1、Designation: D4169 09 Standard Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and Systems 1 This standard is issued under the xed designation D4169; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense. 1. Scope 1.1 This practice provides a uniform basis of eva
3、luating, in a laboratory, the ability of shipping units to withstand the distribution environment. This is accomplished by subjecting them to a test plan consisting of a sequence of anticipated hazard elements encountered in various distribution cycles. This practice is not intended to supplant mate
4、rial specications or existing preshipment test procedures. 1.2 Consider the use of Practice D7386 for testing of packages for single parcel shipments. 1.3 The suitability of this practice for use with hazardous materials has not been determined. 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be re
5、garded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of
6、the user of this standard to establish appro- priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 D642 Test Method for Determining Compressive Resistance of Shipping Containers, Components, and Uni
7、t Loads D880 Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Contain- ers and Systems D951 Test Method for Water Resistance of Shipping Con- tainers by Spray Method D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ- ments D999 Test Methods for Vibration Testing of Shipping Con- tainers D4003 Test M
8、ethods for Programmable Horizontal Impact Test for Shipping Containers and Systems D4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packaging Components for Testing D4728 Test Method for Random Vibration Testing of Ship- ping Containers D5265 Test Method for Bridge Impact Testing D5276 Test
9、Method for Drop Test of Loaded Containers by Free Fall D5277 Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact Tester D5487 Test Method for Simulated Drop of Loaded Contain- ers by Shock Machines D6055 Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of Unitized Loads and Large S
10、hipping Cases and Crates D6179 Test Methods for Rough Handling of Unitized Loads and Large Shipping Cases and Crates D6344 Test Method for Concentrated Impacts to Transport Packages D6653 Test Methods for Determining the Effects of High Altitude on Packaging Systems by Vacuum Method D7386 Practice f
11、or Performance Testing of Packages for Single Parcel Delivery Systems F1327 Terminology Relating to Barrier Materials for Medi- cal Packaging (Withdrawn 2007) 3 2.2 Military Standards: 4 MIL-STD-810F Environmental Test Methods MIL-STD-20731 DOD Standard Practice for Military Packaging 3. Terminology
12、 3.1 DenitionsGeneral denitions for the packaging and distribution environments are found in Terminology D996. 3.2 Denitions of Terms Specic to This Standard: 1 This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D10 on Packaging andisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD10.21onShippingContain
13、ersand Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods. Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published November 2009. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D4169 08. DOI: 10.1520/D4169-09. 2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
14、contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on theASTM website. 3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org. 4 AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrder
15、Desk,Bldg.4SectionD,700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States 13.2.1 acceptance criteriathe acceptable quality level that must be met after the shipping unit has been s
16、ubjected to the test plan. See Section 7. 3.2.2 assurance leveltheleveloftestintensitybasedonits probability of occurring in a typical distribution cycle. 3.2.2.1 DiscussionLevel I is a high level of test intensity andhasalowprobabilityofoccurrence.LevelIIIisalowlevel of test intensity, but has a co
17、rrespondingly high probability of occurrence. Level II is between these extremes. For Distribu- tion Cycle 18 (DC18), see MIL-STD-20731 for denitions of military levels of protection. 3.2.3 coeffcient of restitutionthe ratio of the rebound velocity to the impact velocity. 3.2.4 distribution cycle (D
18、C)the sequential listing of the test schedules employed to simulate the hazard elements expected to occur for a specic routing of a shipping unit from production to consumption. See Table 1. 3.2.5 feederaircraftsmall,potentiallynon-pressurizedair- craft used to transport express packages. 3.2.6 haza
19、rd elementa specic event that occurs in a distribution cycle that may pose a hazard to a shipping unit. Theelementwillusuallybesimulatedbyasingletestschedule. See Section 9. 3.2.7 shipping unitthe smallest complete unit that will be subjected to the distribution environment, for example, a shipping
20、container and its contents. 3.2.7.1 small shipping unitfor DC-18, a small shipping unit is dened as one having no edge dimension or diameter over 60 in. (1.52 m) and a gross weight of 100 lb (45 kg) or less. 3.2.7.2 large shipping unitfor DC-18, a large shipping unit is dened as one having at least
21、one edge dimension or diameterover60in.(1.52m)oragrossweightinexcessof100 lb (45 kg), or it is one that has a gross weight exceeding 100 lb (45 kg) and is secured to a base or to the base of a shipping unit. 3.2.8 test plana specic listing of the test sequence to be followed to simulate the hazards
22、anticipated during the distri- bution cycle of a shipping unit. Included will be the test intensity and number of sequential tests to be conducted. See 8.5. 3.2.9 test schedulethe specic procedure to be used, including the three assurance level intensities, and a reference to the test method that is
23、 the basis of the schedule. 3.2.9.1 DiscussionThe purpose of the schedule is to simu- late the forces occurring during any hazard element of the distribution cycle. See Section 9. 3.2.10 total velocity change, (DV)the sum of the impact and rebound velocities. 3.3 Abbreviations: 3.3.1 TOFCtrailer on
24、atcar. 3.3.2 COFCcontainer on atcar. 3.3.3 TLtruckload. 3.3.4 CLcarload. 3.3.5 LTLless than truckload. 4. Signicance and Use 4.1 This practice provides a guide for the evaluation of shipping units in accordance with a uniform system, using established test methods at levels representative of those o
25、ccurring in actual distribution. The recommended test levels are based on available information on the shipping and handling environment, and current industry/government prac- tice and experience (1-13). 5 The tests should be performed sequentially on the same containers in the order given. For use
26、as a performance test, this practice requires that the shipping unit tested remain unopened until the sequence of tests are completed. If used for other purposes, such as package development, it may be useful to open and inspect shipping units at various times throughout the sequence. This may, howe
27、ver, prohibit evaluating the inuence of the container closure on container performance. 4.2 For Distribution Cycle 18, as referred to in MIL-STD- 20731, the use of this practice is dened in subsequent sections identied as DC-18. 5. Test Specimen 5.1 Test specimens consist of representative samples o
28、f complete shipping units, including actual contents. Products with blemishes or minor defects may be used if the defective component is not to be studied by the test and if the defect is documented in the report. Dummy test loads are acceptable if testing the actual product might be hazardous. If a
29、 dummy load is used, it should be instrumented to determine if the fragility level of the actual product has been exceeded. Take care to duplicate the load characteristics of the actual product, and avoid unnecessary prehandling. 5.2 Care must be taken to ensure that no degradation has occurred to e
30、ither the product or the package if the test packages have been shipped to the test site. If any doubt exists as to the condition of the package, repack the product in new packaging material before testing. 5.3 The number of test replications depends on the desired objectives of the testing and the
31、availability of duplicate products and shipping containers. Replicate testing is recom- mended to improve the reliability of the test results. 6. Conditioning 6.1 Ifthedistributioncyclecontainsclimaticconditionsthat have an effect on the performance characteristics of the product,shippingcontainer,o
32、rcomponentssuchascushioning, use one of the following procedures. (It should be noted that different atmospheric conditions are likely to exist between the origin and destination points of a distribution cycle, particu- larly for export/import cycles.) 6.1.1 Conduct the test at standard conditions a
33、nd compen- sate for the effects of any climatic condition. Condition the shipping units to a standard atmosphere of 73.4 6 2F (23 6 5 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of this practice. D4169 09 2TABLE 1 Distribution Cycles Performance Test Schedule Sequenc
34、e (see Section 9 for Test Schedule denition) DC Distribution Cycle First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh 1 General Cycleundened distribution system Schedule A Handling Schedule D Stacked Vibration Schedule F Loose-Load Vibration Schedule G Rail Switching Schedule J Concentrated Impact Schedu
35、le A Handling 2 Specially dened distribution system, user specied (see Appendix X2) select from Schedules A through I 3 Single package without pallet or skid, LTL motor freight Schedule A Handling Manual Schedule D Stacked Vibration OR Schedule C Vehicle Stacking plus Schedule E Vehicle Vibration Sc
36、hedule F Loose-Load Vibration Schedule J Concentrated Impact Schedule A Handling Manual . 4 Single package with pallet or skid, LTL motor freight Schedule A Handling Mechanical Schedule D Stacked Vibration OR Schedule C Vehicle Stacking plus Schedule E Vehicle Vibration Schedule F Loose-Load Vibrati
37、on Schedule J Concentrated Impact Schedule A Handling Mechanical . 5 Motor freight, TL, not unitized Schedule A Handling Schedule D Stacked Vibration Schedule E Vehicle Vibration Schedule J Concentrated Impact Schedule A Handling . 6 Motor freight, TL, or LTLunitized Schedule A Handling Schedule D S
38、tacked Vibration OR Schedule C Vehicle Stacking plus Schedule E Vehicle Vibration Schedule J Concentrated Impact Schedule A Handling Schedule B Warehouse Stacking . 7 Rail only, bulk loaded Schedule A Handling Schedule D Stacked Vibration Schedule G Rail Switching Schedule A Handling . . 8 Rail only
39、, unitized Schedule A Handling Schedule D Stacked Vibration Schedule G Rail Switching Schedule A Handling Schedule B Warehouse Stacking . 9 Rail and motor freight, not unitized Schedule A Handling Schedule C Vehicle Stacking Schedule E Vehicle Vibration Schedule G Rail Switching Schedule F Loose-Loa
40、d Vibration Schedule J Concentrated Impact Schedule A Handling 10 Rail and motor freight, unitized Schedule A Handling Schedule D Stacked Vibration Schedule G Rail Switching Schedule J Concentrated Impact Schedule A Handling Schedule B Warehouse Stacking 11 Rail, TOFC and COFC Schedule A Handling Sc
41、hedule G Rail Switching Schedule D Stacked Vibration Schedule F Loose-Load Vibration Schedule A Handling . 12 Air (intercity) and motor freight (local), over 150 lb (68.1 kg), or unitized Schedule A Handling Schedule D Stacked Vibration Schedule I Low Pressure A Schedule E Vehicle Vibration Schedule
42、 J Concentrated Impact Schedule A Handling 13 Air (intercity) and motor freight (local, single package up to 150 lb (61.8 kg). Consider using Practice D7386 for single parcel carrier shipments. Schedule A Han- dling Schedule C Vehicle Stacking Schedule F Loose-Load Vibration Schedule I Low Pres- sur
43、e A Schedule E Vehicle Vi- bration Schedule J Concen- trated Im- pact Schedule A Handling 14 Warehousing (partial cycle to be added to other cycles as needed) Schedule A Han- dling Schedule B Ware- house Stacking . . . . 15 Export/Import shipment for intermodal container or roll on/roll off trailer
44、(partial cycle to be added to other cycles as needed) Schedule A Han- dling Schedule C Vehicle Stacking Schedule A Handling . . . 16 Export/Import shipment for palletized cargo ship (partial cycle to be added to other cycles as needed) Schedule A Han- dling Schedule C Vehicle Stacking Schedule A Han
45、dling . . . D4169 09 31C) and 50 6 2 % relative humidity. Condition berboard containers in accordance with Practice D4332. The same atmospheric condition should be used for any assurance level. A conditioning period of 72 h, or sufficient time to reach equilibrium of all parts of the package and pro
46、duct is recom- mended. Tests should be conducted in the conditioned atmo- sphere whenever possible. If not possible, conduct the tests as soon after removal from the conditioning atmosphere as practicable. Recondition the shipping units to the standard atmosphere as necessary during the test plan. 6
47、.1.2 Insomecircumstances,itmaybenecessarytoconduct some or all of the tests at special climatic conditions, such as those given in Practice D4332, orTest Method D951, or others (salt, spray, water immersion, humidity, or temperature). The sameclimaticconditionshouldbeusedforanyassurancelevel. A cond
48、itioning period should be provided which will allow sufficient time to reach equilibrium of all parts of the package and product. Tests should be conducted in the conditioned atmosphere whenever possible. If not possible, conduct the tests as soon after removal from the conditioning atmosphere as pr
49、acticable. Recondition the shipping units as necessary during the test plan. For atmospheres other than the standard conditioning atmosphere, the user must determine the appro- priate compressive load factor for warehouse and vehicle stacking, as the factors given in 11.2 are based on testing under the standard test atmosphere. 7. Acceptance Criteria 7.1 Acceptance criteria must be established prior to testing and should consider the required condition of the product at receipt. The organizations conducting the test may choo
