1、金榜图书 助您成才！2015 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）真题Section Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That
2、 is 1 a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1,932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in
3、 both 5 .While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.”The study 9 found that the genes for smell were somethi
4、ng shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now, 10 , as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working together that 12 us in choosing genetically simi
5、lar friends 13 “functional Kinship” of being friends with 14 !One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution 15 than other genes Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 fact
6、or.金榜图书 助您成才！The findings do not simply explain peoples 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population.
7、 The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.1. A when B why C how D what2. A defended B concluded C withdrawn D advised3. A for B with C on D by4. A compared B sought C separated D connected5. A tests B objects Csamples D examples6. A insignificant B unexpected Cunbelievable D i
8、ncredible7. A visit B miss C seek D know8. A resemble B influence C favor D surpass9. A again B also C instead D thus10. A Meanwhile B Furthermore C Likewise D Perhaps11. A about B to Cfrom Dlike12. A drive B observe C confuse Dlimit13. A according to B rather than C regardless of D along with14. A
9、chances Bresponses Cmissions Dbenefits15. A later Bslower C faster D earlier16. Aforecast Bremember Cunderstand Dexpress17. A unpredictable Bcontributory C controllable D disruptive18. A endeavor Bdecision Carrangement D tendency19. A political B religious C ethnic D economic20. A see B show C prove
10、 D tell金榜图书 助您成才！Section Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted kings dont abdicate, they die in their sleep. But e
11、mbarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, dies the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the uniting is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnif
12、icent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy when public opinion is particularly. Polarized, as it was following the end of the France regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is this appare
13、nt transcendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of states. And also, the Middle East expected, Europe is the most monarch-infested region is the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf an
14、d Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respect public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside, symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history and sometimes the way they beh
15、ave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern de
16、mocratic families should still be the 金榜图书 助您成才！symbolic heart of modern democratic states. The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Prince and princess have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who
17、party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to strive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen wh
18、o has preserved the monarchy reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they
19、provide a serviceas non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings of republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies.21. According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carl of Spain .A used to enjoy high public supportB was un
20、popular among European royalsC ended his reign in embarrassmentD cased his relationship with his rivals22. Monarchs are kept as head of state in Europe mostly .A owing to their undoubted and respectable statusB to achieve a balance between tradition and realityC to give voters more public figures to
21、 look up toD due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?A Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.B The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.金榜图书 助您成才！C The role of the nobility in modern democracies.D The
22、nobilitys adherence to their privileges.24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles .A takes a tough line on political issues.B fails to change his lifestyle as advised.C takes republicans as his potential allies.D fails to adapt himself to his future role.25. Which of the following i
23、s the best title of the text?A Carlos, Glory and Disgrace CombinedB Carlos, a Lesson for All European MonarchsC Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsD Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the ThroneText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consi
24、der whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessi
25、ons of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the just
26、ice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspects purse. The court has ruled that
27、police dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arrestee 金榜图书 助您成才！without a warrant. But exploring ones smart phone is more like entering his or her home. A smart phone may contain an arrestees reading history, financial history, medical history and com
28、prehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing.” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitutions protections.
29、 Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they mu
30、st sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to .A search for suspects mobile phones without a warrantB check suspects phone contents without being authorizedC prevent suspects from deleting t
31、heir phone contentsD prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones27. The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one of .A toleranceB indifferenceC disapprovalD cautiousness28. The author believes that exploring ones phone content is comparable to .A getting into ones residenceB handing
32、ones historical recordsC scanning ones correspondencesD going through ones wallet金榜图书 助您成才！29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that .A principles are hard to be clearly expressedB the court is giving police less room for actionC phones are used to store sensitive informationD citi
33、zens privacy is not effective protected30.Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate that .A the Constitution should be implemented flexiblyB New technology requires reinterpretation of the ConstitutionC Californias argument violates principles of the ConstitutionD Principles of the Constitution sh
34、ould never be alteredText 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contribut
35、ing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing ed
36、itors (SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journals internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had
37、 impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the statistics board was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a
38、biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a 金榜图书 助您成才！member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impa
39、ct. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forwa
40、rd” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages are quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Ann
41、als of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research according to David Vaux a cell biol
42、ogist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process.” Vaux says that Sciences idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weak
43、ness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify the paper that need scrutiny in the first place.”31. It can be learned from Paragraph I that .A Science intends to simplify its peer-review processB journals are strengthening their statistical checksC few journals are blamed for m
44、istakes in data analysisD lack of data analysis is common in research projects32. The phrase “flagged up”(Para.2) is the closest in meaning to .A foundB revised金榜图书 助您成才！C markedD stored33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may .A pose a threat to all its peersB meet w
45、ith strong oppositionC increase Sciences circulation.D set an example for other journals34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now .A adds to researchers workloadB diminishes the role of reviewersC has room for further improvementD is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the follow
46、ing is the best title of the text?A Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors DesksD Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdochs daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “un
47、settling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”. Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market. But “its us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit”
48、.Driving her point home, she continued: “Its increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.” This same 金榜图书 助您成才！absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she tho
