1、Bankart lesion,Exeter,England Orthopedic surgeon Spinal surgeon Neurologist,Described Bankart lesion in 1923 Paper: Recurrent or habitual dislocation of the shoulder-jointJ.British Medical Journal,1923,(3285)1132-1133.,Anatomy,Anatomy,Anatomy,盂肱韧带的稳定作用与体位有很大关系,Bankart lesion,定义:盂肱关节的前下部结构包括盂肱关节囊的前下部
2、、盂肱下韧带的前束或前下部盂唇自肩盂边缘处撕脱,或伴肩胛盂骨折。,Classification,Fibrous Bankart lesion:关节囊破裂,盂肱韧带连同附着的关节盂唇从关节盂上撕脱。肩关节前脱位时最常见的是下盂肱韧带-盂唇复合体损伤,即经典的Bankart损伤,占创伤性肩关节前脱位的85%。,Classification,Bony Bankart lesion:下盂肱韧带盂唇复合体损伤同时伴有关节盂前下方的撕脱性骨折。Itoi等认为前下盂唇骨性缺损的宽度盂长度的21%会引起不稳1。,1Itoi,et al.The effect of a glenoid defect on ant
3、erior stability of the shoulder after Bankart repair:a cadaveric study.J Bone Joint Surg AM.2000 Jan;82(1):35-46.,Epidemiology,肩关节脱位约占人体脱位的50%,多发生于年轻人,人群发生率约2%,运动员中发生率约7%。 脱位后复发率高,尤其是年轻人,20岁以下患者初次脱位后再脱位的复发率超过90%2。 复发性肩关节脱位患者Bankart损伤的发生率为53%-100%3-6。,2Boyd HB,Hunt HL. Recurrent dislocation of the sh
4、oulder,the staple capsulorrhaphy.J Bone Joint Surg(Am),1965,47:1514-1520. 3Engebretsen L,Craig EvV.Radiologic features of shoulder instability.Clin Orthop Relat Res,1933,(291):29-44. 4Norlin R.Intaarticular pathology in acute,first-time anterior shoulder dislocation:an arhroseopie study.Arthroscopy,
5、1993,9:546-549. 5Taylor DC,Arciero RA.Pathologic changes associated with shoulder dislocations:arthroscopic and physical examination fingdings in first-time traumatic anterior dislocations.Am J Sports Med,1997,25:306-311. 6Hintermann B,Gachter A. Arthroscopic findings after shoulder dislocation.Am J
6、 Sports Med,1995,23:545-551.,Diagnosis,HistoryPhysical ExaminationImaging DiagnosisArthroscope,Physical Examination,Anterior apprehension,Imaging Diagosis,X-ray AP view True AP Scapular Lateral Axillary West Point View Apical-oblique view Stryker notch view,X-ray,AP view,X-ray,True AP,X-ray,Scapular
7、 Lateral,X-ray,X-ray,改良腋位,X-ray,X-ray,Apical-oblique view,X-ray,Stryker notch view,Imaging Diagnosis,CT,Imaging Diagnosis,MRI:对于韧带、盂唇及软组织诊断明显优于X线及CT。,Arthroscope,7Robert H.Cofeild. Diagnosis of shoulder instability by examination Uder Anesthesia.Clin Orthop,1993,(291):45-53.,Differential Diagnosis,B
8、ankart最早提出肩关节不稳定(SI)是指肱骨头不能保持在肩盂的中心位置,主要由创伤或非创伤引起的肱骨头的脱位、半脱位。 分前方、后方、多向。,Antertior Shoulder Instability,Pathological Mechansim: Skeletal injury Labrum injury Joint capsule injury Rotator cuff injury,Skeletal injury,Hill-Sachs损伤:肱骨头后上的骨或软骨缺损,由肩前下脱位时,肱骨头的后外侧与前下盂撞击引起8。复发性肩关节脱位患者的发生率31-80% 9 。,8Bost FC,
9、 Inman VT: J Bone Joint Surg 24:595,1942. 9Danzig LA,Greenway G,Resnick D.The Hill-Sachs lesions:an experimental study.Am J Sports Med,1980,8:328-332.,Labrum injury,Rowe提出盂唇损伤类型10 :盂唇从盂缘分离盂唇实质部撕裂严重磨损直至消失,10 Rowe CR,Patel D,Southmayd WW.The Bankart procedure:a longterm end-result study.J Bone Joint S
10、urg Am,1978,60:1-16.,ALPSA损伤,Anterior Labroligamentous Periosteal Sleeve Avulsion Lesion于1993年由Neviaser提出并命名,前下盂唇连同相应局部骨膜套袖状撕脱11。,11Neviaser TJ. The anterior labroligamentous periosteal sleeve avulsion lesion:a cause of anterior instability of the shoulder.Arthroscopy,1993,9:17-21.,GLAD损伤,Gleno-Labr
11、al Artic ular Disruption于1993年由Neviaser提出,为单纯前下盂唇的关节内损伤,不伴骨膜损伤,盂肱下韧带的止点常完整12。,12Neviaser TJ. The GLAD lesion:another cause of anterior shoulder pain.Arthroscopy,1993,9:22-23.,Perthes损伤,1906年,德国医生Perthes提出,是指肩关节前下盂唇及相应区域盂骨膜自肩胛盂的剥离,盂唇及骨膜的联系完整13。,13Perthes G. Ueber operationnen bel der habituell schult
12、erluxation Deutsch Z Chir,1906.85:199-277.,SLAP损伤,Superior Labrum injury from Anterior to Posterior,肩关节从前到后的上盂唇损伤,伴或不伴肱二头肌腱损伤。,HAGL损伤,HAGL损伤(humeral avulsion of inferior glenohumeral ligament)于1995年由Wolf等提出14。是指肩关节盂肱下韧带肱骨头止点处的撕脱性损伤。文献报道,HAGL损伤的发生率为9%-39%14,15。,14Wolf EM,Cheng JC,Dickson K.Humeral av
13、ulsion of glenohumeral ligaments as a cause of anterior shoulder instablility.Arthroscopy,1995,11:600-607. 15Bokor DJ,Conboy VB,Olson C.Anterior instability of the glenohumeral joint with humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament:a review of 41 cases.J Bone Joint Surg(Br),1999,81:93-96.,Labrum i
14、njury,Bankart损伤 Perthes损伤 ALPSA损伤 GLAD损伤 HAGL损伤,Rotator cuff injury,肩关节脱位病例中:肩袖损伤的概率为30%,其中16%为肩袖全撕裂,14%为肩袖部分撕裂。而且随年龄增长,肩袖撕裂发生率增加16。,16Hintermann B,Gachter A. Arthroscopic findings after shoulder dislocation.Am J Sports Med,1995,23:545-551,Treatment,保守治疗:对于年轻、运动员、创伤后的复发性肩关节脱位保守治疗效果不好,相反对老年、非运动员、非创伤后
15、的复发性肩关节脱位保守治疗有一定疗效17-20。,17Burkhead WZ Jr,Rockwood CA Jr. Treament of instability of the shoulder with an exercise program.J Bone Joint Surg Am,1992,74:890-896. 18Hovelius L, Eriksson K,Fredin H,Hagberg G,Hussenius A,Lind B,Thorling J,Weckstrom J. Recurences after initial dislocation of the shoulder
16、.Results of a prospective study of treament.J Bone Joint Surg AM,1983,65:343-349. 19Rowe CR,Zarins B. Recurrent transient subluxation of the shoulder.J Bone Joint Surg Am,1982,63:863-872 20Simont WT,Cofield RH. Prognosis in anterior shoulder dislocation of the shoulder.Am J Sports Med,1984,12:19-24.
17、,Treatment,经保守治疗无效时,切开手术是对于复发性肩关节前方不稳定的有效治疗方法。近年来文献报道显示关节镜下手术的效果已可与切开手术相媲美21、22。,21Kim SH,Ha KI,Cho YB, et al.Arthroscopic anterior stabilization of the shoulder: two to six-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am,2003,85:1511-1518. 22Potzl W,Kitt K,Hackenberg L, et al.Results of suture anchor repair o
18、f anteroinferior shoulder instability: a prospective clinical study of 85 shoulders. J Shoulder Elbow Surg,2003,12:322-326.,Treatment,切开手术非解剖型手术:Bristow-Latarjet:将喙突移位至肩胛颈解剖型手术Bankart修补术 关节镜下治疗,Bristow-Latarjet Operation,相对指征-盂肱韧带肱骨撕裂及关节囊撕裂-关节镜手术或切开手术失败-关节镜下热缩成形术失败 绝对指征-肩胛盂骨缺损(倒梨形)-关节囊缺损-关节镜下无法修复的肩袖
19、缺损,尤其是肩胛下肌的缺损-初次手术所致的肩胛下肌慢性损伤-巨大的Hill-Sachs损伤,23王蕾,庄澄宇,张伟滨,等. 切开修补关节囊盂唇治疗肩关节前方不稳定J.中华创伤骨科杂志,2006,12(8):1101-1104.,Bristow-Latarjet Operation,松解喙突尖时应注意保护肌皮神经,它于喙突尖下几厘米处穿过喙肱肌。,Bristow-Latarjet Operation,附着于喙突的肌肉,喙突尖,肩胛下肌,如果关节囊及盂唇从关节盂前缘剥脱,可用缝线或铆钉将其缝合于新的骨床,改良的Bristow-Latarjet Operation,翻起前关节盂唇的上、下瓣,转为点应
20、于关节盂下方是非常重要的。 在将喙突尖及其附着的肌肉穿过肩胛下肌的水平裂隙固定于肩胛颈之前,先间断缝合关节囊 不要去除肩胛颈的皮质骨,但要去除所有软组织并使其表面粗糙。,改良的Bristow-Latarjet Operation,改良的Bristow-Latarjet Operation,Bankart修补术,6、8、10点位置(左肩) 2、4、6点位置(右肩),Arthroscope,1982年Johnson首次施肩关节镜下Bankart修复术24。经关节盂修复可吸收螺钉缝合铆钉,24Detrisac DA,Johnson LL. Arthroscopic shoulder capsulor
21、rhaphy using metal staples.Orthop Clin North Am,1993,24:71-88.,Arthroscope,带线锚钉,无线锚钉压住,Treatment Options,开放性手术,VS,关节镜治疗,开放性手术VS关节镜治疗,争论无随机化研究先前的研究开放性手术VS经关节盂手术开放性手术VS可吸收钉,开放性手术,关节镜治疗,经关节镜手术修复Bankart损伤效果与开放手术相同,部分医师报道甚至好于开放性手术。,Complication,不稳定复发 神经血管损伤 术后肩关节活动受限 与内固定有关的并发症 术后肩关节疼痛 肩关节力弱 肩关节退行性改变,Rec
22、urrence,初次手术未能正确地修补Bankart损伤-骨性Bankart损伤,骨折累及范围不超过肩盂的25%,可行标准的Bankart修补术-骨折超过25%,关节盂呈倒梨形时,应行Latarjet术。 术后关节囊过度松弛 存在增大的肩袖间隙 原有治疗时未能正确诊断肩关节不稳定的方向,Summary,Bankart损伤是导致肩关节前方不稳定的必要因素,但单独的Bankart损伤往往不足以引起肩关节脱位,应注意合并症的诊断。 完善的体格检查及影像学诊断是必需的,能正确诊断肩关节不稳定的方向。 对于年轻的复发性肩关节脱位,有Bankart损伤的病人,手术治疗效果良好。 切开手术治疗Bankart损伤,疗效肯定,肩关节功能恢复良好,并发症少,再脱位率低,是理想的治疗方式。,Thank you For Your Attention!,