1、走进语言学,王天翼 13617689553 QQ: 439235373,Text Books & Reference Books 语言学教程胡壮麟 北京大学出版社 2001 语言学引论戚雨村 上海外语教育出版社 2003 语言学概论 L.R.帕默尔 商务印书馆 1983 新编简明英语语言学教程戴炜栋、何兆熊 上海外语教育出版社 2010第二版,Text Books & Reference Books,Language L. Bloomfield， London: Allen and Unwin. Syntactic Structures N. Chomsky, 1957, Cambridge
2、 University Press. 新编语用学概要何兆熊，上海外语教育出版社，2000,Teaching Objectives: 1.What is Language？2.What is Linguistics？,一、语言的重要性 The Significance of Language,The Tower of Babel,1.语言是社会生产力2.语言是民族凝聚剂3.语言是知识的储备库4.语言是存在的家园,巴比塔（通天塔）语言力量故事公元前15世纪：文字地图（西-东）1. 古埃及: 象形文字2. 古巴比伦：楔形文字3. 古印度：哈拉本文字4. 古代中国：甲骨文字,腓尼基字母（22个）：字母
3、文字的源头罗马帝国：狄奥多西一世西罗马：拉丁语（天主教）东罗马：希腊语（东正教）腓尼基字母在欧洲大陆形成40多种文字中国仓颉造字：鸟兽蹄印中得到启发创造汉字孝文帝（北魏）：停鲜卑语，使用汉语,The Brief History of European Language 1. -15C, Pheonician established 22 alphabets on the basis of Egyptian hieroglyph. 2. -10C, Greek used pheonician alphabets to spell their language. 3. -7C, Romans es
4、tablished Latin spelling system from Greek letters. 4. 1-5C, With the rise of Roman empire, Latin spread over the whole Europe. 5. 475 A.D. Anglo, Saxon & Jutes came to GB. Anglos language is called Anglish, then A changed into E, thus forming English.,维特根斯坦： The limits of my language mean the limit
5、s of my world.,海德格尔：我们生活在语言的家园之中。语言是存在之家，人栖息在语言所筑的家中。 (语言是人类生存的家园),德里达：人类的言语行为蕴藏着人类自身最重 大的秘密。只有理解语言才能理解我们自己。,伽达墨尔：语言中蕴藏着人类无穷的奥妙。谁拥有语言，谁就拥有世界。,许国璋：21世纪将是语言的世纪。 赵世开：我们宁要第五代的计算机, 不如要第五代的语言学家。 伍铁平：1994年出版语言学是一门领先的学科,Ferdinand de Saussure,索绪尔,小王 看 电影 学生 学习 英语 孩子 吃 苹果,组 合 关 系,聚合关系,组合关系和聚合关系 Syntagmatic &
6、Paradigmatic,基本句型 SV SVO SVOO SVOC SVC,修饰成分 名词从句 定语从句 状语从句 独立结构 介词短语 副词,组合关系,主语 名词 不定式 动名词 名词从句,补语 名词 形容词 副词 不定式 动词短语 现在分词ving 过去分词ved 介词短语,宾语 名词 不定式 动名词 名词从句,谓语 及物动词 动词短语 短语动词 be+adj/ prep/n/adv,聚合关系,What is language ?Which do you prefer, a piece of paper or a house ? Most people will prefer a hous
7、e. But if the paper carries the words of certificate of ownership, it may be more important than the house itself. This is the wonder of language.,Language : as a tool: as a Platonic object : as a system or structure: as a semiotics: as a behavior: as a mental phenomenon,交际工具（语言技能）（1） 听 耳： 听力（2） 说 口
8、： 会话 口语（3） 读 眼： 阅读 精/泛（4） 写 手： 作文（5） 译 口/手： 翻译 笔/口 英汉/汉英,as a toolas a Platonic object as a system or structureas a semiotics The first 4 share something in common. Language exists as an object, independent of its speakers. Language exists in a dictionary and grammar. All speakers have access to a p
9、art of it. We can use logical, or mathematical approaches to language, without reference to its speakers.,4. As a kind of behavior: by Bloomfield Language is simply observable behavior, so, linguistics just studies what people say, without any reference to unobservable thought, cognition and meaning
10、. As a kind of use by Wittgenstein ,二、语言的定义,索绪尔把语言定义为由词项、语法和语音构成的系统：,Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Language is a system. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic(内在的) connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stand
11、s for. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” Romeo and Julier,据此，语言常被定义为:,以语音为物质外壳，以词汇为建筑材料，以语法为结构规律所构成的符号系统，是人类最重要的交际和思维工具。,三、语言的本质特征（Design features of language ） Language is uniquely human, distinguishes us so clearly from animals.,1) Arbitrariness 任意性 Arbitrary relationship between th
12、e sound of a morpheme and its meaning. a book buk a pen pen,a. Sound:bean bee lead v. / li:d / n. / led/sea year headbar garage material final finishrapid capable,b. Form tree water flower house,2) Duality 双重性Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning.,3)
13、Creativity 创造性 Language is productive in the sense that speakers of a language can produce and understand utterances that they have never heard before. 给力 xx控 xx哥 xx男xx体,4) Displacement 移位性 不受时空限制 Human language can communicate about things that are absent as easily as about things that are present.
14、,5) Cultural Transmission 文化传递性 This means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but that the details of the linguistic system must be learnt by each speaker. But if the human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language.,四语言的起源 (Origin of the la
15、nguage ) 希腊史学家Herodotus希罗多特斯在他的史记记载了: 世界上最古老的语言是腓尼基语。,“In the beginning was the word. ” “词是世界之源。” 约翰福音 “And the Lord said, Behold, the people is one, and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do.”(Genesis) Language probably developed in east Africa, around 100,000 yea
16、rs ago.,The theory to create language:(1) The bow-wow theory: In primitive time people imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment. Onomatopoeic words(拟声词) appeared.,(2) The pooh-pooh theory:Our primitive ancestors utter instinctive sounds of pain, anger and joy. Thus gave the so
17、und of interjections（感叹词）.,(3) The “Yo-he-ho” theory: As primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language.,五.语言的功能 （Functions of language）Informative function 信息功能 Interpersonal function 人际功能 Performative function 施为功能：
18、语言的行事性功能,Emotive function:感情功能 （表达功能） Phatic function:应酬功能（交感性功能）：语言社会交互性 Recreational (Evocative) function: 娱乐性功能 Metalingual function:元语言功能：讨论语言,六、语言三要素：1) 语音: 语音学，音位学,（汉语： 音韵学，等韵学等） 2）词汇：词汇学，构词学，词典学， 词源学，词义学 3）语法：（30多种）词法学，句法,七、语言学（Linguistics）,The scientific study of language. The beginning of m
19、odern linguistics marked by the publication of F. de Saussures book “Course in General Linguistics ”in 1916.,八、语言学的分支 (Different Levels),1. Phonetics 语音学2. Phonology 音位学3. Morphology 形态学4. Syntax 句法学5. Semantics 语义学6. Pragmatics 语用学,微观语言学：仅对语言材料进行分析的语言理论，如音位学、语法学、词汇学等，这是构成外围研究的基础。宏观语言学：指语言的外围研究，与各种人
20、类交际相关联的语言研究领域，包括心理学、社会学、人种学、法学、人工智能等，有学者有时将其称为语言学的边缘学科。,1. 哲学语言学、 逻辑语言学 2. 心理语言学 （语言学 心理学） 3. 社会语言学 （语言学 社会学） 社会L、人类L、文化L、民俗L、地理L、社会信息语言学、文化语言学 （语言学 文化研究）, 文化语义学，国俗语义学，etc.,4.数理语言学（统计语言学、计算语言学、代数语言学、工程语言学）5、人类语言学 （语言学 人类学）6、生理神经语言学（语言学 生理学 神经学） 神经计算语言学 （2代）、 心理、生理、神经、病理、生物,A.Descriptive & Prescriptive （描写与规定）B.Synchronic L & Diachronic L (共时L与历时L)Static L & Historical Comparative L.C. Langue & Parole（语言与言语）D. Competence & Performance（语言能力与语言应用）,Questions: 1. What is language? 2. What are design features of language ? 3. What is linguistics ? 4. What are the major branches of linguistics?,
