1、高考中的省略在英语中，有时为了避免 结构上或内容上的重复，并使上下文紧密连接；有时因为语法的客观要求，句子中的一个或几个成分不需要表达出来，这种现象称为省略。英语中的省略要求不破坏语法结构，要保持句子意义的准确无误。省略有词法上的省略，也有句法上的省略，还有一种替代省略。省略部分的成分和含义可从上下文或具体语言环境中找到而且是有章可循的，英语的省略大致有以下几种情况：(英语中省略现象较为普遍，对省略的考查已成为高考中的热点。句子成分的省略，可分为以下几种情况：1.省略主语，主谓语或主谓的一部分2.不定式符号 to 的省略3.不定式结构中动词的省略4.状语从句中的省略5.定语从句中关系词的省略6
2、.虚拟语气中 if 和 should 的省略7.考查 not,so,neither,nor 的“ 替代性”省略)一、简单句中的省略1省略主语1）祈使句中的主语通常被省略。如：(You) Open the door ，please.2)其它省略主语多限于现成的说法 如： (I) Thank you for your help 谢谢你的帮助。 (It)Doesnt matter.没关系。2省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。1）如：(There is) No smoking .禁止抽烟 (Is there)anything else ? 还有其它事吗？ (You come)This way please.
3、请这边走。 (Will you) Have a smoke？抽烟吗？2）感叹句中常省略主语和谓语，如：What a hot day ! How wonderful!3省略宾语。如：Do you know Mr. Li ? I dont know (him.)4省略表语 如：Are you thirsty ? Yes ， I am (thirsty)5同时省略几个成分 如：Are you feeling better now? 你觉得好些了吗 ？(I am feeling ) Much better (now) 好多了。(I wish) Good luck (to you) .祝你好运/祝你顺利
4、。1). -What do you think made Mary so upset? C-_her new bicycle. A. As she lost B. LostC. Losing D. Because of losing2). One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and_. CA. the other is white B. another whiteC. the other white D. another is white3). - Would you like some wine?C- Yes, ju
5、st _. A. little B. very little C. a little D. a few二、 并列句中的省略 （在后一并列分句中凡是与上文相同的成分，通常都要省略）1） 如果主语不同，而谓语动词中的一部分相同，则省略谓语动词中相同的部分，如：John must have been playing basketball and Mary doing her homework.2） 主语相同，谓语动词也相同，则二者都可以省略，如： His advice made John happy, but Mary angry.3） 主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语，如： He gave u
6、p drinking for several days, but soon returned to his old ways. 4）在并列复合句中，如果 that 从句从属于第二个并列句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其它一些成分与第一个并列句相同， that 从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分，如： Jack will danceat the party, but I know Tom wont . 三、复合句中的省略 I） 名词性从句中的省略 （1）作宾语的 what 从句中的谓语动词与主句的相同，则 what 从句可以省略谓语，甚至主语，如：Someone has used my bike, but
7、I dont know who . He has gone, but no one knows where. （2）引导宾语从句的连词 that 在口语中常常省略,或并列的宾语从句中的第一个连词that 也能省略，如 : He said he had arrived here two days before and that he had lived in a hotel.（3）在以 know,remember,forget 邓动词结尾的简答句后的子句常可省略。Who won the tennis game last night?I dont know(who won the tennis g
8、ame last night).（3）在某些表虚拟语气的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，从句谓语动词中的助动词 should 可以省略。这些句子一般包含如下动词一及其派生词：一个坚持(insist)，二个命令(order, command)，三建议(suggest, propose, advise )，四要求(demand, require, request, ask) ，如：Its important that we speak to the old politely. Janes pale face suggested that she was ill and her pare
9、nts suggested that she have a medical examination. (4) It is necessary(important, impossible, strange, natural, a pity, no wonder) that.主语从句中，如: It is necessary that the problem be solved at once. (5)有时也可以根据说话的情景来省略主句中的一些成分，如： Sorry Ive kept you waiting so long. II）定语从句中的省略 在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词 that,
10、which, who (whom)常可以省略，如： The man I saw is called Tom. Where is the pen I bought this morning? III）状语从句中的省略 1.当状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一致，或状语从句中的主语是 it，并且又含有 be 动词时，常可以省略从句中的主语和 be 动词，如：He did as told. Though tired, they went on working. You shouldnt come to his party unless invited. He paused as if expecting
11、 her to speak. 1)._in thought, he almost ran into the car in frontof him.(NMET96) A.Losing B.Having lost C.Lost D.To lose 本题应选 C。Lost in thought 为 As he was lost in thought 之省略。 2)._more attention, the trees could have grownbetter.(MET90) A.Given B.To give C.Giving D.Having given 本题应选 A。Given more a
12、ttention 为 If they were given moreattention 之省略。 高考回顾1）. The flowers his friend gave him will die unless _ every day.(07 四川)A. watered B. watering B. water D. to water答案:A解析:在 unless 后省略了 it is。2）. He dressed up and went to the party as if_. (07.山东诊断二)A. was invited B. had been invited C. invited D.
13、 to be invited答案：C解析：as if 后省略了 he was。3）._broken, the glass can not hold water. (06 石家庄质检 )A Once B. After C. On D. Though解析 meant to 后省略了 have thanked her before I left。4）. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _whether he was going in the right direction. (03 安徽春) A. seeing B. hav
14、ing seen C. to have seen D. to see答案：D as if he was going to see whether2.虚拟条件句中,把 should,had,were 提前,则需省略 if，如: Should it rain tomorrow ,we would have to put off the visit till next week.3.在 as(so). as., than 引导的比较状语从句中，常在 as 或 than 引导的分句中省略某些与主句相同的成分或省略在特定上 下文或特定情景中某些不言而喻的成分；或整个 as/than 从句。如： 1）.T
15、he pianos in the other shop will be_, but_.(MET90) A.cheaper;not as better B.more cheap; not as better C.cheaper; not as good D.more cheap; not as good 本题应选 C。分别为 cheaper than those in this shop 和 theyare not as good as those in this s hop 的省略。 2）.John plays football_,if not better than, David.(NMET
16、94) A.as well B.as well as C.so well D.so well as 本题应选 B。根据上下文可看出 if not better than 为 if Johndoesnt play football better than David(plays football) 的省略。那么，排除这个条件的话， John 和 David 就踢得一样好了。 故要用副词 well 的同级比较的肯定式。 3）.How beautifully she sings! Ive never heard _ .(NMET96) A.the better voice B.a good voic
17、e C.the best voice D.a better voice 本题应选 D。从整个语境来分析，后句中的比较状语从句 than hers 被省略掉了。故此题应选比较级。 如： I know you can do better than Peter . This car doesnt run as fast as that one .高考回顾George offered a better suggestion to me than_. (06.中山第一学期期末)A Henry did to Smith B. that of Smiths C. Michaels D. what Charl
18、ie offered to me答案：D 解析: 在than 后完整的句子为Henry offered a suggestion to Smith 4.在 as 引导的让步状语从句中，当作表语的单数名词提前时，不定冠词要省略，如：Child as he is, he knows a lot.四、动词不定式中的省略 1.不定式符号 to 的省略1）有些动词，如：believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove 等后作宾补的结构 to be + n. / adj. 中的 to be 可以省略，如：I consider him stupid.
19、His mother found him a clever boy. 2）感官动词 see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等以及使役动词 let, make, have 后作宾补的动词不定式中的不定式符号 to 要省略，但变为被动结构时， to 必须保留，如： They made the boy go to bed early. The boy was made to go to bed early. 3）在 can not but, can not choose but, do nothing but., cant help but., prefer to do ra
20、ther than do , would do. rather than. 之后的动词不定式一般不带 to；but 之前有实义动词 do 的某个形式 do, does, did, done 而且其宾语是 something，nothing，anything 和everything 等不定代词时，也不带 to, 否则要带 to，如： We have nothing to do now but wait. I can not but admire his courage. He has no choice but to accept the fact. 4）在并列结构中为了避免重复，后一个 to
21、省略，如：Im really puzzled what to think or say. 但两个不定式有对照或对比的意义时，则后一个 to 不能省略，如：I came not to scold but to praise you. 5）在 why, why not 引导的特殊问句中后跟省略 to 的动词不定式，如：Why talk so much about it? Why not try it again? 2.不定式结构中动词的省略在回答问句及其它形式的答语中，如有和上文重复的不定式时，在答语中只保留其不定式符号 to，而 把动词和其它部分省略。如： 1）动词不定式与 be able to
22、， be going to， have to， ought to， used to 等构成复合谓语时，不定式结构常可省略，但要保留不定式符号 to，如 I dont want to wait for him， but l have toHe doesnt like fish， but he used to-Why didnt you come to our party？-I was going to，but l had a report to write2）动词不定式中动词原形部分是否省略，主要看句子前面是否已出现过同样的动词。如果句子前面出现过同样的动词，为了避免重复，句子后面的不定式常省略
23、动词原形，而保留不定式符号 to，如：They may go if they wish to. Dont go till I tell you to. 3）动词不定式在 ask， warn， tell， advise， force， wish， expect， allow， permit , invite, persuade, order, would like, forbid 等动词后作宾语补足语或主语补足语时，常可省略，如：She wants to come， but her parents wont allow her toDont touch anything unless your
24、teacher tells you toYoud better give a performance if you are asked toHe didnt come, though we had invited him to. 4）动词不定式在 happy， glad， eager，anxious，willing， ready 等形容词等后承前省略动词原形，只保留不定式符号 to ,如: -Will you join me in a walk？-Ill be happy toI think he should get a job，but you cant force him to if he
25、s not ready to.注：承前省略的动词不定式如果有助动词 have 或 be，have been，则要保留 be 或have，have been，如：-Are you a doctor? -No, but I used to be . 1）.-Are you a sailor? - No, but I _ C A. am not B. used to C. used to be D.used to being 2）-Why didnt you take part in my birthday party yesterday? -I_, but I had an unexpected
26、guest. B A. would like to B. would like to have C.should D.wouldnt like to5) 动词不定式在 like, love， care， want， hope， wish， expect， prefer， refuse， decide, mean, intend, try， promis 等动词后作宾语时，为了避免重复,常承前省略不定式后的内容,但要保留不定式符号 to， 如: I have asked her to come， but she does not want to-Are you and Jane getting
27、married？-We hope to注意：want， like 用在 when，if ,what，as 引导的从句中，其后的 to 也常可省略，如：Ive decided to do what I likeIll teach you if you likeI would do it for you, but I dont know how to 1）.Would you like to come to dinner tonight? Id like to,_Im too busy. (NMET94) A.and B.so C.as D.but 本题应选 D。据上文， 下文中的 Id like
28、 to 后省略了 come todinner tonight，这样很容易看出逗号 前后信息相反，故选 but。 2）.Ill be away on a business trip. Would you mindlooking after my cat? Not at all,_.(NMET95) A.Ive no time B.Id rather not C.Id like it D.Id be happy to 本题应选 D。据 Not at all 的限制，A 、B 不合题意。C 搭配错， 因d like 后应跟不定式。Id be happy to 后省略了 look after your
29、cat。 3）.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, buthis mother told him_. (NMET95) A.not to B.not to do C.not do it D.do not to 本题选 A。not to 后省略了和上文相重复的 ride his bicycle inthe street。高考回顾1）. In the dream Peter saw himself_ by a fierce wolf, and he whole suddenly with a start. (2006 上海春 ).Ch
30、ased B. to be chasedC. Be chased D.having been chased 答案: A 解析 see sb. done “看到某人被 ”,过去分词做宾语的补足语。2）、Does your brother intend to study German?Yes, he intends_.A / B to C so D that答案：B 解析 intend to 后省略了 study German。3）、Would you like to go to the Grand Theatre with me tonight?A Yes, Id like to go to t
31、he Grand TheatreB Id like to, but I have an exam tomorrowC No, I wont D Thats right答案：B解析 Id like to 后省略了 go to the Grand Theatre。4）、You should have thanked her before you left.I meant_, but when I was leaving, I couldnt find her anywhere. (2000 北京春)A to do B to C doing D doing to答案： B 五、某些词法上的省略 1.
32、 名词所有格后修饰的名词在以下情况可以省略 1）如果名词所有格修饰的名词在前文已出现，则可以省略，如： These are Johns books and those are Marys . 2） 名词所有格所修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。如：at the doctors 在诊所 ，at Mr. Greens ，to my uncles ，at the barbers. 2. 冠词的省略 1） 在 the next day (morning, week, year.)等短语中，有时为了使语气紧凑定冠词 the 常可以省略，如：We went
33、to the farm to help the farmers with the harvest (the) next day. 2）在副词的最高级前面的定冠词常可以省略，如：She sings best in the class. 3）在某些独立主格结构中，如： Our teacher came in, book in hand. Our teacher came in, with a book in his hand. 3. 介词的省略 1）both 后常跟 of 短语，其后可以接名词复数形式，也可以接代词宾格复数形式。接复数名词时，介词 of 可以省略，但接代词宾格时， of 不能省略，
34、如： Both (of) the films were interesting. She invited both of us to her birthday party. 2）在现在完成时表持续和重复的句型中，一段时间前的介词 for 可以省略，如： They have lasted (for) a long time. 在否定句中不可省略 forI havent seen you for three months.3）被动结构中，如果没有必要强调动作的执行者，则可以省略介词 by 短语，如： The letter was posted yesterday. 4）和一些动词搭配构成的短语中的
35、介词，如：consider. (as)., prevent / stop. (from)doing., have trouble / difficulty. (in) doing.,spend. (in / on) doing. 等中的介词可以省略，如： I have some difficulty (in) answering the question. Can you stop him (from) going swimming in the river? 六 、替代性省略 1）在 think,believe , imagine, suppose, guess,hope 等动词以及 Im
36、afraid 之后，可以采用so 代替一个肯定的宾语从句，也可以采用 not 代替否定的宾语从句。-Do you believe the news stories?-I believe so./I dont believe so/I believe not.“你相信这个新闻故事吗？”“我相信。/我不相信”“ I hope not ” 不能说成 I dont hope so.think, believe, imagine, suppose 可以说成 I dont think (believe ,imagine,suppose)so.Do you think its going to rain o
37、ver the weekend?_.A.I dont believe B.I dont believe itC.I believe not so D.I believe not高考回顾1）、After living in a village for so long, Kathy won t want to move to a big city.I dont imagine_. （07.武汉质检）A. so B. too C. it D. that答案：2）、Much of the power of the trade unions has been lost._, their politica
38、l influence should be very great. (2006 广东)A. As a result B.As usualC. Even so D. So far答案：C解析 Even so, 即使这样。3）、You havent lost the ticket, have you? _. I know its not easy to get another one the moment. (2004 江苏)A I hope not B Yes, I have C I hope so D Yes, Im afraid so答案： A解析: 根据 its not easy to g
39、et another one at the moment 可知说话者很珍惜。4）、The boys are not doing a good job at all, are they?_.（2003 北京春）A I guess not so B I dont guessC I dont guess so D I guess not答案：C解析: I dont guess so.相当于 I dont think so.。2）“So / Nor(Neither)+谓语+主语“这种句型是用来替代前面提到的情况,表明它也适用于后者，如: -I dont think I can walk any fur
40、ther. - Neither can I . Lets stop here for a rest.3）if 的省略结构If not 如果不是这样I might see you tomorrow. If not, then itll be Saturday. 我可能明天去看你。如果不是明天，那就在周六。if so 如果是这样I may be free this evening. If so, Ill come round and see you. 今晚我可能有空。要是有空我会过来看你。if ever 它通常与 seldom 连用，表示“极少”“难得”。如：She seldom, if ever
41、, goes to the cinema. 她难得看电影。He seldom if ever travels abroad. 他到国外旅行，即使有过，也是极少的。if any 如有的话There are few people nowadays, if any, who remember him. 当今记得他的人，如有的话，也不多了。if necessary (如果需要)，if possible (如果可能) 等。如：If necessary, ring me at home. 如果必要，可往我家里打电话。If possible, let me know beforehand. 如果可能，可在事
42、前通知我。七、特殊的省略结构1.在回答一般疑问句的简略答语中；或回答用陈述句，祈使句表示要求、命令的简略答语中。 常用 Yes /No主语助动词， 而省略主动词或其它成份。但助动词应和原句的助动词和时间概念须保持相应的一致； 或根据句意选择对特殊问句的答语时，常常省略和问句相重复的部分，只保留新信息部分。如： 1）.Alice, why didnt you come yesterday? I _ ,but I had an unexpected visitor. (NMET97) A.had B.would C.was going to D.did 本题选C。据句意，是表示昨天打算要来。 wa
43、s going to 后省略了come yesterday。 2）.Could I borrow your dictionary? Yes, of course you _ . (NMET92) A.might B.will C.can D.should 本题选C。could 在句中表示委婉语气，而不是过去时，答语中应用can；can 后省略了borrow my dictiona ry。 3）.Dont forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow. _.(NMET94) A.I dont B.I wont C.I cant D.I havent 本
44、题选B。因祈使句含有未来的意味，再加上有 tomorrow的限制，因而应用I wont回答。I wont 后省略 了forget to go to yourbirthday party tomorrow。 4）.How long has this bookshop been in business? _ 1982.(NMET94) A.After B.In C.From D.Since 本题选D。根据句意和结构， 该题承前省略了主语、 谓语It hasbeen in business 等； 只保留了新信 息（时间状语）部分； 再由Howlong 对时间段提问的限制，只能选Since。 2.在英
45、语中，有一些特殊的省略结构， 如：What/How about.? Why not do.?等实际上已形成了习 惯用法。 How/What about 后只跟名词、代词或动名词（短语）；Why not后只接动词原形。如： 1）.How about the two of us_a walk down the garden?(MET93) A.to take B.take C.taking D.to be taking 本题选C。 2）.I usually go there by train. Why not_by boat for a change? (NMET92) A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going 本题选D。
