1、第七讲 选义与选词,选义（理解层面） 词类；搭配；语境（语篇，逻辑）；文化背景选词（表达层面） 搭配；色彩（文体，感情）；文化,译例导入,I worked hard for nothing. Tom passed.我需要一根粗绳子。,译例分析,Work: 工作；志愿者；付出；解大便 Passed:死了；考试过了；没有叫牌；传球 Fat: a fat woman, a fat income, a big fat apple, fat lands,选义一：词类,Like attracts like. Like father, like son. I like jazz. It is not lik
2、e you!,物以类聚。 有其父必有其子。我喜欢爵士乐。 这可不像你！,选义二：搭配,英语学习的一个主要难点就在于词具有丰富多变的搭配，所以在翻译过程中一定要学会根据不同的搭配来判别单词的具体含义。,Man,man and animal man and woman officers and men the boss and his men man and wife,人类和动物 男人和女人 官兵 老板和下属丈夫和妻子,Run （1）,Run a car Run a factory Run short Run messages Run the street The machine runs wel
3、l Evil news runs fast. The play runs 4 weeks.,驾驶小汽车 办工厂 用完 送信 流浪街头 机器运转良好。 恶事传千里。 这出戏连演了四周。,Run （2）,Run across a friend Run for presidency Run into debts Run to extremes Run the risk of Run a thread through a needles eye The street runs north.,遇到一位朋友 竞选总统 欠债 走极端 冒的风险 穿针引线大街向北延伸。,Immediate,immediate
4、reply immediate boss immediate neighbor immediate family immediate interests,立刻答复 顶头上司 隔壁邻居 核心家庭 直接（眼前、切身）利益,Challenge (1),This is a challenge to the law. This poses a challenge to logic. a challenge to the governments authority a challenge to a theory,这是对法律的挑战。这简直荒谬绝伦。公然对抗政府权威对一项理论的质疑.,Challenge (2
5、),I challenge my own conclusion. Can you produce any proof to challenge the fact? The local press challenged the license of the driver.,我重新考虑我的结论。你能拿出证据来否认这一事实吗？当地报纸要求吊销那个司机的驾驶执照。,选义三：语境 （一）,英语一向被认为是适应性、可塑性较强的语言。 Eric PartridgeWords dont have meanings; people have meanings for words. “词本无义，义随人意” 。 N
6、o context, no text.没语境，不成篇。,选义三：语境 （二）,语境不仅仅指前后的搭配。 Because John did not marry Jane because he loved her. beat I am sure I will beat John this time.,选词三：语境（三）,When my turn came I was thinking hard about how to jump out properly, and not asking myself whether to jump or not. Then the green light went
7、 up, the man in front of me shot out; I clutched the sides of the door- way, for the air outside the plane seemed to be screeching past. One, two-the dispatcher was beside me counting with his arm like a boxing referee- then the order to jump, and looking fixedly ahead so as not to look down,I wrenc
8、hed with both arms.,语境分析,看到段落的第一句我们无法断定“jump”指的是什么意思，接着看到第二句里的shot out 依然一头雾水。直到看到第三句里的plane，我们才能断定原来这是在练习跳伞。因此整个一段文字可以翻译如下：,参考译文,轮到我的时候，我就一心想着怎样才能跳得好，而不是问自己是跳还是不跳。这是绿灯亮了，我前面的那个人一下子射了出去；我紧紧抓住门口的两侧，因为飞机外面的气流好像在呼啸而过。调度员就在我身旁，他像拳击裁判员一样挥动手臂数着一、二，接着便发出了起跳的命令。为了不朝下看，我两眼直视前方，抱紧了双臂。,选词三：语境（四）,Nothing defini
9、tive emerged- indeed, very little emerged. Conceivably, something was overlooked: Californian researchers are at present combing back over their data on the recent quake in more detail, and should report on what (if anything) they have found later this month.,语境分析,在这段文字里，作者首先提到了Nothing definitive em
10、erged，然后又强调very little emerged。那么这个“事情”指什么？直到看到quake我们才明白这是讲述跟地震有关的事情。有了这样一个语境，前面这段文字可以尝试翻译如下：,参考译文,但是没有出现什么明显的征兆，的确，根本就没有出现多少征兆。可以想象，一定是有什么情况被忽略了。所以加州的研究人员目前正在更细致地重新检查他们从最近的这次地震中收集的资料，并就发现的情况（如果有所发现的话）于月内提出报告。,选词三：语境（五）,There is a lot of luck in drilling for oil. The drill may just miss the oil alt
11、hough it is near; on the other hand, it may strike oil at a fairly high level.,参考译文,（at a fairly high level 不能理解成“在相当高的水平上”，按照逻辑关系，应该是“在较高的位置上，不用打的很深”，因此可以翻译如下：） 钻探石油有很大的偶然性。钻头可能到了离油很近的地方却没有碰到油；另一方面，也可能在相当浅的地方打出油来。,选词三：语境（六）,He showed me the proper way to warm milk for bottle-feeding lambs. It appea
12、red that milk warmed over the fire was liable to give them collywobbles, and the correct method was to heat a poker red-hot in the fire and stir the milk with it, repeating the process until the milk was warm.,参考译文,分析：appeared 在这里不能翻译成“好像”，因为从逻辑上讲appeared是揭示真相的，因此应该翻译成“原来”更加自然合理，同样and 也应该翻译成“所以”。 译文
13、：他教我用奶瓶喂羊羔应该怎样热奶。原来在火上热奶，羊羔喝了会肚子痛，所以，正确的做法是把捅火棍烧红，放到奶里搅动，这样反复数次，直到把奶搅热。,选义四：文化背景（一）,John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.1）约翰为人可靠。他不吃鱼，还玩游戏。 2）约翰为人可靠。他既忠诚又正直。,背景分析,在英国历史上新旧宗教派别之间的斗争十分激烈，旧教规定在斋日只许吃鱼，新教推翻了旧教后，新教徒拒绝在斋日吃鱼，以表示皈依新教，忠于新政。所以eat no fish 表示忠诚之义；play the game原是游戏比赛用语，表示“按规
14、则进行比赛” ，转义为“光明正大”、“为人正直”。,选义四：文化背景（二）,Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.(Thomas Jefferson, College English, Book 2),背景分析,杰斐逊是美国的资产阶级革命家，这句话集中体现了他反封建的民主思想。在他看来，报纸是
15、言论自由的代名词，因此在翻译时一定要充分考虑相关的历史和文化知识，作者的政治立场和语篇背景。如果译成“要一个政府不要报纸呢还是有报纸而不要政府”，大多数中国读者会感到疑惑：报纸不就是政府办的吗，干吗要对立起来？因此一定要把这句话里杰斐逊政治主张的核心内容翻译出来。参考译文见下页：,参考译文,我们是要一个没有言论自由的政府，还是只要无需政府管理的言论自由，如果让我决定，那我会毫不犹豫地选择后者。,选词,选义是理解的过程，准确的理解之后就是做适当地转换，选择恰当的词汇来表达。选词主要考虑三方面的因素：搭配 色彩（文体，感情） 文化,选词：搭配（一）,a love letter, a suicide
16、 letter a “Dear John” letter, a thank-you letter, a get-well letter a letter of condolence, a business letter,情书，绝命书绝交信，感谢信，慰问信唁函，公函,选词：搭配（二）,In every Chinese city, we got into the streets, shops, parks, theatres and restaurants. In case of emergency, please use the stairs instead of the elevator.,每
17、到中国一个城市，我们都逛大街，逛商店，逛公园，上剧场，下饭馆。遇紧急情况，请走楼梯，勿乘电梯。,选词：色彩（一）,a committed teacher a committed terrorist The great scientist made a persistent effort to search for the truth. John was annoyed by the persistent ringing of the phone.,兢兢业业 死心塌地执着的没完没了,选词：色彩（二）,We know what you have done. Mike is always tryin
18、g his best to flatter his boss. You are flattering me. I am flattered to make your acquaintance.,你的那些勾当，我们一清二楚。 您所做的一切，我们都铭记在心。讨好；拍马屁过奖荣幸,选词：色彩（三）,If you dare to play the fox with me, I will shoot you at once!,如果你敢跟我口是心非，我就要向你开枪了！ 你这点小九九还跟我玩？老子打死你！ 打马虎眼（玩阴的，不老实），毙了你！ 玩我？找死？ 诈？死！,巩固练习,In the gatherin
19、g dusk we made our way home. All these stone castles suggest ancient harmonies. Tombs and temples of ancient Egypt follow the Nile well into Sudan. Driving southward from Cairo into the Nile valley, I entered a landscape that owed little to the present era.,参考译文,天色渐渐暗了下来，我们动身回家。 这些石头城堡让人感到古代的和谐气氛。 尼罗河沿岸直到苏丹境内，到处可以看见古埃及的坟墓和寺庙。 从开罗驱车南行，进入尼罗河谷，这里的景色还没受到多少现代的影响。,
