1、Routledge History of PhilosophyVolume IXVolume IX of the Routledge History of Philosophy surveys ten key topics inthe philosophy of science, logic and mathematics in the twentieth century.Each of the essays is written by one of the worlds leading experts in thatfield. The papers provide a comprehens
2、ive introduction to the subject inquestion, and are written in a way that is accessible to philosophyundergraduates and to those outside of philosophy who are interested inthese subjects. Each chapter contains an extensive bibliography of themajor writings in the field.Among the topics covered are t
3、he philosophy of logic, of mathematicsand of Gottlob Frege; Ludwig Wittgensteins Tractatus; a survey of logicalpositivism; the philosophy of physics and of science; probability theory,cybernetics and an essay on the mechanist/vitalist debates.In addition to these papers, the volume contains a helpfu
4、l chronologyto the major scientific and philosophical events in the twentieth century. Italso provides an extensive glossary of technical terms in the philosophy ofscience, logic and mathematics, and brief biographical notes on majorfigures in these fields.Stuart G.Shanker is Professor of Philosophy
5、 and of Psychology at YorkUniversity, Canada. He has published widely on the philosophy ofLudwig Wittgenstein and artificial intelligence.Routledge History of PhilosophyGeneral EditorsG.H.R.Parkinsonand S.G.ShankerThe Routledge History of Philosophy provides a chronological survey of thehistory of w
6、estern philosophy, from its beginnings in the sixth century BCto the present time. It discusses all major philosophical developments indepth. Most space is allocated to those individuals who, by commonconsent, are regarded as great philosophers. But lesser figures have notbeen neglected, and togethe
7、r the ten volumes of the History include basicand critical information about every significant philosopher of the pastand present. These philosophers are clearly situated within the culturaland, in particular, the scientific context of their time.The History is intended not only for the specialist,
8、but also for thestudent and the general reader. Each chapter is by an acknowledgedauthority in the field. The chapters are written in an accessible style and aglossary of technical terms is provided in each volume.I From the Beginning to PlatoC.C.W.TaylorII Hellenistic and Early MedievalPhilosophyDa
9、vid FurleyIII Medieval PhilosophyJohn MarenbonIV The Renaissance and C17RationalismG.H.R.Parkinson (published1993)V British Philosophy and the Age ofEnlightenmentStuart BrownVI The Age of German IdealismRobert Solomon and KathleenHiggins (published 1993)Each volume contains 1015 chapters by differen
10、t contributorsVII The Nineteenth CenturyC.L.Ten (published 1994)VIII Continental Philosophy in theC20Richard Kearney (publishedI993)IX Philosophy of Science, Logic andMathematics in the C20S.G.ShankerX Philosophy of Meaning,Knowledge and Value in the C20John CanfieldRoutledge History of PhilosophyVo
11、lume IXPhilosophy of Science,Logic and Mathematicsin the TwentiethCenturyEDITED BYStuart G.ShankerLondon and New YorkFirst published 1996by Routledge11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EEThis edition published in the Taylor v. 9)Includes bibliographical references and index.1. SciencePhilosophyHistory2
12、0th century. 2. Logic-History20thcentury. 3. MathematicsPhilosophyHistory20th century.4. Philosophy, BritishHistory20th century. 5. Philosophy andscienceHistory20th century, I. Shanker, Stuart. II. Series.Q174.8.p55 1996501dc209610545CIPISBN 0-203-02947-X Master e-book ISBNISBN 0-203-05980-8 (Adobe
13、eReader Format)ISBN 0-415-05776-0 (Print Edition)vContentsGeneral editors preface viiNotes on contributors xAcknowledgements xiiiChronology xvIntroductionStuart Shanker 11 Philosophy of logicA.D.Irvine 92 Philosophy of mathematics in the twentieth centuryMichael Detlefsen 503 FregeRainer Born 1244 W
14、ittgensteins TractatusJames Bogen 1575 Logical positivismOswald Hanfling 1936 The philosophy of physicsRom Harr 2147 The philosophy of science todayJoseph Agassi 2358 Chance, cause and conduct: probability theory and theexplanation of human actionJeff Coulter 2669 CyberneticsK.M.Sayre 292CONTENTSvi1
15、0 Descartes legacy: the mechanist/vitalist debatesStuart Shanker 315Glossary 376Index 444viiGeneral editors prefaceThe history of philosophy, as its name implies, represents a union of twovery different disciplines, each of which imposes severe constraintsupon the other. As an exercise in the histor
16、y of ideas, it demands thatone acquire a period eye: a thorough understanding of how thethinkers whom it studies viewed the problems which they sought toresolve, the conceptual frameworks in which they addressed theseissues, their assumptions and objectives, their blind spots and miscues.But as an e
17、xercise in philosophy, we are engaged in much more thansimply a descriptive task. There is a crucial, critical aspect to our efforts:we are looking for the cogency as much as the development of anargument, for its bearing on questions which continue to preoccupy usas much as the impact which it may
18、have had on the evolution ofphilosophical thought.The history of philosophy thus requires a delicate balancing act fromits practitioners. We read these writings with the full benefit of historicalhindsight. We can see why the minor contributions remained minor andwhere the grand systems broke down:
19、sometimes as a result of internalpressures, sometimes because of a failure to overcome an insuperableobstacle, sometimes because of a dramatic technological or sociologicalchange, and, quite often, because of nothing more than a shift inintellectual fashion or interests. Yet, because of our continui
20、ngphilosophical concern with many of the same problems, we cannotafford to look dispassionately at these works. We want to know whatlessons are to be learned from the inconsequential or the gloriousfailures; many times we want to plead for a contemporary relevance inthe overlooked theory or to consi
21、der whether the glorious failure wasindeed such or simply ahead of its time: perhaps even ahead of itsauthor.We find ourselves, therefore, much like the mythical radicaltranslator who has so fascinated modern philosophers, trying tounderstand an authors ideas in their and their cultures eyes, and, a
22、t theGENERAL EDITORS PREFACEviiisame time, in our own. It can be a formidable task. Many times we fail inthe historical undertaking because our philosophical interests are sostrong, or lose sight of the latter because we are so enthralled by theformer. But the nature of philosophy is such that we ar
23、e compelled tomaster both techniques. For learning about the history of philosophy isnot just a challenging and engaging pastime: it is an essential element inlearning about the nature of philosophyin grasping how philosophy isintimately connected with and yet distinct from both history andscience.T
24、he Routledge History of Philosophy provides a chronological survey ofthe history of western philosophy, from its beginnings up to the presenttime. Its aim is to discuss all major philosophical developments in depth,and, with this in mind, most space has been allocated to thoseindividuals who, by com
25、mon consent, are regarded as greatphilosophers. But lesser figures have not been neglected, and it is hopedthat the reader will be able to find, in the ten volumes of the History, atleast basic information about any significant philosopher of the past orpresent.Philosophical thinking does not occur
26、in isolation from other humanactivities, and this History tries to situate philosophers within the cultural,and in particular the scientific, context of their time. Some philosophers,indeed, would regard philosophy as merely ancillary to the naturalsciences; but even if this view is rejected, it can
27、 hardly be denied that thesciences have had a great influence on what is now regarded asphilosophy, and it is important that this influence should be set forthclearly. Not that these volumes are intended to provide a mere record ofthe factors that influenced philosophical thinking; philosophy is adi
28、scipline with its own standards of argument, and the presentation of theways in which these arguments have developed is the main concern ofthis History.In speaking of what is now regarded as philosophy, we may havegiven the impression that there now exists a single view of whatphilosophy is. This is
29、 certainly not the case; on the contrary, there existserious differences of opinion, among those who call themselvesphilosophers, about the nature of their subject. These differences arereflected in the existence at the present time of two main schools ofthought, usually described as analytic and co
30、ntinental philosophyrespectively. It is not our intention, as general editors of this History, totake sides in this dispute. Our attitude is one of tolerance, and our hope isthat these volumes will contribute to an understanding of howphilosophers have reached the positions which they now occupy.One
31、 final comment. Philosophy has long been a highly technicalsubject, with its own specialized vocabulary. This History is intended notonly for the specialist but also for the general reader. To this end, we haveGENERAL EDITORS PREFACEixtried to ensure that each chapter is written in an accessible sty
32、le; and sincetechnicalities are unavoidable, a glossary of technical terms is provided ineach volume. In this way these volumes will, we hope, contribute to awider understanding of a subject which is of the highest importance to allthinking people.G.H.R.ParkinsonS.G.ShankerxNotes on contributorsJose
33、ph Agassi is Professor of Philosophy at Tel-Aviv University andYork University, Toronto (joint appointment); M.Sc. in physics fromJerusalem; Ph.D. in general science: logic and scientific method fromLondon (The London School of Economics). Among his majorpublications in English are: Towards an Histo
34、riography of Science, Historyand Theory, The Continuing Revolution: A History of Physics From The Greeksto Einstein, Faraday as a Natural Philosopher, Towards a Rational PhilosophicalAnthropology, Science and Society: Studies in the Sociology of Science,Technology: Philosophical and Social Aspects,
35、Introduction to Philosophy: TheSiblinghood of Humanity and A Philosophers Apprentice: In Karl PoppersWorkshop.James Bogen is Professor of Philosophy at Pitzer College, Claremont,California. His publications on Wittgenstein include WittgensteinsPhilosophy of Language, Wittgenstein and Skepticism and
36、a critical noticeof Bradleys Nature of all Being. Having published in several areas,including epistemology, philosophy of science and ancient Greekphilosophy, he is now working on a project in the history of nineteenth-century neuroscience.Rainer Born was born in 1943 in Central Europe. He was educa
37、ted as ateacher and studied (in Austria, Germany and England) philosophy,mathematics, physics, psychology and pedagogics, leading to degrees inphilosophy and mathematics, habilitation (venia docendi) for Theoryand philosophy of science. He is currently an Associate Professor at theInstitute for Phil
38、osophy and Philosophy of Science at the JohannesKepler University, Linz, Austria.Jeff Coulter is Professor of Sociology and Associate Faculty Member ofPhilosophy at Boston University. Among his publications are The SocialNOTES ON CONTRIBUTORSxiConstruction of Mind (1979), Rethinking Cognitive Theory
39、 (1983), Mind InAction (1989) and (with G.Button, J.Lee and W. Sharrock) Computers,Minds, and Conduct (1995).Michael Detlefsen is Professor of Philosophy at the University of NotreDame and editor-in-chief of the Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic. He isauthor of Hilberts Program and of various paper
40、s in the philosophy ofmathematics and logic. Presently, he is working on two books: one onconstructivism in the foundations of mathematics and the other onGdels Theorems.Oswald Hanfling is Professor of Philosophy at The Open University. Heis author of Logical Positivism, Wittgensteins Later Philosop
41、hy, The Quest forMeaning and Philosophy and Ordinary Language (nearing completion). Heis also editor and part author of Philosophical Aesthetics: An Introduction aswell as various Open University texts.Rom Harr is a Fellow of Linacre College, Oxford, and the UniversityLecturer in the Philosophy of S
42、cience. He is also Professor of Psychologyat Georgetown University, Washington DC, and Adjunct Professor ofPhilosophy at Binghamton University. He is the author of such books asVarieties of Realism, Social Being, Personal Being, Laws of Nature, and withGrant Gillett The Discursive Mind. He is also t
43、he editor, with Roger Lamb,of the Blackwell Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology.Andrew Irvine is an Associate Professor of Philosophy at the Universityof British Columbia. He is the editor of Physicalism in Mathematics(Kluwer, 1990) and co-editor of Russell and Analytic Philosophy(University of To
44、ronto, 1993).Kenneth M.Sayre received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1958,and has since been at the University of Notre Dame where currently heis Professor of Philosophy. He is the author of several books,monographs and articles on the topics of cybernetics and the philosophyof mind, including
45、 Consciousness: A Philosophic Study of Minds andMachines, Cybernetics and the Philosophy of Mind and Intentionality andInformation Processing: An Alternative Model for Cognitive Science. Hecontributed the article on Information Theory in Routledges newEncyclopedia of Philosophy.Stuart Shanker is Pro
46、fessor of Philosophy and Psychology at AtkinsonCollege, York University. He is author of Wittgenstein and the TurningPoint in the Philosophy of Mathematics and editor of Ludwig Wittgenstein:Critical Assessments and Gdels Theorem in Focus. He will shortly beNOTES ON CONTRIBUTORSxiipublishing Wittgens
47、tein and the Foundations of AI, and with E.S.Savage-Rumbaugh and Talbot J.Taylor, Apes, Language and the Human Mind:Essays in Philosophical Primatology.xiiiAcknowledgementsI am deeply indebted to my co-general editor, G.H.R.Parkinson, for all thehelp he has given me in preparing this volume, and Ric
48、hard Stoneman,who has been an invaluable source of advice in the planning of thisHistory. I would also like to thank Richard Dancy, who prepared thechronology for this volume, and Dale Lindskog and Darlene Rigo, whoprepared the glossary. Finally, I would like to thank the Canada Council,which suppor
49、ted this project with a Standard Research Grant; AtkinsonCollege, which supported this project with two research grants; and YorkUniversity, which awarded me the Walter L.Gordon Fellowship.Stuart G.ShankerAtkinson College, York UniversityToronto, CanadaxvChronologyThe following sources have been consulted for much of the material onscience and technology: Alexander Hellemans (ed.) The Timetables ofScience (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1987); Bruce Wetterau, The NewYork Public Library Book of Chronologies (New York, Prentice Hall, 1990).
