1、Lecture Three,Contrast of Lexical Meaning between English and Chinese, and Diction (Choice of Words) 英汉词义对比与英译汉,Caesar was right. Thin people need watching. Ive been watching them for most of my adult life, and I dont like what I see. When these narrow fellows spring at me, I quiver to my toes. Thin
2、 people come in all personalities, most of them menacing. Youve got your “together” thin person, your mechanical thin person, your condescending thin person, your tsk-tsk thin person, your efficiency-expert thin person. All of them are dangerous. 恺撒大帝说的一点不错。瘦人的确需要好好得观察。我成年后的大半辈子都在仔细得观察着他们，结果是，我实在不怎么
3、喜欢我所看到的。当这些瘦瘦的家伙蹦跳着朝我过来，我便浑身颤栗。这些人儿性格各异，大多为阴险狡诈之徒。你会遇见诸如精明的瘦人，呆板机械的瘦人，谦逊的瘦人，啧啧挑剔的瘦人亦或是效率专家般的瘦人。不过，这些瘦人都是危险人物。,Caesar was right. Thin people need watching. Ive been watching them for most of my adult life, and I dont like what I see. When these narrow fellows spring at me, I quiver to my toes. Thin p
4、eople come in all personalities, most of them menacing. Youve got your “together” thin person, your mechanical thin person, your condescending thin person, your tsk-tsk thin person, your efficiency-expert thin person. All of them are dangerous. 正如凯撒所说，对于虚情假意的人，我们需要付出更多的观察。在过去的日子里我一直在关注他们，但是我并不喜欢我所看到
5、的 一切。当那些狭隘的家伙接近我，我甚至连脚趾都在颤抖。虚情假意的人拥有很多的性格特点，但相当大的一部分都是具有威胁性的。那些如机械般的、优越感极强的、精明的和最有效率的家伙其实都在你的周围，而且他们都是危险的。,I. Contrast in Vocabulary,1. Contrast in Meaning（词义对比） A. reflective（反映式）Reflecting the ideas of both materials and non-materials.Examples: Articles;foods; clothing;mountains and rivers,and geo
6、graphy,social morality; psychology; ethics, etc.,B. refractive（折射式）indirect reflection of objectse.g. bird C. integrative（整合式）combination of the meaning of two words. E.g. flexitime” （弹性工作制，始于英国） 铁饭碗 （a secured job）,Degrees of Equivalence in Word Meaning,a. equivalence（对应关系） Mainly including proper
7、nouns, terminology and some names or titles in daily life. Examples: The U.S. State Department 美国国务院 Computational linguistics 计算语言学 The Pacific Ocean 太平洋 Tuberculosis 肺结核,helicopter 直升飞机 manliness 男子气 incense coil 盘香 aside 旁白,b. inclusion（涵盖关系）,Mainly including those words whose meanings have exten
8、sive and narrow separations. Examples: marriage 嫁、娶 gun 枪、炮 sister 姐、妹 morning 早晨、上午,c. intersection （交替式）,Mainly including those words with several meanings, therefore their meaning should be determined by the contexts. short1) Liu Hu-lans life was short but brilliant.2) The shells fell short.3) Sh
9、e said she had a short memory.4) Indeed he has a short temper.5) He complained that the notice was short.,d. replacement（替代关系）,Example: 妻舅 Literal meaning: wifes uncle， Factual meaning: wifes brother or brother-in-law。,e. exclusion（冲突关系）,You can not find the signifier in the target language from the
10、 signified in the source language. Mainly including fresh or newly appeared proper nouns, terminology and those to reflect English and American social customs and manners, etc. Examples: “大舅”、“老四”、“三爷”,Mascon (mass concentration) （表示月球表层下高密度的）物质聚积 Beddo （一种多用途的）床 Overkill（核弹超过军事目的的）过度杀伤力 Plumber （形成
11、与“五角大楼文件”泄露事件后白宫设立的专门特工机构。现常用来指特工。）,2. Diction (Choice of Words),Choice of Meaning in Comprehension and Choice of Words in Representation,I. According to class of words,1.Old Li likes a television more than a camera. 电视机和照相机两者当中老李更喜欢电视机。 2. Like father, like son. 有其夫，必有其子。 3. Like knows like. 英雄识英雄。
12、,1.Bobby and I are like brothers and sisters. 鲍比和我亲如兄妹。 2. He doesnt speak English like I speak it. 他说英语和我说英语不一样。,Classroom Translation Practice (1),1. a round post 一根圆柱 2. The wheels go round rapidly. 车轮飞转。 3.The night watchman makes his rounds every hour. 夜班人员每小时巡视一次。,1. The students stood round t
13、he teacher. 学生围站在老师的周围。 2. We rounded the Cape of Good Hope. 我们饶过了好望角。,II. According to context and collocation,1.It was a girl with good manners. 这是一位举止得体的姑娘。 2.These were all labeled as good eggs. 这些都被标为新鲜的鸡蛋。 3.Dogs are often regarded as mans good friends. 狗经常被认为是人类的忠实朋友。,4.He was told, when comp
14、laining that he could not follow Nassers moves, that Nasser was a good chess player. 有一次，当他抱怨纳赛尔棋步难以捉摸时，有人对他说，纳赛尔是个高明的棋手。 5. The Captain of the jet came back, saluted and, in very good English, said to the President, “To Cairo, Sir“.喷汽式飞机机长回来，敬了个礼，并用漂亮的英语对总统说，“先生，去开罗。”,6. Autumn was already in the a
15、ir on the late afternoon when she decided to fish near the island.The good little pram purred across the water, and I settled on the rock to keep my secret watch, knowing that it was simply a matter of days before Id have to call Popa.傍晚时分，天空中已显出几分秋意。她决定到小岛附近去钓鱼。可爱的小平底船轧轧地划过湖面。我靠在那块岩石上继续悄悄观望，心理晓得过不了
16、几天便不能不打电话 给爸爸了。,7. .I teach because I like to ask questions that students must struggle to answer. The world isfull of right answers to bad questions. While teaching, I sometimes find good questions.我教书是因为我喜欢问一些学生必须绞尽脑汁才能回答的问题。这个世界上有的是对付拙劣问题的答案。在教书过程中，我有时也能找到出色的问题。,8. .The elder went on to tell Nune
17、z how time had been divided into the warm and the cold, andhow it was good to sleep in the warm and work during the cold.那些长辈们继续向努涅斯说明他们是如何把时间划分为温暖和寒冷两部分，温暖的时间适宜于睡觉，寒冷的时间适宜于工作。,9. “. yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life, who is really deserving of the praises the stone-cutter
18、curves over his homes, who is a good Christian, a good parent, a good child, a good wife or a good husband; who actually does have a disconsolate family to mourn his loss;.“不过偶然也有几个死人当得起石匠刻在他们朽骨上的好话。真的是虔诚的教徒，慈爱的父母，孝顺的儿女，贤良的妻子，尽职的丈夫，他们家里的人也的确哀思绵绵地追悼他们”,Classroom Translation Practice (2),1. The play r
19、an 100 nights. 这出戏演了一百个夜场。 2. My watch has run down. 我的表停了。 3. Water is running short. 水快用光了。 4. The price is running high. 价格正在上扬。,5. Hey, your nose is running. 瞧，你流鼻涕了。 6. My school runs a factory. 我们的学校办了一家工厂。 7. They ran through the enemy blockade. 他们冲破了敌人的封锁。 8.He ran across an old friend of hi
20、s in town yesterday. 昨天他在城里碰到了一位老朋友。,III. By the extension of meaning for the choice of words,A.Extension by abstraction 1. There is a mixture of lion and lamb in his character. 他的性格刚柔相济。 2. Scepter and crown must tumble down, and in the dust be equal made with the poor crooked scythe and spade. 显贵王
21、侯，全会倒毙，与贫贱农民一同埋在尘土之中。,4. The pen is mightier than the sword. 文胜于武。 5. Life is a battle from the cradle to the grave. 人生从出生到死亡是一场战斗。 6. He is a black sheep in the family. 他是个败家子。,Classroom Translation Practice (3),1. This prize is the blue ribbon in mathematical research. 这个奖是数学中的最高荣誉。 2.I was practi
22、cally on my knees but he still refused. 我几乎是在苦苦哀求，但他依然拒绝。 3. He is a rolling stone, I dont think he can lay up any money. 他是个见异思迁的人，我想他是不会存钱的。,4. He has felt the patriot more intense than ever before since he witnessed the enemys atrocities.自从他目睹了敌人的暴行之后，他感到心中的爱国热情比以往任何时候更强烈了。 5. Having allowed the
23、father to be overruled by the judge, he declared his own son to be guilty.由于法官的责任感压倒了父子的感情，他终于宣判他儿子有罪。,6. He acted the lord wherever he went.他每到一处都摆出一副盛气凌人的架子。 7. An eagle doesnt catch flies!伟大者不贪小利。 8. Deeds males, words females.行为刚毅，谈吐文雅。,B. Extension by concretion,1. Good companionship is benefic
24、ial. 良友有益。 2. Truth wins trust. 说真话的人博得人们的信任。 3. Honesty pays itself. 诚实的人从来不吃亏。,Classroom Translation Practice (4),1. the beauty of the jail. 监狱之花。 2.emperors, kings, generals and ministers, talents and beauties. 帝王将相，才子佳人。 3. We in Zambia would like to build a colorblind society where all men can
25、have equal opportunity. 我们赞比亚愿意建立一个机会均等，不因肤色不同而产生种族歧视的社会。,4. Alongside or not far from the lavish residences and tall modern buildings of the well-heeled were the poverty-crammed hovels and mud-floor matsheds.那些有钱有势的人居住的豪华住宅以及现代化高楼大厦傍边不远处，就是塞满了穷人的草棚你屋。,IV.According to commendatory and derogatory sen
26、ses of words,A.A commendatory or derogatory term should be translated accordingly 1. That fat jap! 那个肥胖的日本佬！ 2. I will say the very thought of you make me sick and that you treated me with miserable cruelty.我就说，我一想起你就恶心，你对我残酷到了可耻的地步。,Classroom Translation Practice (5),1.The tasks carried out by them
27、 are praiseworthy.他们所从事的事业是值得赞扬的。 2Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President.亨里老是吹嘘他与总统谈过话。 3.“He was polite and always gave advice willingly, “ she recalled. 她回忆说，“他过去彬彬有理，总是诲人不倦。”,B. Be careful to differentiate the “commendatory“ sense from the “derogatory“ sense.,1. Next Edison tur
28、ned his inventive genius to another ambitious project-the invention of a means of lighting streets and buildings by electricity instead of by gas: the invention of an electric-light bulb. 然后，爱迪生把其创造的天才转向另一项宏大的计划发明用电来代替煤气照明街道和建筑物，即要设法制造电灯泡。 2 Our conference did in the end make detailed plans for the
29、invasion.我们的会议最后确实制定了进攻的详细方案。,Classroom Translation Practice (6),1. He is bright and ambitious. 他既聪明又有抱负。 2“For people of my generation“, he said, “Nixon had certain reputation, I needed to assure myself the reputation was not deserved. 他说，“对于我这一代人来说，尼克松有某种坏名声。但我需要自己相信，他这个坏名声是不该有的。”,3Mr. Brown felt
30、greatly flattered when he received the invitation to deliver a lecture. 布朗先生收到去演讲的请贴时感到莫大的荣幸。 4.Hans was too obviously flattering the gentleman by saying that he was the most courageous man he had ever seen. 汉斯说，这位先生是他平生所见到过的最有胆识的人，这种阿谀奉承未免太露骨了。,5. From him, I learned that a good politician is marke
31、d to a great degree by his sense of timing. He says the right thing at the right movement. 从他那里我息得一名能干的政治家在很大程度上在于善于审时度势，他在适当时候说适当的话。,Homework for today 1. There, there, never mind. 2. There, the works done. 3. I disagree with you there. 4. Tom just stripped to his shorts for sleeping. 5. He is all
32、wet. 6. He is wet all over. 7. He never reads a book in his life and still writes a school boy hand. 8. The baby cant walk, he cant talk, he cant feed or bathe himself, and in that he has an unmixed blessing. 9. Ill let everybody at Lowood know what you are and what you have done. 10. I used to be a politician. But since I came back from Peking I have been a statesman.,
