1、1随着 2009 年 6 月四六级考试的临近，同学们的复习也进入了最后的冲刺阶段。如何尽最大限度利用好这剩下的十多天时间提高自己的改错成绩。改错作为六级考试的重要组成部分,一直是很多同学比较头疼的一项,感觉要在那么短的时间内找出 10 个错误,实在不是一件容易的事.从得分情况来看,改错单项得分率一直不高,有的同学甚至表达了放弃的念头。改错到底有多难?从本质上说,改错就是考查考生最基本的语法,词汇(包括固定短语搭配)掌握情况, 难度应该是适中的,因此同学们一定得加强基本功的训练.但到现在这个阶段,“ 加强基本功”实在是不怎么现实,如何迅速提高同学们六级改错的正确率才是摆在眼前的首要问题.我通过对
2、 2004 年 1 月至 2007 年 1月全部改错题目的仔细分析,发现其命题有着很强的规律性,一些考点更是屡考不爽, 这就为同学们最后阶段迅速提高改错成绩提供了可能.笔者想通过本文来揭示六级改错题的一些命题规律,总结“7 大核心考点”,以期对同学们最后的冲刺复习有所帮助：1. 并列结构.这主要是指由 and 或 or 连接的几个并列成分在形式上必须保持一致.这一考点在历年六级改错中出现频率相当高,同学们要给予相当的重视.(1) At the heart of the NEA survey is the belief in(改成 that,同位语从句)our democratic system
3、 depends on leaders who can think critically, analyze texts and writing clearly.(07 年 1 月新六级改错第6 题)这里的 writing 显然与 think 和 analyze 并列,因此应该用同样的形式,所以应该改成 write.(2) Their experiments have shown that reading disorders are most likely the result of what is, in an effect(去掉 an,固定介词搭配)，faulty wiring in the
4、 brain-not lazy, stupidity or a poor home environment .( 06 年 6 月六级改错第 4 题)这里的 lazy 应该与 stupidity 和 a poor home environment 并列,因此该用名词形式 laziness.(3) Restrict yourself to one or two pages, and listing any publications or referees on a separate sheet.(06 年 1 月六级改错第 7 题)通过 and 将 restrict 和 listing 联系起来
5、表示并列关系,所以 listing 应该用原形 list.(4) How do you know how to act in a classroom,or a department store, or toward a person who smiles or laugh at you?(04 年 6 月六级改错第 9 题)这里的 smiles 和 laugh 肯定应该用同样的形式,而前面的 a person 又提示我们该使用第三人称单数,所以将 laugh 改成 laughs.2(5)Most experts believe this can continue even as if(去掉 a
6、s,这里 的 even if 表示即使)the population doubles by the mid-21st century, although feeding 10 billion people will not be easy for politics,economic and environmental reasons.(04 年 1 月六级改错第 6 题)同样,这里的 politics 应该改成 political 和 economic, environmental 并列。(6)Elsewhere, rice experts in the Philippines are pro
7、ducing a plant with few stems and more seeds.(04 年 1 月六级改错第 9 题)few 应该与 more 形成对应,所以应改成比较级形式 fewer. 2.A-A 型错误。所谓 A-A 型错误,就是指六级改错命题经常将形容词 (adjective)与副词(adverb)混淆.这时我们的任务就是将文中的形容词换成它的副词形式,或将副词换成形容词：(1)Science should not only be“fun”in the same way as playing a video game, but “hard fun”-a deep feelin
8、g of connection made possibly only by imaginative engagement.(07 年 1 月老六级改错第 10 题)我们都知道 make sth possible, possible 做为宾语补足语，那用被动语态就是 sth be made possible,所以这里的 possibly 应该改成possible.(2)Mass literacy is a relative new social goal.(06 年 6 月六级改错第九题)显然这里表示“相对地”意思,因此要将 relative 改成它的副词形式relatively.注意:rela
9、tive 改成 relatively 不是第一次出现了，在 04 年 1 月的改错题中也出现过。(3)A good CV is your passport to an interview and,ultimate, to the job you want.(06 年 1 月六级改错第二题) ultimate 在两个逗号之间，肯定得用副词形式 ultimately.(4)She says efforts are continuing to complete end the disease.(05 年 1 月六级改错第三题)complete 要改成副词形式 completely 修饰动词 end。
10、3(5)The WHO has given multi-drug therapy to patients freely for the last five years.(05 年 1 月六级改错第九题)可以看出这里 freely 想表示“免费的”意思,所以应该改成形容词形式 free.(5)Culture is essentially to our humanness.(04 年 6 月六级改错第 8题)be essential to 是一个固定搭配,表示“对.很重要”,所以 essentially应该换成形容词 essential.(6)Except for relative-isolate
11、d trouble spots like pres-ent-day Somalia(04 年 1 月第三题)显然应该用副词 relatively 来修饰动词过去分词isolated,表示“相对隔绝的”。注意:A-A 题错误有一种变体题型 AN.所谓 AN 题型, 就是指 A(adjective)与 N(noun)之间的混淆,举例如下：(1)Now what started in schools across the country is playing itself out on a nation stage and is possibly having an impact on the re
12、ading habits of the Ameri-can public.(07 年 1 月新六级第十题)“在国内舞台”应该是 on a national stage,在这里名词 nation 要改成它的形容词形式 national。(2)Understanding the original of the negative attit- udes towards science may help us to modify them.(07 年 1 月老六级第四题)表示“起源”显然要用名词形式 origin,这里用形容词 original 是错误的。3.逻辑错误.这种错误一般得根据上下文判断得出
13、,分析这么多年六级改错的逻辑错误,答案无一例外都是将文中某个用错的词(很多情况下是一个形容词)改成它的反义词或添上一个否定词,这里要求同学们掌握一些常用的否定词缀,如 in-,un-等等,因为有的形容词加上否定词缀就变成了它的反义词,举例如下:(1)the leaders of our country are unconsciously sending the message that reading may be connected to desirable activities that(07 年 1 月新六级改错第七题)desirableundesirable(2)The task of
14、 learning facts and concepts, one at a time, makes learning laborious, boring and efficient.(07 年 1 月老六级改错第八题)efficient inefficient.本题中 efficient和 laborious 与 boring 并列,根据并列成分意思一致原则,也可以推断出这里的efficient 应该换成它的反义词.(3)But in the Information Age, no one can get by with knowing how to read well and unders
15、tand increasingly complex material.(06 年 6 月六级改错第十题)withwithout.这里主语用了 no one 表示否定,而整个句子表4示肯定,所以后面必然要用一个否定词 without 与 no one 构成双重否定表示肯定。(4)Initial impressions are vital, and a badly presented CV could mean acceptance, regardless of whats in it.(06 年 1 月六级改错第三题)acceptancerejection(5)the person who is
16、 unfamiliar with the arts, music,literature, philosophy, or history.(04 年 6 月六级改错第六题) unfamiliarfamiliar(6)Except for relatively-isolated trouble spots like present-day Somalia, and occasional years of good harvests, the worlds food crisis has remained just around the corner.(04 年 1 月六级改错第四题)goodpoo
17、r/bad(7)Get someone to check for spelling and grammatic-al errors, because a spell-checker will pick up every mistake.(06 年 1 月六级改错第 6 题)根据上下文,这里应该表示“不能挑出每个错误”，所以在 pick up 之前要加上否定词 not.4.-ing 型与-ed 型改错题.此类题一般是动词后面少了 ing 或 ed,这种题经常出现,值得注意。-ing 型改错题分两种情况:(1)介词后面或某些动词后面跟着的动词需要使用该动词的-ing 形式(2)用一个逗号将一个动词
18、与其逻辑主语分开,该动词需要用-ing 分词形式,举例如下：(1)The House proposal would have barred the federal government from demand library records.(07 年 1 月新六级改错第三题)这里的 demand应该改成 demanding,bar/stop/prevent sth from doing 为固定搭配,介词from 后面的动词必须使用其-ing 形式。(2)As a result, too many kids passed through school without mastering the
19、 printed page.(06 年 6 月六级改错第 1 题)介词后面跟的动词通常都要加-ing 形式,所以这里的 master 应该改成 mastering.(3)Here are a few ways to avoid end up on the reject pile.(06 年1 月六级改错第 4 题)avoid 后面跟动词要加-ing,所以 end 改成 ending.(4)This modern treatment will cure leprosy（麻风病） in 6 to 12 months, depend on the form of the disease.(05 年
20、1 月六级改错第 8 题)一个逗号将 depend on 和其逻辑主语 this modern treatment 分开,因此 depend 要用其现在分词形式 depending.(5)Culture refers to the social heritage of a people-the learned patterns for thinking, feeling and acting that characterize a population or society, include the expression of these patterns in material things
21、.(04 年 6 月六级改错第一题)和上一题一样,这里的 include同样得用分词形式 including.5-ed 型改错:(1)If you have to send one, make sure it is one takingin a professional setting(06 年 1 月六级改错第九题)这里的 one 指代前文的 photo,我们都知道照相用 take a photo,所以这里的 one 和 take 应该表示被动关系,所以应该用 take 的过去分词 taken 做后置定语。(2)The rule here is to keep it factual and
22、truthful-exaggerations usually get find out.(06 年 1 月六级改错第 10 题)表示“被发现”显然要用过去分词 found out.注意:-ed 型改错从本质上说就是要能发现动词与其逻辑主语的关系,动词是施动者,而其逻辑主语接收动词发出的动作.这和被动语态实际上是一个道理,下面举几个被动语态的题:(1) The day the NEA report released.(07 年 1 月新六级改错第 2 题)这个报告被发表,所以在 report 和 released 之间要加上 was.(2) Studies indicate that many
23、girls are affecting as well-and not getting help.(06 年 6 月六级改错第 6 题)受到影响显然要用被动语态,所以 affecting 要改成过去式 affected.值得注意的是,affect 是改错命题专家比较偏爱的一个词,在 05 年 1 月的改错中考查了 effect 与 affect 的区别,大家对这个词要好好掌握。(3)The members of the alliance against leprosy plan to target the countries which still threatened by leprosy.
24、(05 年 1 月六级第 10 题)这里的 the countries 作为逻辑主语,与后面的动词 threaten 成被动关系,而且后面句子的形式 threatened by leprosy 也提示我们这里应该在 threate-ned 的前面加上系动词 are.5.单复数错误与主谓不一致错误。这个考点在六级改错中出现的也很频繁,同学们对这种错误也比较熟悉,做题时一定得仔细观察句子的主语：(1)Most education system neglect exploration, under-standing and reflection.(07 年 1 月老六级第五题)句子的主语是 educ
25、ation system，而前面的 most 和后面的 neglect 都提示我们这里主语应该是个复数,所以将 system改成 systems.(2)There is therefore a need for resources and methods of teaching that facilitates a deep under-standing of science in an enjoyable way.(07 年 1 月老六级第九题)这里 facilitates 前面跟的主语是resources and methods of teaching,主语是复数,所以根据主谓一致原则,要
26、把 facilitates 改成 facilitate。(3)New screening tests are identifying children at risk before they get discouraged by year of frustra-tion and failure.(06 年 6 月六级改错第 8 题)表示“多年的沮丧与失败”是一个复数的概念,因此要把 year 改成 years.(4)physical object like cooking pots, computers and bathtubs.(04年 6 月六级改错第三题)这里的主语是 physical
27、object，也就是后面的那么些东西, 因为不止一样东西,所以 object 得用复数形式 objects.(5)There is no guarantee that plant breeders can cont-inue to 6develop new, higher-yielding crop(04 年 1 月六级改错第 10 题)在形容词前没有不定冠词,所以可以认为这里的 crop 表示一个复数概念,因此用 crops.6.指代错误与冠词错误。同单复数一样,解指代错误题也要关注指代的对象到底是单数还是复数:(1)During the 1980s culture wars, school
28、 systems across the country pulled some books from library shelves because its content was deemed by parents and teachers to be inappropriate.(07 年 1 月新六级改错第 9 题)这里 its 指代前面的 some books，所以物主代词应该是 their而不是 its.(2)As a result, children memorize processes such asmathematical formulas or the periodic ta
29、ble, only to forget it shortly afterwards.(07 年 1 月六级改错第 7 题)，容易发现 it 指代前面的processes，因为是复数,所以该用复数的宾格 them.(3) At same time(06 年 6 月六级改错第七题)地球人都知道的 at the same time 是固定短语。(4) in first paragraph(06 年 1 月六级改错第一题)序数词前面要加the，这是初中的知识。(5) a number of leprosy cases around the world has been cut by ninety pe
30、rcent during the past ten years.(05 年 1 月六级改错第一题)表示数量多少应该用 the number of(6)The fast-growing populations demand for food,they warned, would soon exceed their supply(04 年 1 月六级改错第二题)这里的 their指代 population，而人口是一个单数的概念,所以物主代词要用 its.7.介词短语的考查。分析这几年的改错,这一考点几乎成了每次考试必考的知识点,但这个得靠各位的基本功了,因为事先无法知道要考查哪个介词短语.不过看
31、看这几年考过的介词短语搭配,我们可以发现其实都是一些最基本的,不会出现生僻的:in every region, oweto, in detail, in effect, for the reason, cause damage to, deal with, for instance.除此之外,强调句，同位语从句，定语从句，名词性从句以及时态和一些连词也常出现在六级的改错中。1.It was through his uncles influence which Philip obtained his A Bposition with the biggest oil company in the
32、country. C D2.Under no circumstances we shall stop the research we have been A B C Dconducting.3.Many people living in the countryside take it for granted that the 7A Bmore one has children, the more secure ones late years will be.C D4.It is high time that the unnecessary staff would be transferred
33、to A B Cthe workshop where they are needed.D5.The number of the tourists from within China have more than doubled A B Csince China adopted the open-door policy nearly 30 years ago.DClozeMuch of what is called “alternative medicine”is in fact much earlier in origin and use than orthodox medicine, and
34、 it adopts a more natural approach to healing. orthodox medicine_1_ people when they are ill, and lets 1. a. treats b. deals c. handles d. curespreventive measures take a _2_ place. 2. a. primary b. secondary c. first d. secondAlternative medicine will treat people _3_ 3.a. as b. when c. where d. un
35、tilthey are well and seeks to _4_ them from 4.a. prohibit b. avoid c. prevent d. turnbecoming ill.There are other _5_ between the two 5. a. differences b. similarities forms. Orthodox medicine mainly attacks c. variations d. comparisonsthe symptoms of the particular malady_6_ 6. a. of b. at c. on d.
36、 fromwhich the patient is complaining. The alternative _7_ treat the whole man, seeking 7. a. forms b. shapes c. symptoms d. patientsto _8_ his present condition to his whole lifestyle, _9_ may need to be 8. a. change b. relate c. alter d. turnchanged _10_ part of the cure to prevent a 9. a. that b.
37、 which c. what d. as_11_ of the illness. This approach is of course 10. a. to b. into c. as d. foralso _12_ to orthodox medicine students 11. a. recurrence b. occurrence c. cure d. reappearance_13_their early training but it is _14_ lost when 12. a. turned b. given c. taught d. subjectedthey go into
38、 general _15_. Alternative medicine 13. a. on b. in c. at d. byrejects synthetic drugs _16_ the main, seeking 14.a. soon b. immediately c. ever d. neverto use natural _17_ and to help the body to _18_ 15. a. medicine b. action c. hospital d. practiceitself. The methods are gentler in _19_ to the 16.
39、 a. for b. in c. at d. onpatient and less _20_ in their action on his 17. a. foods b. tools c. remedies d. materialsbody. 18. a. treat b. heal c. help d. recover19. a. approach b. fact c. general d. action820. a. violent b. tough c. rough d. terrificError CorrectionThe traditional view of motivation
40、 in language learning is to equatehuman motivation with that of donkey, desire for the carrot or fear of the stick; how motivation implies lack interest or laziness. Such a view, of course, 1_treats the learner as essentially unwilling to learn and needing to be set 2_moving by some external pressur
41、e. It clearly does not fit the 3_many kinds of “ self-motivated” learners, notably all pre- school children and a good many adult learners. To account 4_those cases some writers distinguish two kinds of motivation,integrative and instrumental. Integrative motivation is an emotional desire to master
42、language because one admires and wants to identify the target culture. Instrumental motivation 5_is the desire to learn because one needs to speak language (or 6_pass an exam which certifies that you can speak it) in orderto succeed in ones job or gaining promotion. The second of 7_these is more and
43、 less the carrot and stick re-stated as a 8_“need” for the skill. Supporters of a carrot-and-stick model of motivationcan point to the success of courses like those in Russian and Chinese runby the British Army at Crail.The servicemen on these courses had a relatively privileged 9_life with fewer pa
44、rades and lighter discipline than the majority 10_of soldiers. They knew, however, that if they failed a Saturday test they would be sent back to basic training on the Monday.As a teenager, Henry Ford loved to fix pocket watches. He will open up the backs and poke around in- 1_would_side that marvel
45、ous universe of balance wheels, springs,and gears, then put them all together again to witnessthe miracle of their motion synchronized to (与。 。 。同步 )the spinning of the Earth itself. Mass-produced9watches were one of the highest achievements of 19th-century ingenuity. In the 1700, the English invent
46、or 2_1700s_John Harrison had labored for a lifetime to make a singleclock accurate to keep time on an ocean voyage; Ford, 3_enough_before he devoted himself to the motorcar, calculated he could build watches by the millions on a cost of about 30 4_at_cents each although he doubted that many people w
47、ouldnever need to own to own one. 5_ever_If he is alive today, Ford would find the world 6_were_awash in clocks and watches, silently blinking away theminutes of the night from every coffee-maker and microwave oven, but the exercise of taking them apartwould be pretty unrewarding. He would see(even
48、on ananalog clock, the kind with hands and s dial) only abattery clip and its two wires disappearing into a plasticbox, a few plastic gears and a small elctric motor. theheart of a thing is a piece of quartz crystal oscillating 7_the_(震荡)， invisibly, on a circuit board. Not muchthere to tinker with, if you happen to have an 8_unless_oscilloscope ( 示波器 ) handy. But why bother? Theassembly-line techniques Ford himself pioneered have m
