1、1Part 1. Early and Medieval English LiteratureEpic Beowulf 贝奥武甫 (the national epic of the English people) striking feature: alliteration 头韵, metaphors 暗喻 and understatements 低调陈述.BalladFolk literatureThe Robin Hood Ballads 罗宾汉民谣Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里乔叟1340-1400The Messenger of Humanism, the first Reali
2、stic writer, the founder of English poetry and master of English Language他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人长诗：翻译法语 The Romaunt of the Rose 玫瑰传奇; 改编意大利 Troilus and Criseyde 特罗勒斯与克丽西德小说：The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集 (英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作 )one of the monumental works in ELTCT is more than a mere collection of true-to
3、-life pictures. Taking the stands of rising bourgeoisie, Chaucer affirms men and womens right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises mans energy, intellect, quick of wit and love of life. His tales expose
4、 and satirize the evils of the time, as the degeneration of the noble, the heartlessness of the judge and so on. With especially formidable force Chaucer attacks the corruption of the church.Chaucers English, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. He is a master of word-pictures.Chaucers con
5、tribution to English poetry: 1.introduced from France the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet). 2.is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. 3.he make the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part 2. The English RenaissanceThomas Mo
6、re托马斯莫尔The greatest of the English humanists and the one of the forerunner of modern socialist thoughtUtopia 乌托帮 Greek words “no place” ideal commonwealth conversation between More and voyager HythlodayBook one: contemporary England labouring class poor, the rich greed and luxury, ruler eager for wa
7、rBook two: ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean property in held in common, there is no povertyFrom everyone according to his capacities, to everyone according to his need; separation of town and country; the importance of labour for every member.Edmond Spenser埃德蒙斯宾塞The Poets PoetThe Faerie Quee
8、ne 仙后 dedicated to Queen ElizabethThe Shepherds Calendar 牧羊人日记 mark the budding of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of EnglandMorden English. Spencer was the first master to make the language the natural music of his poetic effusions.Francis Bacon培根1561-1626The founder of English materi
9、alist philosophyFounder of modern science in England: Advancement of Learning 学术的进展; New Instrument 新工具 Inductive Method of reasoningFirst English essayist: Essay subjects: love, truth, friendship, parents The Jew of Malta 马耳他的犹太人(wealth); Doctor Faustus 浮士德博士(knowledge) humanist colour insatiable t
10、hirst for knowledge剧作意义：1.show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable appetite for power. 2.theme:praise individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law, and the convictions of the boundless possibility of human
11、efforts in conquering the universe. 3.the heroes are merely individualists. their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works. He first made blank verse the principle instrume
12、nt of English drama. His work paved the way for the plays of ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare莎士比亚1564-16161.he is one of the founders of realism in world literature.2.his dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation.3.his long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic a
13、rt thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting.4.he was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse.5.he was a great master of the EL. Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two great treasuries of the EL.The pop
14、ularity of S is a worldwide phenomenonThe Comedy of Errors 错误的喜剧; Hamlet 哈姆雷特/王子复仇记;The Taming of the Shrew 驯悍记 Measure for Measure 一报还一报/请君入瓮Loves Labours Lost 爱的徒劳; Othello 奥塞罗;Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶 tragi-comedy King Lear 李尔王;Macbeth 麦克白;A Midsummer Nights Dream 仲夏夜之梦 ; Antony and Cleopatra 安东尼
15、与克利欧佩特拉;The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人 Timon of Athens 雅典的泰门;Much Ado about Nothing 无事生非;The Mercy Wives of Windsor 温莎的风流娘们儿; Pericles 佩里克尔斯Julius Caesar 朱利亚斯 凯撒； Cymbeline 辛白林;As You Like It 皆大欢喜; The Winters Tale 冬天的故事;Twelfth Night 第十二夜 ; The Tempest 暴风雨;The Sonnets 十四行诗His drama relies not so much
16、 on characters as on witty speech and situation. His plays are poetical dramas. A great number of important dialogues and soliloquies in his plays assume the form of poetry.This period is Ss sweet and joyful time, in which he succeeds in portraying a magnificent panorama of the manifold pursuit of p
17、eople in real life. There is a great lift in characterization. HeroinesThe third period is mainly the period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”(give somber pictures of the world) . The tragic note is aggravated.The fourth period is the period of romantic drama. Henry Global TheatreThe Great Co
18、medies: A Midsummer Nights Dream 仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人;As You Like It 皆大欢喜;Twelfth Night 第十二夜The general spirit is optimism. Young people just freed from feudal fetters/youth love and ideal of happiness/humanist ideal/fight against destiny/mould their own fate. The Great Tragedies: Haml
19、et 哈姆雷特 a man genius, highly accomplished and educated, a man of far-reaching perception and sparking wit. 1.humanist/free from medieval prejudices and superstitions/cherish a profound reverence for man/firm belief in mans power and destiny. 2.love of man. 3.intellectual genius is outstanding/a clos
20、e observer of man and manners.Melancholy: character/penetrating habit of mind/impossible ideal/personal wrong Paradise Regained 复乐园; Samson Agonistes 力士参孙表面:to justify the way God to man/to advocate submission to the Almighty 实际:a revolt against Gods authorityAdam wrote greatest epic/influence is om
21、nipresent; master of blank verse; stylist/grand style; sublimity of thought and majesty of expressionJohn Bunyan班扬1628-1688The Pilgrims Progress 天路历程(religious allegory) 1678 出狱后 Vanity Fair 名利场Bunyan cherish deep hatred of both the king and his government. He saw and detested the injustice of laws,
22、 trials and judges. His prose is admirable. It is popular speech ennobled by the solemn dignity and simplicity of the language of Bible.John Donne约翰多恩Songs and Sonnets Devotions upon emergent Occasions(The founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry)John Dryden约翰德莱顿Father of E criticismAll for Love
23、 一切为了爱 An Essay of Dramatic Poesy 论戏剧诗（most famous prose composition）Restoration period/Model on literature of France/classicism prevailing/reason, law and orderHe was the forerunner of the English classic school of literature in the next century. Heroic couplet/ principle verse formPart 4. The Eigh
24、teenth CenturyJoseph Addison约瑟夫艾迪生Richard Steele理查德斯梯尔The Tatler 闲话者报 The Spectator 旁观者报贡献: 1.Their writing afford a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.2.They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century.3.The English easy had completely established itsel
25、f as a literary genre.Alexander Pope蒲柏Satire! An Essay on Criticism 论批评 ; The Rape of the Lock 卷发遇劫记; The Dunciad 愚人记Pope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest poet of the classical school in the first half the 18th century.Pope was a diligent reader. His style depends upon his great patie
26、nce in elaborating his art. Most important representative Jonathan Swift斯威夫特1667-1745Gullivers Travels 格列佛游记 gives an unparalleled satirical depiction of the vices of his age.He hated all kinds of oppression-political, economical and religious. But he cherished a great love for the people.Swift is o
27、ne of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous./ he seems to have no difficulty in finding words to express exactly the impression he wish to convey. In simple, direct and precise prose, he is almost unsurpassed in EL./ he is a master satirist, and his irony
28、is deadly.Danniel Defoe丹尼尔 迪福 1660-1731Robinson Crusoe 鲁宾孙飘流记 one of the forerunners of the English realistic novelsAttach great importance to the moulding of character and to education through the influence of varied environment/ is representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stage of
29、development/ does not condemn Negro-slaveryDefoe was a kind of jack-of-trades. Journalism Songs of Experience 经验之歌; The Marriage of Heaven and Hell 天堂与地狱的婚姻1.the whole temper of his genius was essentially opposed to the classical(=formalism) tradition of that age. 2.his revolutionary passion came ne
30、ar to that of Shelley.Blake is called a Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century.Robert Burns彭斯1759-1796National poet of Scotland Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect 苏格兰方言诗集 名诗:A Red, Red Rose 一朵红红的玫瑰;Auld Lang Syne他的诗歌：1.Burns is remembered mainly for his songs writ
31、ten in the Scottish dialect on a various of subjects. 2.Numerous are Burns songs of love and friendship, which describes the poets own emotions with such vividness and simplicity that they appeal directly to the readers heart. 3.patriotism 4.was an outspoken supporter of the French Revolution 5.symp
32、athy for the miseries of the Negro slaves transported from their African motherland to America. 6.achieved success in the field of satire. 7.characterized by humour and lightheartedness/optimism His great success was also largely due to his comprehensive knowledge and excellent mastery of the old so
33、ng tradition. His peasant origin and environment especially aided him in mastering the happy simplicity, humour, directness and optimism.Part 5. Romanticism in EnglandWilliam Wordsworth威廉华兹华斯1770-1850Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌谣集（与柯勒律治合编） marked the break with classicism and the beginning of Romantic reviva
34、l The Solitary Reaper 孤独的刈麦女; Above Tintern Abbey 丁登寺旁(lyrical hymn of thanks to nature)He based his poetical principle on the premise that “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”/ individual sensations, for example, pleasure, excitement and enjoyment as the foundation in
35、the creation and appreciation of poetry. Wordsworths poetry id distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language. It was his theory that the language spoken by the peasant was the best of all.George Gordon Byron乔治戈登拜伦1788-1824拜伦的诗在清末传入中国Childe Harolds Pilgrimage 恰尔德 哈罗德游记; Don Juan 唐璜 (1600
36、0lines long, in 16 cantos, written in ottava rima, each stanza containing 8 iambic pentameter lines rhymed abababcc)It is Byrons masterpiece, written in the prime of his creative power. His aim in writing it was “to remove the cloak which the manners and the maxims of high society throw over their s
37、ecret sins, and show them to the world as they really are”（揭去上流社会以冠冕堂皇的方式掩盖下的罪恶面纱，.让人们看到真实世界）He call this poem an “epic satire”, “a satire on abuse of the present state of society.(历史讽刺诗/对现今社会恶习弊端的绝佳讽刺 )Percy Bysshe Shelley波西比希雪莱1792-1822Queen Mab 麦布女王 a revolutionary poem condemning tyranny and exp
38、loitation and the unjust war waged by the rich to plunder wealthThe Revolt of Islam 伊斯兰的起义; The Masque of Anarchy 女王的假面舞会; Ode to the West Wind 西风/云雀颂Prometheus Unbound 解放了的普罗米修斯 symbolized the victory for mans struggle against tyranny and oppressions.The figure of Prometheus has been symbolic of th
39、ose noble-hearted revolutionaries, who devote themselves to the just cause of the people and suffer great pains at the hands of tyrants.小的时候：displayed a inclination for independent thinking and a strong love of literature/glorified freedom, exposed tyranny and expressed his sympathy for the oppresse
40、d.Byron called Shelley “the best and least selfish man I ever knew. Mrs. Shelley wrote: “Shelley loved the people; and respected them as often more virtuous, as always more suffering, and therefore more deserving of sympathy.”John Keats约翰济兹1795-1821Endymion 恩底弥翁;Isabella 伊莎贝拉 ;The Eve of Sanit Agnes
41、 圣爱尼节前夜; Hyperion 赫披里昂（未完成）Ode on a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂; Ode to a Nightingale 夜莺颂; Ode To Autumn 秋颂; Ode on Melancholy 忧郁颂Of the numerous short poems by Keats, the most important are his sonnets and odes.It is said that all Keatss personality seems to be breathed onto his odes,Poor, obscure and brutal
42、ly attacked during his short lifetime, Keats became well-known after death.Part 6. English Critical RealismCharles Dickens狄更斯1812-1870The Pickwick Papers 匹克威克外传 (the supreme epic of English life/nave youthful optimism);Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿( improbability/unconvincingness/sympathize miseries/not know re
43、sponsible);The Old Curiosity Shop 老古玩店Dombey and Son 董贝父子(open David Copperfield 大卫科波菲尔(favorite);Bleak House 荒凉山庄; Hard Times 艰难时世(frontal attack upon the whole moral and ethical system); Little Dorrit 小杜丽(imprisonment); A Tale of Two Cities 双城记(French Revolution/ where there is oppression, there i
44、s revolution/against privileged classes); Great Expectation 远大前程; Our Mutual Friend 我们共同的朋友Politically and ideologically, he was a Radical. He showed great concern about social problems, supported all proposals for social reform, advocated an increase of democracy in all spheres of life, and champio
45、ned the cause of the oppressed. His love for the working people is deep and sincere. As a novelist, he is remembered first of all for character-portrayal.Upper class“outcasts of humanity”; lower classhis enthusiastic readersWilliam Makepeace Thackeray萨克雷Vanity Fair 名利场(a classical example of social
46、satire up to the present day) BunyanPilgrims ProgressIn this novel Thackeray describes the life of the ruling classes of England in the early decades of the 19th century, and attacks the social relationship of the bourgeois world by satirizing the individuals in the different strata of the upper soc
47、iety.41811-1863 Rebecca/Becky Sharp: money-grubbing instinct/gifted/keen sense of humour and deep understanding of humanAmelia Sedley: a tame, sentimental but useless womanJane Austin简奥斯丁1775-1817Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见; Sense and Sensibility 理智与情感; Emma 爱玛; Mansfield Park 曼斯菲尔德公园;Persuasion 劝诫; N
48、orthanger Abbey 诺桑觉寺She is at her best in writing about young girls, because she understood them astonishingly well.Bronte Sisters夏洛蒂/爱米丽/安妮勃朗特1816-1855Charlotte Bronte: Jane Eyre 简爱 criticism of the bourgeois system of education (Lowoodobedient slaves for the rich)In her novels, Charlotte attacked
49、the greed, pretty tyranny and lack of culture among the bourgeoisie and sympathized with the sufferings of the poor people.Emily Bronte: Wuthering Height 呼啸山庄 hierarchy 等级制度Heathcliff is a rebel against the bourgeois matrimonial system/love crushed by the class prejudice/the oppressed becomes the oppressor/theme: a full human life in a capitalist society was impossible of attainment.Anne Bronte: Agnes Grey 艾格尼斯格
