1、ENCYCLOPEDIA OF 20TH-CENTURY ARCHITECTURE Board of Advisors Diana Agrest Agrest and Gandelsonas Architects Nezar AlSayyad Univers ity of Calif ornia, Berkeley Eve Blau Harvard Univers ity Robert Bruegmann Univers ity of Illinois -Chicago William Brumfield Tulane Univers ity Jeffrey Cody Chinese Univ
2、ersity of Hong Kong Nnamdi Elleh Univers ity of Cincinnati Stephen Fox Rice Univers ity Kenneth Frampton Columbia Univers ity Diane Ghirardo Univers ity of S outhern Cali fornia Michael Graves Michael Graves and Associates Renata Holod University of Pennsylvan ia Steven Izenour Venturi, Scott B rown
3、, and Associates Richard Longstreth George Washington University Christian F.Otto Cornell Univers ity Michle Picard Montreal, Quebec Beth Savage National Register of Historic Places Franz Schulze Lake Forest College Denise Scott Brown Venturi, Scott B rown, and Associates Helen Searing Smith College
4、 Joseph Siry Wes leyan Univers ity Martha Thorne The Art Ins titute of Chicago Dell Upton Univers ity of Calif ornia, Berkeley ENCYCLOPEDIA OF 20TH-CENTURY ARCHITECTURE Volume 1 AF R.Stephen Sennott, Editor Fitzroy Dearborn New York London Editorial Staff Sponsoring Editor: Marie-Claire Antoine Deve
5、lopment Editor: Lynn M.Somers-Davis Editorial Assistant: Mary Funchion Production Editor: Jeanne Shu Published in 2004 by Fitzroy Dearborn An imprint of the Taylor it has been my intention to preserve this diversity of perspective in the published volumes. For their consistent support and reliable p
6、articipation, I would like to thank the following persons who graciously and diligently served as the board of advisors on this project. Their widely regarded expertise, varied perspectives, and most generous efforts provided the Encyclopedia of 20th-centu ry Arch itecture with a widespread and crit
7、ical range of entries and themes. They include Diana Agrest (Agrest and Gandelsonas Architects, New York City), Nezar AlSayyad (University of California, Berkeley), Eve Blau (Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts), Robert Bruegmann (University of Illinois at Chicago), William Brumfield (Tulan
8、e University, New Orleans, Louisiana), Jeffrey Cody (Chinese University of Hong Kong), Nnamdi Elleh (University of Cincinnati, Ohio), Stephen Fox (Rice University, Houston, Texas), Kenneth Frampton (Columbia University, New York City), Diane Ghirardo (University of Southern California, Los Angeles),
9、 Michael Graves (Michael Graves and Associates, Princeton, New Jersey), Renata Holod (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), Steven Izenour (deceased, Venturi, Scott Brown, and Associates, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), Richard Longstreth (George Washington University, Washington, D.
10、C.), Christian F.Otto (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York), Michele Picard (Montreal, Quebec), Franz Schulze (Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, Illinois), Denise Scott Brown (Venturi, Scott Brown, and Associates, Philadelphia), Helen Searing (Smith College, Northhampton, Massachusetts), Joseph Sir
11、y (Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut), Martha Thorne (curator, Department of Architecture, The Art Institute of Chicago), and Dell Upton (University of California, Berkeley). Their spirited advice resolved numerous questions about contents and organization, they recruited qualified and ar
12、ticulate contributors from around the world, and several advisors asked to write important entries. In addition, I would like to thank the many individuals who assisted in the early portion of research and editing while the project was under the auspices of Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers in Chicago. Un
13、der the wise and enthusiastic guidance of editor Paul Schellinger, commissioning editors Chris Hudson and Lorraine Murray were enormously helpful in administering the database, communicating with authors, and directing the editing cycle. Copyeditor Bruce Owens compiled hundreds of references. From t
14、he start, the Fitzroy Dearborn staff truly gave the project its consistency, scope, and form. In addition, I wish to give special thanks to Emily Urban, a Richter Scholar and publishing intern from Lake Forest College, who wrote dozens of capsule biographies as well as proofread manuscripts under th
15、e guidance of Fitzroy editors. The published table of contents, as predicted, varies from the very first list sent out to hundreds of contributors. At a time when the 20th century seems somewhat distant, a fiveyear editorial process has inevitably called for adjustments, to the benefit of the projec
16、t. With all parts in place, and following numerous editorial stages, I am profoundly grateful to each contributor for their commitment, generosity, critical thinking, and imagination as they met and surpassed the challenges posed by this ambitious project. Authors have given their entries remarkable
17、 depth and scope, ensuring that this Encyclopedia of 2 0th-centu ry Architectu re has met its charge to be international, interdisciplinary, and inclusive. On behalf of the editors and contributors, I trust that the projectfor its inclusions and exclusionswill stimulate innovative approaches and pro
18、voke constructive debate. Finally, and with deep appreciation for their collective precision and grace under unrelenting pressure to publish, I wish to offer my thanks to the Routledge team of professionals who brought this project to its outstanding conclusion. From unpacking boxes in New York to e
19、diting hundreds of manuscripts, the Routledge editors tirelessly made their experience and wisdom available at a crucial moment of conversion from one publisher to another. Years of writing and editing would have perished without the Routledge editors. These include the Sponsoring Editor Marie-Clair
20、e Antoine, Development Editor Lynn M.Somers-Davis, Senior Production Editor Jeanne Shu, Editorial Assistant Mary Funchion, Development Director Kate Aker, and Publishing Director Sylvia Miller. Their enthusiasm for this project and commitment to seeing it through, despite the difficulties of transit
21、ion, is truly appreciated. In closing, I wish to offer praise and heartfelt gratitude to my three lifelong muses and amusers, Ann Jordahl, Brianna Sennott, and Hille Sennott, for their inspiration and constant delight in our shared world of words and images. Carry on. R.STEPHEN SENNOTT INTRODUCTION
22、In its broad coverage of architecture produced between 1900 and 2000, the Encyclopedia of 20th -century A rchitecture provides a three-volume, English-language reference work for scholars, professionals, students, and the general public seeking a basic understanding of interdependent topics that def
23、ine the production of architecture in the developed cities, countries, and regions of the world. Seeking the breadth and diversity of any encyclopedic endeavor, the project extends its coverage beyond the conventional study of prominent architects and their buildings to address important related fac
24、ets of 20th-century architectural production that motivate architects and their clients and give form and meaning to their buildings. Arranged in alphabetical order, the entries fall into three broad areas: persons, places, and architecture topics. Persons include architects and firms, critics, and
25、historians; places include countries and regions, cities, specific buildings and sites, and unbuilt projects; architecture topics include materials and building technology, building types, stylistic and theoretical terms, schools and movements, architectural practice and the profession, and planning
26、. Ranging in length from 1,000 to 4,000 words, each article is written for the well-informed general reader and signed by an established scholar or professional with expertise in the subject. In addition, each architecture topic and places entry includes a selected bibliography; each persons entry i
27、ncludes a capsule biography, a list of selected works, and a selected bibliography. The bibliographies consist of standard works and recent scholarship to enable the student or scholar to expand his or her research. This project set out in 1998 in Chicago with the editorial staff of Fitzroy Dearborn
28、 Publishers to shape a broad and inclusive reference work designed to provide description and analysis of 20th-century architects, buildings, and places from a global perspective. In its review of an enormously inventive century of ambitious architectural production, the editorial team quickly recog
29、nized that the most useful reference work would include far more than buildings and architects alone. The Encyclopedia of 20th-century Archi tecture therefore aims to explain the range of technological, professional, and historical factors that the architectural process entails, from drawings to the
30、 completed building. The far-reaching influence of important architects, sustainability and new materials, new digital technologies, and global proliferation of large-scale building types, for example, has altered the scope of modern architectural practice. Moreover, 20th-century architecture profou
31、ndly engaged many new constituencies, including the general public. In its efforts to provide a broader audience with a more inclusive understanding of architectural practice, the project seeks to frame a vast scope of selected topics that have defined and directed 20th-century architecture and its
32、consumption worldwide. The practice of architecture has become enormously complex, as modern airports and skyscrapers make clear. Wherever constructed, a single building requires the design team to understand traditional and innovative materials, new construction technologies, building types, histor
33、ic precedent, and related planning needs. Readers of the Encyclopedia of 20th -century A rchitecture will benefit from an understanding of these interconnections. It is the editorial teams belief that one strength of this project is the selective inclusion of a diverse range of architecture subjects
34、 rarely examined together with important buildings and their architects. To facilitate these connections, the book provides readers with extensive internal cross-references in the majority of entries and a comprehensive, analytical index. International coverage required a variety of critical perspec
35、tives from a diverse group of scholarly and professional experts. From the start, the task of defining the scope and content of this project reiterated the complexity of architectural production in the last hundred years. Consulting for several months with a distinguished international advisory boar
36、d of scholars and architects, architectural historian and volume editor R.Stephen Sennott has organized a far-reaching investigation of architecture from all regions of the world. The final selection of topics found in these three volumes is the result of a long and careful evaluation of a much long
37、er list of proposed topics. To the benefit of this project, the advisory boards contributions were both contradictory and consistent in their careful explanations of what should be included or excluded from these pages. This debate served to balance the books perspective and content. In short, the p
38、rincipal criteria for inclusion were, first, that the individual or topic had had a lasting or formative effect on architecture or, second, that the individual or topic reinforced the international scope of the encyclopedia. One strength of this reference work is its deliberate effort to accommodate
39、 these differences and contradictions by including a diverse range of advisors and a balanced variety of expert writers able to recognize the global character of architectural practice in the 20th century. In concert with the advisory boards recommendations, the book profiles this centurys vast chro
40、nicle of architectural achievements within and well beyond the confines of mid-century modernism. Even so, and with apologies to readers who note the absence of a subject they hold as significant, it has obviously not been possible to include every architect, building, or topic of architectural sign
41、ificance. Indeed, following this challenging editorial process, and in light of compelling scholarship of the last 15 years, it is the editorial teams collective hope that this project will encourage further study of the global, interconnected character of architecture and its production. The encycl
42、opedia will provide an effective starting point for researchers and readers for years ahead. Whatever the risks of this ambitious reference work, an international team of 300 writersarchitectural historians, architects, engineers, preservationists, urban historians, critics, and independent scholars
43、has presented a wide-ranging and critical assessment of buildings, architects, cities, and related architecture topics to provide professionals and general readers alike with an integrated view of architectural production around the world. Scholars and practitioners from related design and building
44、professions have written more than 700 entries that collectively provide readers with a distinct approach to 20th-century architectures materials, theory, design, and practice. Such a broad and sweeping study invites complexities and risks; to leave some of these as unresolved defines some aspects o
45、f modern and contemporary architectural practice. This diversity of authorship and critical viewpoints makes this a requisite source for general readers and the architectural profession alike as they seek basic information about 20th-century architecture. Given its expansive sweep, the Encyclopedia
46、of 20th -century A rchitecture is directed at a diverse readership and provides a wide variety of information on a great number of subjects. Architectural Topics (179 entries) From broad and inclusive entries to shorter entries, topics have been selected because of their generally acknowledged impor
47、tance in directing architectural form, fulfilling programmatic needs, directing style and change, and otherwise affecting the practice of architecture during the 20th century. Entries describe the topic and evaluate its effect on buildings, architects, or places around the world. Materials and Build
48、ing Technology (35 entries) Entries on traditional or innovative materials describe the origins, needs, and purposes of an important building material as it evolved during the 20th century (e.g., Aluminum, Reinforced Concrete, and Truss Systems). For example, concrete has a long history; however, it
49、s dramatic new capacities have generated new construction methods as well as innovative architectural form. The 20th century witnessed the invention of many new building technologies and systems, making significant contributions to architectural function. For example, air conditioning has allowed large-scale buildings to be built with new standards for comfort in extreme climatic conditions. Building Types (53 entries) Building types vary in their associations with form, function, or program. Many types resulted from new needs that served new methods of transportation or evolvin
