1、 在学习英语词汇中， 有时同 义词的辨 析是很不 容易的， 我们 一般从三 方面进行 区分 ， 即： 语法、 语义和文体。 语法主要是 词性、搭配、句式等的 区分；语义主要 是词义的 本义、引申义 、 比喻义 和内涵 和外延等的 区分；文体主 要是正式和 非正式、 褒义和贬 义等的区 分。 1. 路 way: Wherever there is room for an object to proceed, there is a way. road: A road is a prepared way for traveling with horses or vehicles. path: A w
2、ay suitable to be traveled only by foot passengers or by animals. route: A route is a line of travel, and may be over many roads. street: A street is in some centre of habitation, as a city town or village, when it passes between houses of dwellings. avenue: A avenue is a long, broad and imposing(庄严
3、) or principal street. 2. 时代( 期) (时期) period: It indicates any passage of time, great or small. /an extent of time of any length. ( 时代) time(s): It refers to a period in history. in ancient times/ in Victoria time ( 新时代) epoch: It indicates a long period of time marked by events or development of a
4、particular kind. The first flight into space marked a new epoch in the history of mankind. ( 纪元) era: It refers to a very long period of time marked by a particular feature in a great new era of world revolution ( 时期) age: It shows a particular /a fairly definite period in history. the Bronze Age, I
5、ron Age 3. 战斗 ( 打仗) fight: It is a bodily struggle ( 奋斗 斗争) struggle: An effort of any kind to overcome difficulty. ( 战斗) battle: A fight between armed forces. ( 战役) campaign: A series of related military operations in a war. ( 战争) war: A period of fight between countries or states when weapons are
6、used and many people are killed.( 对抗) combat: A fight, conflict, controversy. 4. 牧师 ( 教士 牧师) # priest: A person, esp. a man specially trained for various religious duties and ceremonies, in the Christian church, esp. in the Roman Catholic church ( 牧师) minister: A member of clergy, esp. Protestant ch
7、urches. ( 牧师) clergy(pl): The officially appointed leader of the religious activities of a particular church or temple. clergyman: clergymen(pl) a member of clergy. ( 牧师) pastor: A Christian religious leader in charge of a church and its members, esp. in a Protestant church. ( 教区牧师) vicar: A priest
8、in charge of an area(parish) in the church of England. father: A little of respect for a priest, esp. in the Roman Catholic. 5. 服装 clothing(collect): (fml) General term of clothes. clothes(no single): Coverings of the body such as coats, dresses, suits, shoes, hats. garment(fl): A suit of clothes us
9、ed by actors./a single article of clothing. costume: 1) The fashion of dress peculiar to a people, nation, class, period, etc. 2) A dress worn by actors in a play. uniform: worn by all members of the community. dress: 1) A kind of outer garment worn by women ( 连衣裙). 2) worn on special occasions ( 礼服
10、) evening dress/ morning dress suit: A set of outer clothes to be worn together. evening suit/swimming suit coat: A garment with sleeves worn on top of other clothes from rain, heat, etc. overcoat: A warn coat worn in the street. 6. 哭 cry: The most general one. ( 哭泣) weep: To let flow tears. ( 抽泣 抽嗒
11、) sob: To weep or sigh with short quick breaths. ( 哭天抹泪 涕泪交流) snivel: To sniffle and cry in a irritating manner. ( 哭嚎 又哭又闹) blubber: To cry loudly noisily. ( 发出低声报怨声) whine: To make a low complaining cry. ( 嚎哭) bawl: To utter loud cries (always in bad sense). ( 痛哭) wail: To cry aloud from pain or so
12、rrow. ( 呻吟) moan: To make a low, miserable sound in pain or sorrow. ( 呻吟) grown: To make a low sound of pain, unhappiness or disapproval ( 哀悼) mourn: To feel or show sadness or sorrow for someone who has died. ( 哀悼) lament: To express great sorrow or regret. 7. 美丽 漂亮 good-looking: Having an attracti
13、ve appearance in a strong, healthy way used for men and women not things. beautiful: ( a woman or a thing) Suggesting symmetry of features or perfection of proportion, elegance and mobility. beautiful flowers, a beautiful girl/voice/city/face beautiful weather. handsome: Of attractive appearance app
14、lies to men. a handsome fellow/actor/horse/buildings/young man. pretty: (a girl, or a small thing) Suggesting liveliness and sweetness, pleasing or nice to look at. a pretty little woman/garden, a pretty girl/ picture/piece of music, lovely: (something) So beautiful that it makes you feel good to lo
15、ok at it or even to think about it. The garden looks lovely. fair: Beautiful( of woman in poet) light in color esp., skin hair. gorgeous: (persons or things) (inf) Extremely beautiful or handsome. 8. 拉 拖 pull: The most general one. draw: It implies a smoother, steadier motion and generally a lighter
16、 force than pull. drag: It usually refers to horizontal motion or motion up an incline (slope) and it suggests laborious efforts over rough ground or against friction, resistance or gravity. The escaped prisoner was dragged out of his hiding place. haul: It implies continuous pulling or dragging of
17、heavy or bulky objects. The fisherman is hauling a net. tug: It applies to hard often sudden violent effort to pull. He tugged at my sleeve to ask directions. jerk: To pull suddenly. He jerked out the knife that was stuck in the wound. tow: To pull by a rope or chain. We towed the car to the nearest
18、 garage. wrench: To pull hard with a twisting or turning movement. 9. 旋转 turn: The most general one. ( 自转) spin: To turn quickly around a central point. It emphasizes the continuity of the action, and usually the narrow extent of the circular motion. The wheel is spinning on its axis. ( 急转) whirl: T
19、o round very fast. It implies the lock of conscious control. ( 转动) rotate: To turn round a fixed point with a circular movement. The earth rotates once every 24 hours. ( 绕转) revolve: To turn or move in a circle around a central point. It indicates circular or elliptical ( 椭圆) movement. The planets r
20、evolve around the sun. 10. 生气 气愤 anger: The most general one. ( 易怒) be cross: Feeling easy to get angry. ( 愤慨) indignation: (fml) Anger. It stresses righteous anger at what one considers unfair, mean or shameful. We expressed our indignation at the ruthless exploitation. ( 愤怒) wrath: Very treat ange
21、r. (literary) It suggests a desire on intent to revenge or punish. ( 狂怒) rage: Wild, violent anger. It suggests loss of self- control from violence of emotion. in a rage /to fall into a rage. ( 暴怒) fury: Violent, extreme and destructive anger. She flew into a fury. 11. 错误 ( 误会) mistake: A wrong thou
22、ght, act. It implies carelessness. Anyone can make a mistake. ( 过错 弱点) fault: A bad point, but not of a serious moral kind. It refers to behavior and character. His only fault is that he lacks ambition. find fault with sb / at fault shortcoming: weakness, failing ; It refers to failures or deficienc
23、ies in things as well as people. In spite of all her shortcomings I still think shes one of the best teachers in the school. ( 疏忽) error: A mistake (formal sometimes literary) It implies deviation from a standard or model The accident was caused by human error. ( 缺点 毛病) defect: sth lacking or imperf
24、ect. It refers to quality. The radio was returned because of a defect. ( 失误 过失) blunder: A very stupid or unnecessary mistake. It implies ignorance. This is the fatal blunder of his life. 12. 图画 picture: The most general one. ( 彩图) painting: pictures with color. ( 绘画 图画) drawing: A picture made with
25、 a pen, pencil and crayon. Sketch, diagrams and graphs are all drawings. ( 草图) sketch: A rough not detailed drawing. ( 图解 图表) diagram: A drawing, figure that shows the arrangement of something. ( 曲线 图) graph: A diagram in which a straight line, curved, or zigzag line shows how two sets of numbers or
26、 measurements are related. ( 插图) illustration: A picture to go with words of a book. ( 图样 草图) draft: The first rough written form of anything. ( 平面 图) plan: A line drawing of a building as it might been seen from above. ( 主视 图) elevation: A flat upright side of a building. ( 海图) chart: A map esp. a
27、detailed map of a sea area. 13. 特别 ( 专门 的, 与众不 同的) special: Different in some way from what is common, ordinary, or usual. It stresses having a quality, character, identity, or use of its own. The tube contains special gases. ( 特别 的) especial: (fml) To an usually great degree, exceptional; It emphas
28、izes the importance of the things or the persons mentioned; This is a matter of especial importance. ( 个别的) particular: Relating or belonging to only one thing or person. It stresses the distinctness of something as an individual which is worth notice. In that particular case, the rule doesnt hold.(
29、 适用) ( 特种 的) specific: Detailed and exact, clear in meaning and explanation, fixed, determined.(used in scientific articles) It implies a quality or character distinguishing a kind or a species. He gave me a very specific instruction. There is a specific tool for each job. ( 独特 的) peculiar: Strange
30、or perhaps unpleasant. It implies strangeness. He has a peculiar way of speaking. 14. 取消 消灭 ( 取消 解除) cancel: To give up, to declare something is to be effective. He has cancelled his leave of absence.( 消假) ( 废除 废止) abolish: To do away with. It refers to practices, social institutions. Bad customs sh
31、ould be abolished. ( 消灭 排除) eliminate: To get rid of. We should eliminate the false and retain the true. ( 撤消 废除) repeal: To bring to an end of the effect of a law or an order. Some laws should be repealed. ( 根除 消灭) exterminate: To destroy completely and wholly. Colonialism must be exterminated. 15.
32、 破碎 break: The most general one. ( 压碎 压破) crush: To press together violently as to break, to destroy its shape by squeezing it. It suggests the effect of great external pressure. The tree fell on top of the car and crushed it. ( 打碎) smash: To break thoroughly to pieces with a crushing sound. She dro
33、pped the plate and smashed it. ( 打裂) crack: To break without separation of parts. It suggests the breaking out across a surface. He cracked the window by leaning against it. ( 破裂) burst: To break open by pressure from within. The fireworks burst while they were in the air. ( 砸碎 破碎) shatter: To break
34、 into pieces. It suggests the breaking up of a thin surface. The glass was shattered to pieces. ( 撞坏) crash: To refer to the vehicle which hits something and is badly damaged. 16. 环境 形势 ( 环境 形势) conditions: The location and other factors likely to affect it. It suggests something that has stayed the
35、 same for some time and which affects daily life such as food, work, and houses. We are now studying the economic conditions in the developing countries. ( 形势) situation: A position or state at a particular time, set of conditions, facts, and events having an effect on a person, society, etc. It sug
36、gests more general matters such as government planning and finance. The political situation in these countries are always changing. ( 环境 周围 外界) environment: The circumstances, things and conditions that influence you. It refers to spirit aspect, physical aspect and material aspect. We must try to be
37、autify our environment. ( 形势 情况) circumstance(s): A situation or event around us, a certain kind of atmosphere, the conditions that affect what happens. in (under) the circumstances ( 环境 周围 事物) surrounding(s): The area and environment around a place or person. It indicates a very narrow condition, “
38、physically“ sometimes reflects spiritual aspect. They lived in hostile surroundings. 17. 著名的 well-known: (infl) famous: The most general one. widely known or honored. ( 杰出的 知名的) distinguished: Great, outstanding marked by excellent quality or deserved fame, used especially of people who are famous f
39、or serious work in science, the arts etc. He was a distinguished writer. ( 驰名 的) celebrated: Famous, (substitute for renowned) It refers objectively to sb or something that has been give acclaim or honoured with awards or prizes. She was a celebrated actress. renowned: Highly honored and famous for
40、something good. often refers to places or things, also It suggests something that has become legendary or is no longer available for an objective evaluation. Edison was renowned for his inventions. noted: Well-known and admired It often describes a more intellectual kind of effort and accomplishment
41、 indicating an authority or expert or their theories. Maybe it is not widely known to the general public. He was a very noted expert. ( 臭名 昭著) notorious: Famous for something bad. He is notorious for his crimes. 18. 强盗 thief: The most general one. ( 强盗) robber: It suggests a direct confrontation in
42、which the owner is forced to give up his valuables. ( 行凶 强劫) mugger: A person who attacks and robs people in a street or in a lift. burglar: A person who breaks into a house at night to steal something. ( 歹徒 暴徒) gangster: A member of a group of criminals, esp. those who are armed and use guns to thr
43、eaten. ( 匪徒) bandit: an armed robber. It suggests an organized group in a rural setting. ( 土匪) brigand: A robber who lives by robbing travelers in the country. ( 海盗) pirate: A person who robs on the sea. 19. 摇动, 颤动 shake: The most general one. to move up and down or back and forth. It refers to pers
44、ons or things. ( 发抖) quiver: To tremble a little. It suggests a rapid but invisible vibration. His lips quivered with emotion. (颤抖) tremble: To shake uncontrollably and slightly as from fear, cold, excitement etc. It implies uneasiness and nervousness. Her voice trembled as she began to sing. ( 瞬间 发
45、抖) shiver: To tremble from fear or cold. It suggests a slight and rapid movement. He stood shivering in the snow. ( 极度 颤动) quake: to shake or tremble violently. It suggests a more violent and sudden change. He quaked with excitement. An explosion cam make the ground quake. ( 抽筋 般颤 动) shudder: To sha
46、ke uncontrollably for a movement. It suggests a more intense shaking. She shuddered at the sight of a snake. 20. 说话 谈话 ( 说话) speak: To use your voice to say words. ( 说) say: To speak words. ( 发出 声音) utter: To make sound and say words. drawl: To speak in a slow, prolonged manner. mutter: To express d
47、ispleasure with compressed lips. rave: To talk in an angry, uncontrolled way. gabble: To talk rapidly, making inarticulate sounds. ( 谈论) remark: To mention it or comment on it. ( 陈述) state: To say, express or put into words, esp. formally. He stated his view. ( 讲述) narrate: To tell formally in writi
48、ng or speech or describe something in order with intonation. He narrated his adventure in the forest. ( 详述) relate: To tell formally in details, to give an account of. He related his experiences. ( 讲演) address: To say in speech or writing to a person or group. tell: To let people know about somethin
49、g. talk: To say things to someone. converse: To talk formally. The scholars are conversing with each other on linguistics. chat: To talk in a friendly, familiar, informal manner. The two friends sat in a corner and chatted. chatter: To talk continuously rapidly about small things. The schoolgirls went along chattering. whisper: To talk in a low voice. She whispered me not to talk so loudly. murmur: To make a soft sound, esp. to speak or say in a quiet voice. He often murmurs to himself. ( 闲谈) gossip: To talk about the details of other peoples actions and private lives which may not corr
