1、上海锐普广有限公司,适用于抽象等类别,Borrowing: A source of English word stock,Native words,Major sources,Minor sources,点击添加标题,words from Chinese,“The English language has vast debts. In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed”. English is supposed to have the most copious (丰富的) vocabulary of all the lang
2、uage in the world, estimated at more than a million words.-The Encyclopedia Americana,English is Fun!,Native words,Latin,French,点击添加标题,Greek,Two Elements in Modern English,The native words of the English language,The native words,Native words are the foundation and the core of English vocabulary. Th
3、ey are words of Anglo-Saxon origin They are words whose origin cannot be traced to any other languages.,Warm-up exercise,Can you infer the modern English spelling of the following old English words? Mann Wf Hs standan Laf GeseteMan, wife, house, stand, leaf, seat,3.2 The Native Element in Modern Eng
4、lish native words are the foundation and the core of English vocabulary. e.g. a. the numerals unto a thousand b. the most intimate family relations; father, mother, etc. c. most natural phenomena and planets, day, night, etc. d. many common animals: hare, deer, horse, cow, sheep, etc. e. qualities a
5、nd properties: old, young, good, evil, kind, etc. f. Common actions: do, make, go, come, hear, eat, etc. g. most of auxiliary and modal verbs: shall, will, etc. h. pronouns: I, you, he, my, your, his, who, whose, etc. i. propositions: in, out, on, under,etc. j. conjunctions: and, but, till, as, etc.
6、,Characteristics of the native element,All-national character: Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around people who speak the language.Great stability: The native element lives for centuries providing the English with a basis for the formation of n
7、ew words. As they denote the commonest things necessary to life, they are likely to remain unchanged. Native element: The native element in Modern English is mostly monosyllabic.单音节的e.g. sun, cow, go, run d. Word-formation ability: Most words of native origin possess large cluster of derived and com
8、pound words in the present-day language.Handy, handle, handiwork, handcraft, handful, handbook, handbarrow, hand cuff.,e. Wide collocability: 搭配强度 Many native words enter quite a number of set expressions, idioms, phrases and proverbial sayings. e.g. heart f. Plurality of meanings: Most of the nativ
9、e words have undergone striking transformations in semantic 语义的structure, and as a result are nowadays highly poly-semantic. e.g. to tell: make known, express, explain; utter, confide in(泄密，吐露心声); distinguish; count; reveal; scold. g. High frequency value: the native element forms the bulk of the mo
10、st frequent elements used in any style of speech. They constitute no less than 80% of the 500 most frequent words. h. Stylistic neutral: 文体中性e.g. to begin (neutral)- to commence (formal).,A change of heart, after ones own heart, cry ones heart out, a heart of gold, at heart, break ones heart, cross
11、ones heart, have ones heart in ones mouth, heart and hand, heart and soul, take sth to heart, wear sb. In ones heart, with all ones heart.,改变主意 ; 改邪归正; 完全符合自己的心意 痛哭流涕 道德高尚的人 内心里, 在感情深处 伤某人的心 在胸口划十字 吓得要命, 焦急万分 热心地 全心全意地 把某事放在心上 忠于某人 全心全意地,3.3. Borrowing: An overview,A loan word, borrowed word or borr
12、owing is a word taken over from another language and modified in phonemic shape, spelling, paradigms(词形变化) or meaning according to the standard of the English language. 70% of the English vocabulary are loan-words and only 30% of the words are native.,Means of borrowings into English,Three ways: a.
13、Oral speech b. Written speech c. Through invaders,Four Groups of Loan-words,Alien（非同化词）: words borrowed from a foreign language without any change of the foreign sound and spelling. They retained their original pronunciation and spelling. These words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin
14、.e.g. coup (政变)，fiance（未婚妻 ） b. Denizens (外来语同化词): words taken from a foreign language with a transformation of the foreign sound and spelling into native forms. They are well assimilated into English. e.g. port from portus ( L); Change: changier (F),c. Translation loans（译借词）: words borrowed from fo
15、reign languages by means of translation. They formed from the existing material in English but modelled on the patterns taken from another language. e.g. land-reform - 土改; long time no see(CH); surplus value: mehrwert(G)d. Semantic loan（借义词）: Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to
16、 the form, but their meanings. Semantic borrowings also refer to words which have acquired a new meaning under the influence of other languages. e.g. pioneer: -“explorer” only or “ person doing pioneering work” -“ a member of the Young Pioneer” from Russian,“joy, music” take its present meaning from
17、 Norse,3.4 Major sources of borrowing,LatinScandinavian/old Norse French/ NormanGreek,Warm-up exercise,Infer the sources of the following English words. Ynne/onion, discus/dish, Manchester, bishop, altar, temple, abdomen, editor Sky, skirt, score, scorch, sick/ill, skill/craft Army, besiege, guard;
18、diamond, dress, embroidery, fashion; bacon, beef, bon voyage, elite, bizarre Biology, genius, autocrat, automobile, geology Czar, sputnik Yin-yang, dim sum, kung fu, oolong, coolie Shanghai,3.4.1 Latin Elements a. The Zero Period - Germanic tribese.g. wine (vinum), ass (asellus), colony (clonia), co
19、ok (coquus), cup (cuppa), pepper (piper), pear, kettle, chest, dish, mile, pea, street, beet, wall . b. The First Period not direct borrowing from Latin but from OEe.g. Celtic: cester Latin: castra (camp) Chester, Gloucester, Manchester, Lancaster, etc. c. The Second Period - introduction of Christi
20、anityreligion: altar, apostle(使徒), priest, bishop 主教, hymn唱赞美歌 and creed. domestic life: butter, cheese, copper, marble, palm, pine松树, spade, etc.,d. The Third Period after Norman Conquest prolific (丰富的) e.g. abject, allegory, contempt, infinite, interrupt, minor, moderate, necessary, popular preven
21、t, quiet, suppress, etc. e. The Fourth Period - Renaissance Abstract and scientific wordse.g. genius, item, nucleus, formula, index, superior, area, exist, circus, series, apparatus, miser, medium, senior, junior, curriculum, dictum etc. Latin words for specialized use: vice versa, cathedral大教堂, per
22、sona(小说、戏剧中的)人物, 角色, non grata不受欢迎的Latin abbreviations: a.m. (=ante meridiem); p.m. (=post meridem); i.e. (=id est); e.g. (=exempli grata); etc. (= et cetera); ibid (=ibidem)in the same place; cf. (=confer)- compare,3.4.2 The Scandinavian Elements,Scandinavian is the northern branch of the Germanic
23、languages, comprising Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Icelandic, and Faroese, all descended from Old Norse （古挪威语）.,In the 9th century: the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. Finally they succeeded in placing a Danish king on the throne of England. With the invaders, many scandinavia
24、n words came into English. These new words did not identify new ideas and objects. They were everyday words for which the English had terms and expressions. Many words were exactly alike, such as father, husband, house, life, man, mother, summer and winter. It is estimated that at least 900 words of
25、 Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English, such as skirt, skill, window, leg, grasp, birth, they ,their, them and egg.,3.4.3 French Loan Words,a. Norman French element Feudalism and war: arms, amour, banner, captain, duke, soldier, march, count , countess etc. The church: alter, Bible, ce
26、remony, devotion religion, sermon, saint, sacrifice, etc. The law: attorney, court, judge, accuse, jury, fine, justice, heritage, session, suit, etc. Hunting: rabbit, venison, falcon. 猎鹰；, chase, etc. Trade and everyday affairs: barber, chair, carpenter, chamber, city, grocer, labor, mason, tailor,
27、pork, beef, mutton, veal, etc.,Common monosyllabic words derived from early French.e.g. (Falling under the first three letters of the alphabet)age, air, arm, boil, brace, breeze, brush, cage, calm, car case, cause, cease, cell, chain, chance, change, chase, chief, chaise, chief, chaise, claim, clear
28、, close, corpse, course, court, crime, cry, etc.,b. Central French (or Parisian French) element,Fashionable life and polite pastime: ballet, connoisseur(艺术品的)鉴赏家, suite , belles-letters纯文学, salon, fete, souvenir, debut , cuisine , boulevard, vignette, etiquette Words from the French Revolution: revo
29、lution, despotism, regime, tyranny, and royalism. Food and cooking, dress and furnishings: cafe, menu, bon jour早安, blouse, trousseau, pince-nez, surtout, etc.,Some phonetic features: 1) ch pronounced F as chapeau（帽子）, chauffeur（司机）, machine, etc 2) g before e and i pronounced as V - beige, bourgeois
30、, prestige, regime; 3) ou pronounced as u - coup, rouge, beaucoup; 4) final consonant p, s, t not pronounced, as in coup, debris, ballet, debut（开张）, etc.,3.4.4 Greek Adoptions,Greek words entered English at the time of the Renaissance. Some Creek words came in through Latin or French, while others t
31、hrough Greek directly. The majority of Greek borrowings is of a highly learned and specialized character.a. Literary terminology: drama, comedy, tragedy, poet, and rhythm; b. Philosophy and mathematics: basis, category, ethics, theory, and thesis; c. Botany and physics: bulb, cactus, organism, pneum
32、atic; d. Medicine: diagnosis, neuralgia, rheumatism; e. Modern inventions: bicycle, phonograph, photograph, telegraph, telephone, and television;,peculiar clusters: ch, ph, pn, rh, as in chasm, phone, pneumatic, rhetoric; certain distinct Greek suffixes: -id, -isk, -ism, -ist, -ize, -oid, -osis, e.g
33、. pyramid, asterisk, organism, socialist, philosophize, asteroid, neurosis.Some Modern English words based on Greek roots: Bio- (life) biology, biochemistry; gam- (marriage) monogamy, polygamy, bigamy; Gen (to produce) genesis, genuine, genius; (p.42),3.5 Minor source of borrowing,Italian (mainly in
34、 the fields of music, art and architecture): concert, duet, piano, soprano, solo, tenor; model, bust, studio; dome, balcony, sonnet, influenza, lava and so on; Spanish: armada, cargo, vanilla, cocoa, barbecue, cockroach蟑螂 , ranch and cigar; Portuguese: caste, buffalo, flamingo, veranda and pagoda; G
35、erman: poodle狮子狗, cobalt钴, nickel, plunder, waltz and zinc; Dutch: dock, freight, frolic嬉戏, cruise， buoy 救生圈 and keel（船）龙骨 Russian: vodka, troika三驾马车, ruble, steppe, sputnik and tsar; Australian: kangaroo, wombat and dingo;,Chinese Words,Amoy (eastern China) 厦门 pekoe, a type of tea白毫茶. tea, original
36、ly pronounced like “tay,“ can be traced to Dutch thee, from Malay and Amoy. Cantonese (southern China, Hong Kong) chop suey, from a word meaning “miscellaneous bits.“炒杂烩菜 chow, 中国狗（人） kumquat, a small citrus fruit金桔. typhoon, from the words for “great wind.“ yen, meaning a “yearning“ or “strong desi
37、re.“ Mandarin (Beijing, China; official national standard) gung ho, a motto used by the Chinese Industrial Cooperative Society, from words meaning “work together.“ It was picked up by U.S. Marines during World War II. kow-tow, from words meaning “to knock ones head.“ kung fu, from gong fu, meaning “
38、skill, art.“,Japanese Words,aikido, from words meaning “mutual spirit art.“ futon, a type of mattress. geisha, from gei, meaning “art“ and sha, “person.“ honcho, from a word meaning “squad leader.“ judo, from words meaning “soft way.“ jujitsu, from words meaning “soft arts.“ karaoke, from kara, mean
39、ing “void, empty“ and oke(sutora), meaning “orchestra.“ In a case of reverse borrowing, the Japanese word okesutora came from the English word orchestra. karate, from words meaning “empty hand.“ Kimono, A loose robe worn chiefly by women. ninja, from nin, meaning “to endure“ and ja, “person.“ ramen,
40、 ultimately from the Mandarin Chinese words for “pulled noodles.“ rickshaw, from jinrikisha, meaning “person-strength-vehicle.“ sake, a rice wine. samurai, “warrior.“ shogun, “general.“ sushi Small cakes of cold cooked rice wrapped in seaweed, dressed with vinegar, and topped or wrapped with slices
41、of raw or cooked fish, egg, or vegetables. tofu, originally borrowed into Japanese from Chinese. tsunami, meaning a “large ocean wave.“,Arabic: sugar, sultan苏丹(某些穆斯林国家的统治者), alcohol, algebra, cipher密码, zero and alcohol; Indian: coolie, cashmere and khaki卡其布; Hebrew: shibboleth口令 and kosher卫生合法的; Afr
42、ican: gorilla大猩猩； and zebra. Korean： kimchi 泡菜 tae kwon do 跆拳道In fact English has adopted words from almost every known language in the course of its historical,（汪榕培英语词汇学教程P.293）,3.6 Influences of borrowing,Borrowing greatly enlarged the English vocabulary. Apart from that, it also brought about som
43、e changes in synonymic groups. Doublets: pairs of words (or group of three), which have arisen from the same original form but have in the course of linguistic development acquired different forms and meanings. e.g. eatableedible coffeecafe Hybrids: words of mixed origin e.g. graceful=grace(L root)
44、+ native suffixes -ful.troublesome = French root + native suffixes. Triplets: sets of three words which all express the same fundamental meaning, but which differ slightly in meaning or stylistic effect.,Assignment 1,汉语中的外来语分哪些类型？ ？ CT 沙发 伊妹儿 。,*Loanwords in Chinese: e.g.:humor 幽默 laser 雷射 chocolate
45、 巧克力 pudding 布丁hamburger 汉堡 champagne 香槟 series 系列 neon 霓虹灯model 模特儿 sofa 沙發 motorcycle 摩托車 sauna 三溫暖golf 高尔夫球 poker 扑克牌 shock 休克 T-shirt T恤meter 米达尺 cartoon 卡通 boycott 杯葛 romance 罗曼史shangrila 香格里拉 (人間的理想乐园) ham 洋火腿 lighter 打火机 auto bike 機車 screw-driver 起子tomato 番茄 camera 相机 battery 电池 truck 卡车card
46、卡片 Nylon 尼龙 scooter 速可达 engine 引擎handle-bar 方向盘,Chinese-related vocabulary,Chinese cabbage /celery cabbage 大白菜 Chinese dates/jujube Chinese gooseberry 猕猴桃，中国醋栗 Chinese quarter 唐人街 Chinese ink Chinese chequers/checkers 跳棋 Chinese flowering apple 海棠花 Chinese honey 柑，卢柑(汕头蜜桔),Chinese herbal medicine Ch
47、inese wood oil 桐油 Chinese WallChinese puzzle 难题, 难解之谜 Chinese lantern Chinese calender Chinese leaf 生菜叶 Chinese lute 琵琶 Chinese potato 山药, 薯蓣 Chinese watermelon 冬瓜,Assignment 2,Consult your dictionary and make sure the meaning of words in the following pages: Group 1: p. 35 Latin, 15 words Group 2:p
48、. 36, 3.4.2, 15 words Group 3: p. 38,3.4.3, 15 wordsGroup 4: p. 39,3.4.4, 15 wordsGroup 5: p. 40, 3.5, 15 words Group 6,Origin of OK,过渡页,1,OK”这种用法的最早使用者是美国的一位邮政职工，他的名字叫欧德.克利，英文名字开头的第一个字母是“O”和“K”。每天他都要经手处理许多邮件，而且都要签上自己的名字，表示已经某人验收，以示负责。但由于签写的劳动量很大，处理起来要占用许多时间。为了减轻劳动强度，节省时间，他就在邮件上用缩写的形式“O.K”来代替自己的姓名全称
49、。他的这一做法居然得到了方方面面人士的认可和赞同。从1944年起，美国电信局也开始采用这种签名法，作为对验收电报的一种确认。只不过签收者不管叫什么名字，以什么字母开头，统一签做“OK”。再后来，“OK”一词便发展和演变成日常生活中一句十分流行的用语,2 杰克逊生于1767年，61岁时当选美国总统。杰克逊总统在批阅公文时如认为内容没有问题可以发回各部门执行时，就会在公文上写上Oll Korrect二字， 表示“完全正确可行”。经过一段时期，下属明白并熟悉这二字的意思后，杰克逊便会只写上OK二字代表OLL Korrect。Oll Korrect实质上是All Correct的误写，那么为何一位堂堂美国总统会出现拼写错误呢？有人从美国语文教学历史的角度给出了解释，他说，英文语音学是二十世纪初期才创立发展的学科，而十九世纪的杰克逊可能未有留心到单音字母C有两种发音，即s和k。因而，当他拼写单词Correct时可能觉得发k的字母应该是字母K，于 是就写作了Korrect。至于杰克逊为何将ALL写成Oll，。在语音教学尚未发达之时，一般学英文讲英文的人士，包括英美国民，以为A只有两种语音分别是别是ei和a:，却不知A在辅音L和W之前，可以发元音O的音。文章推测说，杰克逊总统因此将All按发音写成了Oll。,
