window.,fromof 句意:他们对于学生时代的共同的回忆就是校服。分析句子结构可知,they all have是定语从句,修饰memory,把该定语从句去掉就可以看出,此处考查的是名词memory与介词的搭配。memory of“关于的回忆”。onin 句意:托尼在商店橱窗里看到了一个玩具。表示在橱窗里面应用in。,-41-,.短文改错 Afte
42、r school,I was about to enter into my apartment when I saw a little dirty dog lie beside the dustbin.He looked extremely weak.Immediately the homeless dog filled me of sympathy.So I decided to take him home.I gave him some food and a bath.After the bath he looked energy and refreshed.What a lovely d
43、og! When my parents got home,I asked that I could keep the dog.To my surprised and joy,they agreed.Up to now,he has become member of our family and everyone had enjoyed his company.Looked at the cute and happy dog today,I realize that I was right to help him.I offered him a shelter and he brought ou
44、rselves great happiness and laughter.,-42-,-43-,-44-,1.删除into enter表示进入某个具体处所时,不需要加介词;enter into后多跟抽象名词,表示进入某种状态。 2.lielying see sb.doing sth.意为“看到某人正在做某事”,符合语境,故用动词-ing形式做宾语补足语。 3.ofwith fill.with.意为“用充满”,为固定搭配,故用介词with。 4.energyenergetic look是系动词,后跟形容词做表语,故用形容词形式,即energetic。 5.thatif/whether 根据语境可
45、推知,作者当时是要征询父母的意见,表示“是否”,故用if或whether引导宾语从句。 6.surprisedsurprise 根据my和and joy可知,此处应用名词形式。 7.become后加a a member of.表示“中的一员”。,-45-,8.hadhas 根据前面的has become可知,此处应用现在完成时,且与主语everyone保持数的一致,故用has。 9.LookedLooking look和句子谓语realize之间没有连词,故用非谓语动词,且look和句子主语I构成逻辑上的主谓关系,故用动词-ing形式做伴随状语。 10.ourselvesus 此处为固定搭配b
46、ring sb.sth.,此处的sb.应用代词的宾格形式,即us。又因为主语是he,不能用反身代词ourselves。,-46-,.用适当的介词完成句子(每空一词) 1.穿着红衣服的女孩们在讲意大利语。 The girls dressed red were speaking Italian. 2.他们面临的任务似乎远远超出了他们的能力。 The tasks they were faced seemed far their ability. 3.由于你没有告诉我,我对你很生气。 Im pretty angry you for not telling me. 4.她躺在床上,闭着双眼。 She lay bed her eyes closed. 5.她一听到这消息就痛哭流涕。hearing the news,she burst tears.,in,with,beyond,with,in,with,On,into,
