1、null nulli C M = 苏文慧( 2 v S , 2 410083)K null 1 :文章在唐玉柱(2001)提出虚词 there是存现动词的独立论元基础上,提出如下观点:在英语存现句中, there出现时,不管方位介词词组(LP)是否出现, there都是存现动词的一个独立内论元;如果 LP与 there同时出现, LP为附加语;当LP出现在句首而 there不出现时, LP是存现动词的一个论元,可以做主语b1 o M :存现动词; 虚词 there; 论元 m s | :H030null null D S : Anull null c I | : 1003null0964(20
2、10)06null0068null04null null i C M , 3 E (Pernulllmutter1119, Burzio25, Grimshaw 3131 )B :? i C M d _ M , B = , b B s E “ 5 ,W f h n 4a 5a Z ab 6 b 74 i C M = L ! , i C M = : Z 8 ) b there Z ) LP iC M B bi 4 i C M d _ M u Y :i C M C i C d _ M ;B d _ M B = ,i C M = 7b thereT = s , there Z M F C f / T
3、 B i ; Z M F C f / , Z M F FL S s , N H Z M F 4b T thereN H , * there E I ; ? N H there ? ! i C M = L ! b P there Z M F H C ,there i C M B ,N H there LP / 1 “ bThere i C M M , E bZ M F 9 M , V n T bB a i C V l ,i C V U ) i a C h 0 b i C T :There/LP + V+NPb1 i C M ,b “ be , ? there c / l M 8:1.c i i
4、l M , exis,t live,dwel,l stand, lie, remain ; (1) Thereexist severalalternatives.2.c Z _ i l M , come, go,walk,run, fly, approach ; (2)Therewalked an oldman along the river.3. Y ? 3 a? Z L C M , develop, arise, appear, emerge, ensue, happen, occur b (3)There arosea conflic.t i C M c V l ,iC T / + :B
5、 c , A ;= c V+NP, O K V M NP B b= a M there E A C ,7 q b 3 E there L l , there M ( expletive) there, 0 EPP7 A B E T , there T , M M M F b N 4 4 , i C there Z i l , E bl : 2010null08null05; l : 2010null09null21T e :苏文慧(1984null),女,河南周口人,硕士生,研究方向:句法学bnull68null信阳师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版) null null null null nul
6、l null null null null null null null null null JournalofXinyangNormalUniversity第 30卷null 第 6期null 2010年 11月null null null null null null null null null null null (Philos.Haegeman there 11; Breivik there ! NP12,y E y 0 b K e Z O / ,Chomsky there + ( # B E S 1315, 1418, V i l ( referentialmeaning) E T
7、 15131bChomsky : b S + O , person+ “ - s D N+ T 145b(二)there的语义特征 M there B M , Radford “ l Exnullpletive: A dummy constituentwithno inherentsemannullticcontent such as thepronoun there in sentences likeThere is almostno truthwhatever in therumor (whichis nonreferential and so can t be questioned by
8、where?). #9260 l , n 5 A pronoun l : Theword pronoun is defined as aword used in placeof anoun expression. Pronouns differ from nouns in thatthey have no intrinsic descriptive conten,t and so arefuncters. #9270y M L l ,A 1- L = i l b7 “ M ? who 4 , :(9) a. I likehim.b. Whom doyou like? ? , (9) a him
9、 B , (9) b s , (9) a him W , s # , whom4 b , there9 V W , him M b him W , there W ,# V where 4 b1 :(10)Therearemany problems.(10) there V s ,y N , B , V LP V r M b T s X 8 , V “ , (11):(11) a: wherearemanyproblems?b: In page5 andpage9.9 , there (10) V U F d Q , (11) b s 8 Q b# there W i l , he V B i
10、 l b “ 9 there B pronoun Q bThereV i l , D V s bn 5 , Lyons M there V M 3 16 115, 1736; Freeze , there M ) i l ,) there S (Theexistentialproform is locative. Thepleonasticpronounis coindexed with the locative argument by predicanulltion. ) 18b Q , Chomsky d 5 1939, 1p B E 8 A l = ,# there L l = b ac
11、 R 9 M it there , O B 20b , Z ab 4 there T ) M F ) i l ) , P there R i l i c l ,7 ) M F 5 i i l L 8 C 7b ,there ) M F ) i l V r ,there ) i l , ) M F V U ) i l b M there N M there + ? , M ,W i l b i i l i C M % , 7there i C M B V i l ,# there C n , 0 i C b(三)There与LP的照应关系 LP C i C T ,there LP / v 1 “
12、 b/ ( cataphora) a aQ I ( backwards anaphora), B / 6 B V T #21 51b1 :null69null苏文慧:存现动词的内论元再探(12)when Imether,Mary looked il.l/ ( cataphor) her, ( postcedent)Maryb/ (Y B M ) ? b / ,/ l ,7 v b z / # there , h A / (anaphora) :(13) John certainly has damaged his/* my/*her/* theirown credibility.N John
13、5 ( antecedent), his v (anaphor), 5 * ,v A s 5 by M a a s , T v s , a ? 3 j b i C , (14):(14)There isabook on thedesk.there / , LP on thedeskbThere V LP i l b there M , a s , i l thereB M , there E V s 5 * b l v 1 “ b l V 8 Z M F b M# 5 #B bThere person+ ,# LP9 person+ b “ ? z d I LP9 ? thereB “ V T
14、 b | i C LP +N+ , V T b ai C T Z M F (LP) D ,q M M F ? T , 5 bS k ; V V M E s ,7 M M F M l 1 “ , M 22b ,LP + V+ NP i C T , LP V T , / b B , 5 Q ,7 E Q b 5 u Y : (1) T M M W l 4 1 “ ,7 5 “ Y T ,5 1 “ b(2) 5 H , 5 ) b) 5 , E V 4 U b i C M c l 23b9 , Ti C ,V Z i l M F V , LP F , * M 1 “ , M F A i C M B
15、 , O A l 4 1 “ , LPA bi C T LP+ V+NP P b there 7 h 0 ,7 LP 7h 0 ,z v ab , T N T , * LPA F , N ) X LP V V , LPA i C M B ,7 F b * E ? T b ? N T b T there 7 h i C 9 ,9 there V T , “ there LPH T , “ s A 9 a b T B 0 T i C ,7 i C , 9 v abi C T + i l , Y T 7 , 9 v a, O 9 Y L i C 7 , (15) U :(15) a. Therewa
16、s an accidentat the factory.b. * An accidentwas ( there)at the factory.O there , F there(15b) “ b = , V PP4 6 9 V ? 6:(16) C T vnullstood NP an oldmanPP unnullder the roof y H K l P M #, P T, V 4 6 NP9 V 4 6 PP, V O H q #( legibility condinulltion) ? b; S + O , PP thereB “ N+ , * K e Z O , PPthere9
17、B “ , person+ b , PP V T ,N H PPV C NP b B StowellS V 24 85-86bStowell “ M be C 24,N NP b1 :(17) Under thebed is acozy spo.t “ M be - PP M (honnulloraryNPs,e HNPs), O HNPs E V C ? NP B “ , V null M 4 6 M b :(18) Isunder thebed acozy spo?t(19) a. Under thebedseemed tobeacozyspo.tb.* Itseemsunder theb
18、ed tobea cozy spo.t(19)a E y PP bPP ? l 4 6 M , ,M b M PP NP , V b PPV C NPB “ b 1 V U i C M null70null第 30卷null 第 6期 信阳师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版) 2010年 11月 M T by N , , PP i C M + b ? M ( regularNPs), Stowell E 24, PP M (HNPs),y + b a there M , i l , + , V T i C M bY V 1 V , there LP E l v M : V T , O there i
19、 l by N 4 there LP / 1 “ b i C , P Z M F C , there9 i C M , H Z M F A T F by there C H ,Z M F A M there , n b H Z M F B b9 , i C , there C H ,i C = s Y there i 8 ; there C , Z M F C n H ,i C = sY Z M F LP i 8 b i C 3 $ b I D :1 null PERLMUTTER D. Impersonalpassives and the unaccunullsative hypothesi
20、sC /ProceedingsoftheBerkeley Linnullguistic Society.University ofCalifornia, Berkeley, 1978.2 null BURZIO L. Italian Syntax M . Dordrecht: Reide,l1986.3null GRIMSHAW J. Psychverbsand the structure ofargumentstructure M. M s.: BrandeisUniversity, 1987.4null .i C there J.C , 2001, (1):23null33.5null .
21、i C ? Z J. C , 2002,(1): 35null47.6null Z ,b . M there E # M 1 5 J. , 2006, (1): 17null35.7null .i C M = L ! J. v , 2005, (3): 5null9.8null b . q i C 3 E J. 2001,(2): 143null158.9null RADFORD A. Syntax: AM inimalist Introduction M .Peking: ForeignLanguageTeaching andResearch Press,2000.10 null z B .
22、K e Z / i J. S ,2001, (1): 32null41.11null HAEGEMAN L. Introduction to Government and Bindnulling theory M. Oxford: BlackwellPublishers, 1991.12 null BREIVIK L. E. On the Interpretation of ExistentialThere J. Language, 1981, (1): 1null25.13 null CHOMSKY N. M inimalist inquiries: The frameworkC /MIT
23、Occasional Papers in Linguistics ( 15).Cambridge,Mass: M IT Press. 1998.14 null CHOMSKY N. Derivation by Phase C /MIT OccanullsionalPapers in Linguistics (18). Cambridge, Mass.:MIT Press, 1999.15null c . I E M. Z : Z , 2002.16 null LYONS J. Deixis as the source of reference C /EdwardL. Keenan. ( ed.
24、 ) FormalSemantics ofNatunullralLanguage. Cambridge: University Press, 1975.17 null LYONS J. Semantics M . Cambridge: UniversityPress, 1977.18null FREEZE, R. Existentials andother locatives J. Lannullguage, 1992, (3): 553null595.19 null CHOMSKY N. TheM inimalist Program M . Camnullbridge,Mass.: M IT
25、 Press, 1995.20null ,c R . d s d ,M + = _ T t J. C , 2010,(1): 1null11.21null CRYSTAL D. A DictionaryofLinguisticsandPhonologyM. Oxford: Blackwel,l 1997.22null S null k .q n M / . Z : Z , 1998.23null $ null .1 i C ) J.C ,1997, (3): 14null25.24null STOWELL T. Origins ofPhrase Structure D. M IT,Cambri
26、dge,Massachusetts, 1981.Rethinking on the InternalArgument of ExistentialVerbsSUWennullhui(ForeignLanguage SchoolofCentralSouthUniversity, Changsha 410083, China)Abstract: On the basisofTangYuzhu(2001) whoproposed thatexpletive there inEnglishexistentialconstruction isan independentarnullgumentofexistentialverbs, thispaper furtherproposes that there functionsasan independentargument in therenullconstruction
