1、专题十 主旨要义阅读,高考英语 (浙江省专用),Passage 1(2018浙江,B)词数:279 Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that hes an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even
2、 more interesting is that one of Steins jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bag. Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银 台). The ba
3、gs are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume. Among the bag makers arguments:many cities with bans still a
4、llow shoppers to purchase paper,五年高考,A组 2018年全国高考题组,bags, which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport. And while plas- tic bags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground to- day. The industry has also taken aim at the produc
5、t that has appeared as its replacement:reusable shop- ping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make. One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times
6、 to be better for the planet than plastic. Environmentalists dont dispute(质疑)these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years. 1.What has Steven Stein been hired to do? A.Help increase grocery sales. B.Recycle the waste material.
7、 C.Stop things falling off trucks. D.Argue for the use of plastic bags.,2.What does the word“headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer to? A.Bans on plastic bags. B.Effects of city development. C.Headaches caused by garbage. D.Plastic bags hung in trees. 3.What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to p
8、lastic-bag makers? A.They are quite expensive. B.Replacing them can be difficult. C.They are less strong than plastic bags. D.Producing them requires more energy. 4.What is the best title for the text? A.Plastic, Paper or Neither B.Industry, Pollution and Environment C.Recycle or Throw Away D.Garbag
9、e Collection and Waste Control,答案 语篇解读 本文是一篇议论文。文章论述的主题是一次性塑料袋究竟对环境好不好,塑料 袋和纸袋哪个好。 1.D 细节理解题。从第一段的最后一句What is even more interesting is that one of Steins jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bag.可知,Steven被公司雇用是为了维护 塑料袋制造业,因此D项正确,意为“为塑料袋的使用进行辩护”。 2.A 词义推断题。前句提到禁止使用塑料袋。此处的headwind
10、s指的就是禁止使用塑料袋, 因此A项正确。 3.D 细节理解题。从文章第四段的However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.可知,生产可以循环使用的购物袋需要花费更多的能源。所以D项正确。 4.A 主旨要义题。本文论述的主要内容是塑料袋好还是纸质的袋子好。因此A项符合文章 主题,意为“塑料(袋)、纸(袋)还是都不用”。,长难句 原句:His strange habit makes sense when you consider that hes an environmental scientist
11、 who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. 分析:本句是一个比较复杂的主从复合句。其中主句是:His strange habit makes sense;when引 导一个时间状语从句,在从句中,consider后面的that引导宾语从句,而who则引导定语从句。 “how+不定式”作定语从句中studies的宾语。including things是介词词组,作状语,后面有that 引导的定语从句和as引导的时间状语从句
12、。 译文:当你考虑到他是一个环境科学家的时候,他的奇怪的习惯就可以理解了。他研究如何减 少垃圾,包括那些从路上行驶的垃圾车上掉下来的东西。 重点词汇 defend v. 保护 prohibit v.禁止 purchase v. 购买 Passage 2(2018课标全国,B)词数: 264 Good Morning Britains Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest roleshowing families
13、how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.,In Save Money:Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under 5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain prese
14、nter says shes been able to put a lot of what she s learnt into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack,11. “We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restau- rant,”she explains.“I pay 5 for a portion(一份), but Matt makes
15、 them for 26p a portion, be- cause they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes were not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.” The eight-part series(系列节目), Save Money:Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITVs Save Money: Good Health, which gave
16、 viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market. With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonights Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some de- licious inspiration
17、 on a budget. The team transforms the familys long weekend of celebration withless expensive but still tasty recipes.,1.What do we know about Susanna Reid? A.She enjoys embarrassing her guests. B.She has started a new programme. C.She dislikes working early in the morning. D.She has had a tight budg
18、et for her family. 2.How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna? A.He buys cooking materials for her. B.He prepares food for her kids. C.He assists her in cooking matters. D.He invites guest families for her. 3.What does the author intend to do in paragraph 4? A.Summarize the previous paragraphs. B.Provide
19、some advice for the readers.,C.Add some background information. D.Introduce a new topic for discussion. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A.Keeping Fit by Eating Smart B.Balancing Our Daily Diet C.Making Yourself a Perfect Chef D.Cooking Well for Less 答案 语篇解读 本文介绍了英国节目主持人Susanna Reid创办的一档
20、新节目Save Money:Good Food的相关情况。 1.B 细节理解题。根据第一段的but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role可知,她创办了 一档新节目,故选B项。 2.C 推理判断题。根据第二段第一句话(在节目Save Money:Good Food中,她每周拜访一个不 同的家庭,并且在厨师Matt Tebbutt的帮助下在准备每个家庭每天低于5英镑的食谱时提供如 何减少食物浪费的很好的建议)可知,Matt Tebbutt在做饭方面帮助了Susanna,故选C项。,3.C 推理判断题。文章前三段主要介绍了新节目Save Money
21、:Good Food的相关情况,而第四 段介绍了它和节目Save Money:Good Health的关系。由此推断本段主要补充这一节目的背景 知识,故选C项。 4.D 主旨要义题。通读全文可知,文章介绍了英国节目主持人Susanna Reid通过创办新节目 Save Money:Good Food教给观众如何花更少的钱制作更美味的食物。故选D项。 实战分析 见提分手册第1条:切实掌握“读文章”的方式方法 长难句 原句:The eight-part series, Save Money:Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITVs Save Money
22、: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health prod- ucts on the market. 分析:本句的主干为The eight-part series follows in the footsteps of ITVs Save Money:Good Health。句中Save Money:Good Food为同位语,which引导定语从句,先行词为Save Money:Good Health,which在从句中作主语;另外,在定语从句中how to g
23、et value from the vast range of healthproducts on the market作介词on的宾语。 译文:由八部分组成的系列节目Save Money:Good Food仿效ITV的节目Save Money:Good Health,它给观众提供了如何从市场上各种各样的健康产品中获得价值的建议。,Passage 3(2018课标全国,C)词数: 294 Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense Media re- port pu
24、blished Monday. While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers, some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many childrens lives, and indicates how parents might help encour- age more reading. According to the reports key findings, “the proportion(比例)who say th
25、ey hardly everread for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 per- cent and 27 percent respectively today.” The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children, ages 28, remain largely the same. But the amount of time spent in read
26、ing each session has declined, from closer to an hour,or more to closer to a half hour per session. When it comes to technology and reading, the report does little to counsel(建议) parents looking for data about the effect of e-readers and tablets on reading. It does point out that many parents still
27、limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time. The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading. Data shows that kids and teens who do read frequently, compared t
28、o infrequent readers, have more books in the home, more books purchased for them, parents who read more often, and parents who set aside time for them to read. As the end of school approaches, and school vacation reading lists loom(逼近) ahead, parents might take this chance to step in and make their
29、own summer reading list and plan a family trip to the library or bookstore. 1.What is the Common Sense Media report probably about? A.Childrens reading habits. B.Quality of childrens books.,C.Childrens after-class activities. D.Parent-child relationships. 2.Where can you find the data that best supp
30、orts “children are reading a lot less for fun”? A.In paragraph 2. B.In paragraph 3. C.In paragraph 4. D.In paragraph 5. 3.Why do many parents limit electronic reading? A.E-books are of poor quality. B.It could be a waste of time. C.It may harm childrens health. D.E-readers are expensive. 4.How shoul
31、d parents encourage their children to read more? A.Act as role models for them. B.Ask them to write book reports. C.Set up reading groups for them. D.Talk with their reading class teachers.,答案 语篇解读 本文为说明文。根据“常识媒体”所做的一项调查可知,与过去相比,十几岁的 孩子们进行趣味阅读的量越来越少。 1.A 主旨要义题。本题题干意为:“常识媒体”所做的这个报告可能是关于什么的?本文为 说明文,第一
32、段为本文的主旨段。根据第一段(根据周一出版的“常识媒体”的一个报告,十 几岁的孩子和更小的孩子进行趣味阅读的量少多了。)可知该报告主要讲的是孩子们的阅读 习惯的变化,故答案为A项。B项(儿童图书的质量)、C项(孩子们的课外活动)和D项(父母与孩 子间的关系)均不是该报告的内容,故全被排除。 2.B 细节理解题。本题题干意为:你在哪里可以找到最能支撑“孩子们进行趣味阅读的量越 来越少”这一说法的数据?本文第一段提出了本文主题,即孩子们进行趣味阅读的量越来越 少。然后在第三段通过数据(.has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of
33、 17-year- olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.)来支撑这一说法,故答案为B项。 3.C 细节理解题。本题题干意为:为什么许多家长限制电子阅读?根据第五段最后一句(,许多家长仍然限制电子阅读,主要是因为他们担心那会增加孩子面对屏幕的时间。)可知家长 限制电子阅读的原因是担心孩子们的健康,故答案为C项。A:电子图书质量差;B:那可能会浪 费时间;D:电子阅读器很昂贵。以上三项均未被提及,故全部排除。 4.A 细节理解题。本题题干意为:家长应该如何鼓励他们的孩子多阅读?根据第六段第一句 (报告中分享的最给
34、人以希望的数据清楚地证明了家长给孩子们做出榜样并在阅读上进行重 要的指导。)可知答案为A项(为他们树立榜样)。B:要求他们写读书报告;C:为他们建立读书 小组;D:和他们的阅读老师谈话。以上三项均未被提及,故全部排除。 长难句 原句:According to the reports key findings,“the proportion who say they hardly ever read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 per- ce
35、nt and 27 percent respectively today.” 分析:本句的主干为:the proportion has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17- year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today。who say they hardly ever read for fun为定语从句,先行词为the proportion。,译文:根据该报告的重要发现:1984年13岁的孩子中说自己几乎不为乐趣而读书的比例为8%,1
36、 7岁的孩子的比例为9%,而现在它们的比例分别增长到22%和27%。 重点词汇 common sense常识 decline n.削减 data n.数据 词汇积累 respectively adv.分别,各自 session n.学年 Passage 4(2018课标全国,D)词数:312 Weve all been there:in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, wors
37、e, struggling with the uncomfortable silence. Whats the problem?Its possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. Its more likely that none of us start a conversation because its awkward and challenging, or we think its annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourse
38、lf among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say its an invaluable social practice that results in big ben- efits. Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we cant forget that deep relationships wouldnt even exist if it werent for casual conversation. Small tal
39、k is the grease(润滑剂)for social commu-,nication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast.“Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,”he explains. “The key to successful small talk is learning how to conne
40、ct with others, not just com- municate with them.” In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动)with its waiter;the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed
41、that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience.“Its not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,”says Dunn.“But interactions with pe- ripheral(边缘的)members of our social network matter for our well
42、-being also.” Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belong- ing, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk.“Small talk is the basis of good manners,”he says.,1.What phenomenon is described in
43、 the first paragraph? A.Addiction to smartphones. B.Inappropriate behaviours in public places. C.Absence of communication between strangers. D.Impatience with slow service. 2.What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci? A.Showing good manners. B.Relating to other people. C.Focu
44、sing on a topic. D.Making business deals. 3.What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk? A.It improves family relationships. B.It raises peoples confidence. C.It matters as much as a formal talk. D.It makes people feel good.,4.What is the best title for the text? A.Conversation Counts B
45、.Ways of Making Small Talk C.Benefits of Small Talk D.Uncomfortable Silence 答案 语篇解读 本文为说明文。介绍了“small talk(闲聊)”的重要性及其意义。 1.C 细节理解题。题干句意:第一段描述的是什么现象?根据第一段描述(无论我们身在何处, 在电梯里、在银行排队或者在飞机上,我们周围的人或是像我们一样在埋头看智能手机,或是 更坏,在和令人不安的沉默做斗争)可知,C项“陌生人之间缺乏交流”和首段描述一致,故答案 为C项。A项“手机控”只是该段描述现象时举的例子;B项“公共场合的不恰当行为”与首 段意思不符;D
46、项“对缓慢的服务缺乏耐心”和第一段的描述无关。 2.B 细节理解题。题干句意:根据Carducci的说法,对于成功的闲聊来说什么是重要的?根据 第三段最后一句(成功的闲聊的关键是学会如何同他人建立联系而不仅仅是同他们交流)可,知,B项“能够理解并认同他人”符合题意,故答案为B项。本题干扰项为A“显示良好的行为 举止”,错因在于锁定的句子“最后一段最后一句(闲聊是良好举止的基础)”和题干要求不 一致,答非所问;D项“做生意”受第三段第三句(几乎每一个伟大的爱情故事和每一单大的生 意都源于闲聊)的影响,犯了逻辑推理错误;C项“聚焦一个话题”在文中没有涉及。 3.D 推理判断题。题干句意:关于闲聊,
47、咖啡店调研表明了什么?根据第四段中的内容(结果表 明那些同服务生闲聊的人明显有更高的积极情感和较好的咖啡店体验。不是同服务生交谈 比和你的丈夫交谈更好,而是同社交网络的边缘人员的互动也对我们的健康和幸福很重要)可 知,D项“它使得人们感觉良好”与题意相符,故答案为D项。A项“它改善家庭关系”、B项 “它提升人们的自信” 和C项“它和正式交谈一样重要”在文章中没有涉及,属于主观臆断。 4.C 主旨要义题。题干句意:文章最好的标题是什么?根据第二段最后一句(专家说闲聊是一 种可带来巨大益处的极有价值的社交行为)以及最后一段最后一句(闲聊是良好举止的基础) 可知,C项“闲聊的益处”与题干要求一致,故
48、答案为C项。A项“会话很重要”为干扰项,错在 偷换概念,conversation(会话, 交谈)和small talk(闲谈)不是一个概念;文章没有就闲聊的方式或,方法做具体的解释,故排除B项“进行闲聊的方式”;D项“令人不安的沉默”只是第一段提 到的现象之一,而不是文章的主旨。 长难句 Its more likely that none of us start a conversation because its awkward and challeng- ing, or we think its annoying and unnecessary.更可能的是我们中没有一个人开始交谈,因为这
49、样做是令人尴尬的和富有挑战性的,或者我们认为这样做是令人讨厌的,并且没有必要。 it为形式主语,真正的主语是that引导的主语从句;在主语从句中because引导原因状语从句,并 列连词or连接两个并列的分句。 高级语块 1.intelligence n. 智力,智慧,聪明 2.awkward adj.笨拙的,令人尴尬的 3.invaluable adj.极有价值的 4.psychology n. 心理学, 心理 5.significantly adv. 显著地;大大地,Passage 5(2018课标全国,B)词数: 312 Cities usually have a good reason
50、 for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew gradually f
51、rom 800 people to 8 million. But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野).But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, wit
52、h a population of 30,000. Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold. They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall
53、 without warn- ing. An avalanche(雪崩)once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4, 000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives. But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood,
