1、Measurements of background electromagnetic fields in human environment 人类环境背景电磁场的测量T. Trcek1, 3, B. Valic2, 3 and P. Gajsek3 T. trcek1、3、B 3和gajsek3 valic2，P.1 University of Ljubljana/Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia 1卢布尔雅那大学电气工程学院，卢布尔雅那，斯洛文尼亚2E-NET Okolje, Ljubljana, Slovenia
2、2e-net okolje，卢布尔雅那，斯洛文尼亚3Institute of Non-ionizing Radiation, Ljubljana, Slovenia 非电离辐射，卢布尔雅那研究所，斯洛文尼亚Abstract An extensive measurement campaign was car-ried in Slovenia to evaluate background electromagnetic field intensity in different living environments. As electromagnetic field meter personal
3、exposure meter Antennessa DSP 090 with analysis software for data processing and analysis was up-graded with commercial GPS receiver and custom made data logger unit to save geographical data of the measurements. 摘要：广泛的测量活动进行评估的背景下，斯洛文尼亚的电磁场强度在不同的生活环境。作为电磁场计的个人曝光计090 antennessa DSP进 行数据处理与分析软件分析了不同商
4、用GPS接收机和定制数据记录器单元保存地理数据的方法概述。Using this measuring system, mounted on a car roof or bici-cle, eight locations across Slovenia were measured: cities Ljubljana and Maribor, part of city Kranj, part of city Koper with nearby villages Labor, Hrvatini and Tinjan and village elje near Ilirska Bistrica. The
5、 measured frequency spectrum was limited to GSM, DCS, UMTS, FM and TV signals. 使用该测量系统，安装在车顶或自行车，斯洛文尼亚各地的八个地点进行了测量：城市卢布尔雅那和马里博尔市克拉尼部分城市科佩尔和附近村庄的一部分劳动，hrvatini和tinjan elje伊利尔斯卡比斯特里察附近村 。测得的频谱是有限的GSM，DCS，UMTS， FM和TV信号。From the results it is clear that typical electromagnetic field exposure is low. Max
6、imum values merely reach 3 % of refer-ence levels for I. region of Slovenian legislation, which is 0,3 % of ICNIRP reference levels for general public. The only excep-tion is Tinjan, where radio tower is located. Measurements done in the vicinity of this radio tower exceeded 5 V/m, which is upper de
7、tection limit of measuring system. 从结果很显然，典型的电磁场暴露是低。最大值仅仅达到3%的参考水平，即斯洛文尼亚立法的地区，这是0.3% ICNIRP R一般公共参考水平。唯一的例外是 tinjan，无线电塔位于。在这座无线电大楼附近做的测量超过5伏/米，这是上限检测限测量系统。The results of this measurement campaign will be presented on interactive map, open to general public through internet, where everyone will be
8、 able to obtain the measured values of every single measurement. 这个测量活动的结果将在互动地图，通过互联网面向公众，人人都能得到的每一个测量的测量值管理。Keywords Antennessa DSP 090, Electromagnetic fields, 关键词：antennessa DSP 090，电磁场，Dosimetry 剂量学I. INTRODUCTION 一、引言In modern lifestyle we are exposed to many different en-vironmental factors:
9、physical, chemical and biological fac-tors from environment, which have great impact on our quality of life. At the same time public wants to have the information about quality of living environments. Both these factors stimulate different measurement campaign, inbetween also of background electroma
10、gnetic fields. 在现代的生活方式，我们接触到许多不同的环境因素：物理、化学和生物的环境因素，这对我们的生活质量影响很大。同时，我公众想要有关于生活环境质量的信息。这些因素都刺激不同的测量活动，同时背景电磁场之间。Measuring background electromagnetic field (EMF) is an effective way to determine the overall exposure of general public to EMF. At the Institute for Non-ionizing radiation we used person
11、al dosimeter with commercial name Anten-nessa DSP 090 for this purpose 1. It is an example of selective instrument for measuring personal exposure to EMF through a longer time period. To expand the function-ality of the personal dosimeter we connected it to the cus- 测量背景电磁场（电动势）是确定一般公众对电动势的整体接触的有效途径
12、。在非电离辐射所采用的个人剂量计商业名称天线Nessa DSP这 一目的090 1 。这是一个选择性的仪器测量个人暴露于电磁场通过较长时间的例子。扩展的功能下Y的个人 剂量计我们连接到客户 223测量背景电磁场（电动势）是确定一般公众对电动势的整体接触的有效途径。在非电离辐射所采用的个人剂量计商业名称天线Nessa DSP这 一目的090 1 。这是一个选择性的仪器测量个人暴露于电磁场通过较长时间的例子。扩展的功能下Y的个人 剂量计我们连接到客户 测量背景电磁场（电动势）是确定一般公众对电动势的整体接触的有效途径。在非电离辐射所采用的个人剂量计商业名称天线Nessa DSP这 一目的090 1
13、 。这是一个选择性的仪器测量个人暴露于电磁场通过较长时间的例子。扩展的功能下Y的个人 剂量计我们连接到客户- tom made data logger with GPS receiver. It allowed us to measure background EMF in human environment to deter-mine the real exposure of general public to EMF in different living environments in Slovenia. 汤姆与GPS接收机的数据记录器。它允许我们衡量人的环境背景电势确定公众电磁场暴露的
14、真正不同的生存环境在邋遢IA。Final goal of this research was to represent measurements as an array of points on an interactive map. The color of the points is an indicator of the real value of measured EMF, which is obtained by clicking on the point. In the future, the results will be available on internet. 本研究的最
15、终目标是代表测量的一个数组的互动地图上的点。点的颜色是一个指标的实际值的测量电动势，这是通过舔点。在未来，结果将可在互联网上。II. MATERIALS AND METHODS II。材料与方法For EMF measuring specific measuring systems and methods are needed. One of such systems for selective EMF exposure measurement is Antennessa DSP 090. Figure 1 shows selective EMF measurement with Antenn
16、essa DSP 090, where contribution for each component of the EMF spectrum is shown. 对于电动势测量特定的测量系统和方法是必要的。一种选择性的电磁场暴露测量系统是antennessa DSP 090。图1显示了选择性的电动势测量与蚂蚁ennessa DSP 090，其中的每个组件的贡献是证明电磁频谱。Personal exposure meter used as a measurement sys-tem for measuring background of EMF in human envi-ronment ne
17、eds to be upgraded with GPS module and data logger unit to save the geographical coordinates of the measurements. Whole measurement system includes dosimeter Antennessa DSP 090, commercial GPS receiv-ing module and custom made logger module used for GPS data storing and managing GPS module. Part of
18、measurement system is also software installed on per-sonal computer, handling measured data. All system components are shown in figure 2. 个人暴露量表作为测量系统用于测量电动势在人类环境背景需要升级与GPS模块和数据记录器单元保存的地理坐标测量系统。整个测量系统包括剂量计antennessa DSP 090，商用GPS接收模块和定制的用于GPS数据存储和管理的GPS模块采集模块。测量系统的一部分也安装在个人计算机软件处理测量数据。所有系统组件如图2所示。Fi
19、gure 1: Selective EMF measurement with DSP 090 图090：数字信号处理器的选择性电动势测量1T. Jarm, P. Kramar, A. upani (Eds.): Medicon 2007, IFMBE Proceedings 16, pp. 222225, 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007 T. Jarm，P. Kramar，A.upani（主编）：介质2007、国际诉讼16，pp. 222225、2007 施普林格出版社柏林海德堡 2007Measurements of backgrou
20、nd electromagnetic fields in human environmentA. Antennessa DSP 090Antennessa DSP 090 is personal exposure meter for per-sonal EMF. Measurement is focused on FM, TV and wire-less communications as mobile phones and their base sta-tions. These signals are main players and contribute the major part of
21、 EMF in urban environment. Measurement is selective within each frequency band. Main characteristics of Antennessa DSP 090 are: antennessa DSP 090个人曝光表为个人的电动势。测量的重点是调频、 电视和无 线通讯手机及其基站。这些信号是主要的球员在城市环境中贡献的主要部分。测量是在每个 频率波段选择性。 antennessa DSP的090个主要特征：registering EM signal 24 hour per day in adjustable
22、intervals; 注册电磁信号24小时，每天可调时间间 隔；insensibility to interferences with user activity; 麻木与用户活动的干扰；40dB dynamic range with sensitivity 0,05-5V/m; 敏感性0,05-5v / M 40dB动态范围；isotropy; 各向同性；FM, TV, GSM, DCS and UMTS frequency range; 调频、 电视、 GSM、DCS和UMTS频率范围；distinction between base and subscriber station; 基站和
23、用户站之间的区别；adjustable sampling interval from 3 to 255 seconds; 可调采样间隔从3秒到255秒；memory autonomy for 7000 measurement records; 7000测量记录的记忆自主权；few days battery autonomy; 几天电池自主权；small size and weight (450g). 体积小、重量轻（450g）。B. GPS module B. GPS模块GPS model consists from two parts. First part is a com-mercial
24、 GPS receiving module for receiving satellite signal and determining geographical coordinates. Second part is data logging and managing unit, used for mange GPS receiv-ing module and logging GPS data. This unit was developed according to our requirements. Our basic requirements were: 全球定位系统模型由2部分组成。
25、第一部分是一个商 业GPS 接收模块接收卫星信号，确定地理坐 标。第二部分是数据记录和管理它用于处理GPS接收模块和日志记录的GPS数据。这个单位是根据我们的要求开发的。我们的基本要求是：memory autonomy comparable to DSP 090; 记忆自主权与数字信号处理器090；data should be stored permanently (flash card); 数据应永久保存（闪存卡）；battery autonomy comparable to DSP 090; 电池自主权与数字信号处理器090；Figure 2: Measurement system 图2：
26、测量系统Considering all mentioned criterion we chosen following places for our measurement: Ljubljana, Maribor, part of Kranj, part of Koper with nearby villages: Labor, Hrvatini and Tinjan and elje near Ilirska Bistrica. 考虑上述准则，我们选择了以下 为我们测量的地方：卢布尔雅那、马里博尔、部分语与附近村庄科佩尔部分：劳动、hrvatini和tinjan和附近elje伊犁RSKA比斯
27、特里察。The most part of measurements was realized by car with measurement system mounted on roof carriers. Some parts of Ljubljana with prohibited car traffic were measured by bicycle. 测量系统中最重要的部分是在屋顶的载体上安装测量系统。卢布尔雅那市部分地区禁止汽车交通量进行自行车测量。During measurements occasional transfer of recorded data to compute
28、r was necessary due to the safety reasons. Data from dosimeter are written in a .mes format recognized by Antennessa software. Software allows exporting data to standard MS Excel format. Coordinates from data logger 在测量过程中偶尔的记录数据传输到计算机是必要的，由于安全原因。数据从剂量计用。MES格式antennessa软件识别。 软件重新允许导出数据以标 准格式的格式。从数据采
29、集器的坐标geographical coordinates from GPS should be conver- unit are stored in .txt format and must be combined with 地理坐标的GPS应该收敛单元存储在txt 格式，必须结合ted to Gauss-Krueger coordinates; 泰德高斯克鲁格坐标；DSOP 090 LED synchronization pulse should be used to trigger pulse for data logging; 090个LED同步脉冲DSOP 应用于触发数据记录脉冲；s
30、upported connectivity with PC. 支持与PC的连接。C. Measurements and data processing 测量和数据处理Prior to starting measurements the locations for meas-urements were defined. To obtain representative sample it is necessary to cover enough population as well as to include different living environments and EMF sourc
31、es. Including large cities we included enough population and different EMF sources. But measurements in cities only are not rep-resentative enough and rural areas should be included too. In rural areas it is appropriate to include areas with at least one strong source of EMF. 开始测量，确定了测量的位置之前。为了获得代表性
32、的样品需要足 够的人群以及不同的生活环境，包括盖NTS和电动势源。包括大城市，我们有足够的人口和不同的电动势源。但测量城市只不代表足够的农村应包括TOO。在农村地区，它是适当的，包括至少有一个强大的电动势源区。Excel data after transfer to computer. Excel数据传输到电脑后。After combining, data without pairs value-coordinate were eliminated. It was also necessary to filter all measure-ments that are too close. We
33、 decided to filter out all meas-urements that are less then 20 meters apart. Program code for filtering was done by MS Visual Basic. It first calculates distance from one measurement to each other and then eliminates all measurements that are closer then 20 meters to comparable measurement. In princ
34、iple each measurement has to be compared to each measurement, therefore number of comparisons rises with the square of measurements. 结合后，消除了数据没有对值坐 标。同 时也需要过滤，太接近的所有措施。我们决定过滤出所有测量都少20米外。程序代码进行过滤是由微软的视觉基本。它首先 计算距离从一个测量，然后消除所有 测量，是接近20可比测量仪表。在原则上，每一个测量都必须与每一个 测量值相比较，因此，比较的数量与测量的平方的平方。For instance, in
35、Ljubljana where more then 12000 meas-urements were acquired, 144 million of comparisons are needed. Calculation time was approximately half an hour. After filtering, measurement points were drawn into graph for fast survey. For Ljubljana, graph is shown in figure 3. 例如，在卢布尔雅那，超过12000测量获得，1亿4400万的比较是
36、必要的。计算时间约为半小时。滤波后测量点图为快速调查。对于卢布尔雅那，图如图3所示。_ IFMBE Proceedings Vol. 16_224 T. Trcek, B. Valic and P. Gajsek10600010400010200010000098000458000 460000 462000 464000 466000 468000Figure 3: Graphically presented filtered measurement pointsThe accuracy of filtered measurement points was verified on The E
37、nvironmental Agency, Ministry of the Environ-ment and Spatial Planning of the Republic of Slovenia. Coordinates obtained from GPS device always have some deviation, which is normally less than 1 m. In the case of inappropriate position of visible satellites deviation arises. Several measured points
38、with obviously wrong position were displaced to the most credible position; those with doubtful position were deleted. An example of filtered and corrected measurements is shown in figure 4. 他过滤的精度测量点在环境机构验证的环境和空间规划部斯洛文尼亚共和国。从全球定位系统获得的坐标总是有一些偏差，通常不到1米。在不适当的位置的情况下，可见卫 星出现偏差。几个测量点，显然是错误的位置用最可靠的位置；那些可疑
39、的位置被删除。如图4所示，一个滤波和校正测量的例子。When multiple frequency and/or source exposure is pre-sent Slovenian legislation 2 directs that all measurement results must be converted from V/m to percent of maximum values defined. Safety index SI is calculated using equation: 当多个频率和/或暴露源是预先给斯洛文尼亚立法 2 指示，所有 测量结果必须从伏 /米转
40、换成最大值定义。安全指数用方程计算：Figure 4: Measurement points represented on mapSI= (Ei/Emi)2, (1)_ IFMBE Proceedings Vol. 16_Measurements of background electromagnetic fields in human environment 225where SI is safety index in percents, Ei is measured value of frequency component and Emi is maximum allowed value
41、of frequency component. 其中Si是百分比的安全指数，EI是频率成分和EMI 测量值是频率分量最大允许值。Maximum allowed value Emi is frequency dependent and has two values at each frequency. Slovenian legislation 2 differentiates the area between I. region area and II. region area. II. region area is where normal EMF exposure is al-lowed
42、and is the same as ICNIRP reference levels for gen-eral public 3. I. region area is where safety is increased, which means that allowed EMF exposure is decreased for factor 10. For measured frequency bands the values of Emi in V/m are shown in table 1. 最大允许的值，电磁干扰是频率依 赖性的，并具有 2个值在每个 频率。斯洛文尼亚立法 2 区分I
43、区和II区之间。区域面积。II 。区域面 积在正常的电磁场暴露允许和为代艾莱依公 3 ICNIRP参考水平相同。一、区域安全性提高，这意味着允许电动势 的曝光量减少10因素。 对于测得的频率波段的电磁干扰的值在伏/米显示在表1。III. RESULTS 三、结果Measuring system consisting from Antennessa DSP 090, GPS receiving module and data logger was used to measure background EMF in human environment at 8 different location
44、s across Slovenia. Totally almost 20000 measurements were captured. For each measurement fol-lowing data were stored: EMF value for six different fre-quency ranges, coordinates, date and time. After the filtra-tion (locations closer than 20 meters were excluded) 12059 measurements remained. 从090 ant
45、ennessa DSP组成的测量系统、GPS接收模块和数据记录器是用来测量在8个不同的地点在斯洛文尼亚的人文环境背景电磁场。几乎完全20000测量被抓 获。 对于每个测量以下数据存 储：电动势值为六个不同的频率范围、坐标、日期和时间。的过滤后（接近的地方20米之外）12059测量仍然保持。For majority of locations the most important EMF source is GSM system with FM signals close. For Ljubljana maxi-mum GSM signal was measured in Ljubljana-To
46、macevo, where electric field strength was 2.28 V/m, or 3.1 % of I. region area reference levels 2. Close to this was maximum FM signal, measured at Ljubljana Castle. Nearby there is radio diffusion system located and measured electric field strength was 1.57 V/m or 3.3 % of I. region area reference
47、levels. Average values show that the most part of overall EMF exposure is contributed by GSM system. In Ljubljana average value of GSM signal is 0.127 V/m, or merely 0.01% of I. region area reference level. 对于位置最重要的电动势源与FM信号的GSM系统多数关闭。 卢布尔雅那最大的GSM信号是在卢布尔雅那tomacevo测量，在电场强度为2.28伏/米，或3.1% 的一个区域的参考水平 2
48、。接近这是最大的调频信号，测量在卢布尔雅那城堡。附近有无线电扩散系统，并 测得电场强度为1.57伏/ 米或3.3%岛地区的参考水平。总体平均 值表明，电磁场暴露大部分是由GSM系统。在 GSM信号的平均值，我的卢布尔雅那的0.127伏/米，或仅0.01% 的一个区域参考水平。The results in Maribor are similar to those in Ljubljana. The value of maximum FM signal is 0.42 V/m or 0.42% of I. region area reference levels 2 and was measure
49、d nearby radio diffusion system in Tezno on Nikova street. In the frequency range of GSM signals two equivalent maximums 在马里博尔的结果是类似于那些在卢布尔雅那。最大 调频信号的值是0.42伏/平方米或0.42%的区域参考水平 2 ，并在附近的无 线电扩散系统测量ezno nikova 街上。在GSM信号的等效值的频率范围Table 1: Maximum allowed value of EMF in V/mfrequencyarea I. region area II. region areaFM 8.6 27.5TV 3 8.6 27.5TV 4 & 5
