1、生态学词汇:agroecology 农业生态学abundance 丰度,丰富abiotic components 非生物组分assimilate 同化assimilation 同化作用aquatic 水生的,水域的,水栖的aquatic ecosystem 水生生态系统algae 藻类,海藻ammonium 氨age structure 年龄结构area effect 面积效应atmospheric cycle 气相型循环ammonification 氨化作用acid rain 酸雨acid deposition 酸性沉降物asexual reproduction 无性繁殖aquacultur
2、e 水产养殖annual weeds 一年生草本abandoned field 废弃农田alternative energy sources替代能源adaptation 适应alternative farming 替代农作adaptative radiation 适应辐射aerobic respiration 有氧呼吸agroforestry 农林业alien species 外源种ancient forest 原始森林altitude 纬度anaerobic respiration 无氧呼吸arable land 耕地autotroph 自养生物aphid 蚜虫boundary 边界biot
3、ic components 生物组分biotic population 生物种群biotic community 生物群落biomass 生物量(用重量或能量单位表示)biome 生物群系,区域性生物群落类型boreal forest 北方针叶林beaver海狸biosphere 生物圈biological nitrogen fixation 生物固氮biological oxygen demand (BOD) 生物需氧量biotic potential 生物潜能(生殖潜能)biodiversity 生物多样性biogeochemical cycles 生物地球化学循环biological m
4、agnification 生物放大作用biotrophic parasite 活体寄生物biodegradable 生物能降解的biological control 生物防治biennials 两年生的biotic factors 生物因子birth control 生育控制broad-spectrum pesticides 光谱杀虫剂behavioral ecology 行为生态学biocoenosis 生物群落biotope (群落)生境cultivation 栽培,驯养climate change 气候变化carbonhydrate碳水化合物carbon cycle 碳循环Calcium
5、 carbonate 碳酸钙coral reef 珊瑚礁carrying capacity 环境容纳量clumped dispersion 成丛分布commensalism 偏利作用competitive exclusion 竞争排斥coevolution 协同进化camouflage 伪装climax community 顶极群落consumer 消费者carnivores 肉食动物canopy 冠层coniferous forest 针叶林convergent evolution 趋同进化clear-cut 采伐空地contour plowing 等高耕作crop rotation 作物轮
6、作cowbird 燕八哥carbon dioxide concentration二氧化碳浓度cellulose 纤维素closed system 封闭系统coexistence 共存courtship 求偶(期)crude birth rate 粗出生率compost 有机肥料,堆肥continental ecosystem 陆地生态系统distribution 分布decomposition 分解,腐烂,降解discipline 学科degradation 退化desertification 沙化,荒漠化deciduous forest 落叶林decomposer 分解者detritus 有
7、机残体density-independent controls 非密度制约density-dependent controls 密度制约distance effect 距离效应detritivore 食碎屑者detrital food chain腐生食物链deforestation 破坏植被;森林砍伐denitrification 反硝化作用deepsea fishery 深海渔业dominant species 优势种dilution effect 稀释效应ecological 生态学的,生态的ecology 生态学ecosystem 生态系统environment 环境environmen
8、talism 环境论,环境保护论ecologist 生态学家,生态学者earthworm 蚯蚓ecological efficiency 生态效率entropy 熵endothermic animal 温血动物,恒温动物ectothermic animal 冷血动物,变温动物El Nino 厄尔尼诺现象estuary 河口,江口ecosystem function 生态系统功能euphotic zone透光层ecological pyramid 生态金字塔ecosystem value 生态系统价值ecological niche 生态位exponential growth 指数型增长ener
9、gy flow 能流environmental reservoir 环境库evaporation 蒸发ecosystem modeling 生态系统模拟environmental gradient 环境梯度energetic trade-off 能量平衡equilibrium 平衡emergent 挺水植物,突出树丛epiphyte 附生植物extinction 灭绝exotic species 外来种endangered species 濒于灭绝的物种ecotone 群落交错区ecotourism 生态旅游external cost 外部成本ecological crisis生态危机fung
10、i 真菌first law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律food chain 食物链food web 食物网flux 流(量)fossil fuels 化石燃料fixed action pattern 固定行为模式fundamental niche 基础生态位feedback 反馈fern 蕨类植物flagship species 旗舰种feedback loop 反馈环floating-leaved aquatic plant 浮叶水生植物gross primary productivity(GPP) 总初级生产力grazing food chain 草牧食物链geol
11、ogical uplifting 地质抬升greenhouse effect 温室效应greenhouse gases 温室气体green revolution 绿色革命guild共位群grasshopper 蝗虫genetic drift 遗传漂变global warming 全球变暖geothermal power 地热能geographic isolation 地理隔离green manure 绿肥genetic diversity 遗传多样性hunter-gatherer society 狩猎-采集社会herbivore 草食动物hydrological cycle 水循环habita
12、t 生境human intervention 人类干扰humus 腐殖质hummingbird 蜂鸟habitat fragmentation 生境片段化heterotroph 异养生物herbcide 除草剂hazardous waste 有害废物hydrosphere 水圈homeostasis动态平衡interact 相互作用irrigation 灌溉individual level 个体水平infrared spectrum 红外光区industrial nitrogen fixation 工业固氮infiltration rate 渗漏速度inverted ecological py
13、ramid 倒生态金字塔impermeable layer 不透水层intraspecific competition 种内竞争interspecific competition 种间竞争intertidal zone 潮间带instinctive behavior 先天性行为inshore fishery 沿海渔业isotope 同位素ice-cap 冰盖,冰帽intermediate disturbance hypothesis 中度干扰假说inorganic fertilizer 无机肥料interplanting 间作integrated pest management 综合害虫管理i
14、sland biogeography岛屿生物地理学edge effect 边缘效应indicator species 指示生物infant mortality rate 幼体死亡率intercropping 间作invasive species 入侵物种infectious disease 传染病keystone species 关键种kinetic energy 动能K-strategists K-对策者landscape ecology 景观生态学Lindemann efficiency 林德曼效率lynx 猞猁,山猫life table 生命表life expectancy 平均寿命li
15、miting resource 限制性资源limiting factors 限制因子logistic growth 逻辑斯谛增长leafcutting ants 切叶蚁leaching 渗漏land-use planning土地利用规划law of tolerance 耐性定律law of conservation of energy 能量受恒定律Lyme disease 莱姆关节炎病lithosphere 岩石圈lentic ecosystem 静水生态系统management of ecosystem 生态系统管理mycorrhizal fungi 菌根真菌mineralization 矿
16、化作用marine system 海洋生态系统methane 甲烷mortality rate 死亡率mutualism 互利共生maximum fatal temperature 最高致死温度mimicry 拟态migratory birds 候鸟maximum sustainable yield 最大持续收获量marginal cost 边际成本marginal benefit 边际收益microclimate 微气候(小气候)matapopulation联种群minimum viable population 最小可生存种群nematode 线虫类natural resources 自然
17、资源net primary productivity (NPP) 净初级生产力nutrient cycle 养分循环nitrogen cycle 氮循环nitrogen-fixing bacteria 固氮菌nitrate 硝酸盐neutral interaction 中性作用nitrogen fixation 氮固定nitrification 硝化作用n-dimensional hypervolume n 维超体积niche separation 生态位分离necrotrophic parasite 尸养寄生物nonpoint source pollutant 非点源污染物nonbiodeg
18、radable 生物不能降解的native species 本地种nature reserves 自然保护区natural disasters 自然灾害organism生物体,有机体overgrazing 过度放牧organic matter 有机质open system 开放系统overlapping generations 世代重叠one-way flow 单向流动ozone layer 臭氧层ozone hole 臭氧空洞overexploitation 过度开发利用overfishing 过度捕捞optimal foraging theory 最适捕食理论oscillation 波动,
19、摆动oligotrophic (水域)贫营养的Omnivores 杂食动物oil spill 漏油productivity 生产力pathogen 病菌,病原体pesticide 杀虫剂photosynthesis 光合作用primary productivity 初级生产力photosynthetic efficiency光合效率predator 捕食者,肉食动物praying mantis 螳螂phytoplankton 浮游植物permafrost 永冻带(土)phosphorus cycle 磷循环parent material 土壤母质population demography 种群
20、统计学,人口统计学population density 种群密度spatial distribution 空间分布predation 捕食parasitism 寄生parasite 寄主,寄生者parasitoid 拟寄生物pioneer species 先锋种primary succession 原生演替prairies 草原primary producer 初级生产者precipitation 降水(量)photochemical smog 光化学烟雾population fluctuation种群波动periodic fluctuation 周期性波动prey 猎物preadapted
21、预适应的perennial weeds 多年生草本positive feedback mechanism 正反馈机制point source pollutant 点源污染物power plant 能源植物physiological ecology 生理生态学photic zone 透光层population dynamics 种群动态protist 原生生物resistance 抗性,抵抗力regulation of ecosystem 生态系统的调控respiration 呼吸作用,呼吸root nodule 根瘤red tides 赤潮random dispersion 随机分布resou
22、rce partitioning 资源配置(分配)realized niche 实际生态位remote sensing遥感restoration ecology 恢复生态学system 系统stability of ecosystem 生态系统的稳定性soil erosion 土壤侵蚀salinization 盐化(作用)solar energy 太阳能second law of thermodynamics 热力学第二定律species diversity 物种多样性sable 紫貂,黑貂seal 海豹standing biomass 现存生物量static life table 静态生命表
23、survivorship curves 存活曲线symbiosis 共生(体)succession 演替secondary succession 次生演替structure of ecosystem 生态系统的结构sedimentary cycle 沉积型循环surface runoff 地表径流soil acidification土壤酸化side effect 副作用solid wastes 固体废物shifting cultivation 迁徙耕作sexual reproduction 有性繁殖sexual maturity 性成熟seed bank 种子库sustainable farm
24、ing 持续农作sustainable agriculture 持续农业songbirds 鸣禽source population 种群源sink population 种群库secondary consumer 次级消费者spatial scale 空间尺度trophic 营养的trophic level 营养级tundra 苔原,冻土带temperate forest 温带森林tropical rain forest 热带雨林topography 地形temperature zones温度带thermal inversion 逆温territoriality 领域(性)tertiary c
25、onsumer 三级消费者temporal scale 时间尺度ultraviolet radiation 紫外辐射urea 尿素uniform dispersion 均匀分布urbanization 城市化visible spectrum 可见光区vertical structure 垂直结构weathering 风化waterlogging 水泽,涝water table 水位wetland 湿地,沼泽地warning coloration 警戒色watersheds 流域,水域water eutrophication 水体富营养化wastewater treatment 废水处理zooplankton 浮游动物zone of physiological stress生理紧张带zonation区划,分区(带)