1、独创性声明本人声明所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果,尽我所知,除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外,论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果,也不包含本人为获得包头师范学院或其它教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示感谢。签名:吕喜林 日期: 2010 年 5 月 6 日关于论文使用授权的说明本学位论文作者完全了解包头师范学院有关保留、使用学位论文的规定:包头师范学院有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和磁盘,允许论文被查阅和借阅,可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检
2、索,可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存、汇编学位论文,并且本人电子文档的内容和纸质论文的内容相一致。保密的学位论文在解密后也遵守此规定。签名: 导师签名:日期:2010 年 5 月 8 日“秦汉和隋唐政权对阴山地区的控制内 容 摘 要阴山地区是中原农耕文化和北方游牧民族的地理分界线和过渡地带,是历史上南北两种不同文化相互冲突和交融的重要地区,在中国历史上,这一地区对中原各个政权的边疆稳定和内外政策产生直接而巨大的影响。秦汉和隋唐是中国历史上两大强盛时期,同时北方出现了强大的匈奴、突厥等政权。中原的政权和北方少数民族政权互相对峙,在阴山区域展开激烈的争夺和控制。围绕控制和反控制,秦汉政府和隋
3、唐政府利用强大的军事力量,不断反击着北方游牧民族的进犯和掠夺,在击败北方政权之后,为有效加强对这一地区的控制,先后在此开边设郡,设置行政机构,加强行政管理。主要是表现为在控制这一区域后设置与内地相同的郡县,委任官吏,实施统治。对归顺的少数民族则妥善安置,设置如五属国、度辽将军、羁縻府州、都督府等军政合一的机构,有效加强对这一地区的监督和管理。在经济上主要是通过移植人口、兴修水利、发展屯垦、开发农业、开设互市等措施,促进了阴山地区经济的开发,巩固了边疆的稳定。军事上通过战争交锋消灭其主力、修筑长城亭障以相互隔离、修筑城镇派兵驻扎以加强防御、分化瓦解以夷御夷等手段,以实现边疆稳定,确保内地的和平安
4、稳。王子今在评价河套地区的历史地位时说的:河套地区是汉匈军事争夺的焦点,是中原王朝控制后经济开发的新区。是汉军北征的基地,是民族交往的走廊。”这句话同样适用于对阴山地区历史地位的评价。但秦汉时期和隋唐时期由于所处的历史文化环境不同,面临的民族问题有别,在维护北方边疆和对阴山地区的管理过程中,秦汉和隋唐对阴山地区的管理和控制有共同的地方,如开国之初在国力不强,内政不稳的情况下多数都以和亲等手段争取时间,积蓄力量,伺机反击。但一旦解决内部政局之后,都会竭力反击,通过军事力量的打压,消灭北方各族主力,再加以招降安抚,并实行以夷制夷的分化瓦解策略。经济上则开发农业,通商互市,促进与北方各族的和平共处。
5、同时,秦汉和隋唐面临的具体情势不同,治国的方略也不同。秦汉以防堵为主,大修长城亭障,驻军屯垦。隋唐以安抚为主,设羁縻府等机构加以监督管理,管理措施相对宽松。秦汉和隋唐作为我国古代封建王朝的强大时期,应该说对阴山地区的管理控制是卓有成效的,对开发阴山地区、维护民族一统和促进民族融合做出杰出贡献。但由于历史的局限和封建王朝的阶级局限性,在阴山地区的管理和控制过程中,始终未能从根本上解决民族冲突问题,双方关系总是时好时坏。北方各族和中原政权的矛盾始终存在,其原因既有民族不平等造成的民族隔阂等心理文化因素,也是游牧经济和农耕经济两种不同类型的生产方式所导致。但我们始终应看到,战争和冲突毕竟是少数时期,
6、不是阴山地区历史发展的主流,在漫长的历史发展时期,生活在这一地区各族人民是在融合中和平相处,共同开发祖国的北方边疆,共同创造灿烂的中华文明。关键词:秦汉,隋唐,阴山地区,行政管理,经济管理,军事控制The Control of Yinshan RegionDuring Qinhan Dynasty and Suitang DynastyAbstractYianshan region, the geographic boundary and transition area between thecultivation agriculture in the central plain and no
7、madic life in the northern area, is theimportant region for cultural clash and blending between the northern and thesouthern in the history. Yinshan region has had direct and important effect on theboundary steady and the policies taken in the central plain. Qinhan and SuitangDynasty were very power
8、ful in our Chinese history, and at that time, there existedHuns and Turki power. There were conflicts between the power in central plain andthe power in the northern area. They fought against each other for the rights ofcontrolling this region. In order to get the right to control the region, Qinhan
9、government and Suitang government fought back nomadic group from the northernarea. After that, Qinhan Dynasty and Suitang Dynasty took such effective measures tocontrol this region as: setting up prefectures, and administration branches tostrengthen the central power. The main points were setting up
10、 the same prefectures ininner areas, appointing officials and carrying out rules. They treated well the alliedminorities and set up branches as Five Vassal States, Duliao General, Jimi Mansionand Dudu Mansion in order to supervise and manage effectively. As far as economy isconcerned, they tried to
11、improve the economy and strengthen the boundary steady byimmigrating people, undertaking water conservancy projects, cultivating, improvingagriculture, setting up markets. And they fought on, built great walls and otherobstacles to protect their own regions from being attacked, and furthermore to ke
12、epsteady and peaceful in the central areas.However, because of the cultural differences during Qianhan Dynasty andSuitang Dynasty, they encountered nation problems. While managing Yinshan regionand the northern area, Qinhan Dynasty and Suitang Dynasty had taken some similarmeasures, such as marrying
13、 daughters to minority nationalities because they were notpowerful enough to control them. Once they became powerful enough and had steadygovernment, they would fight bravely against the minority nationalities in northernarea and made them surrender and then took some measures to divide and demorali
14、zetheir power. For improving economy they developed agriculture and did businesses topromote the peaceful relation with minorities in northern area. Qinhan Dynasty andSuitang Dynasty had taken different measures to govern their country based on thedifferent situations at that time. Qihan Dynasty foc
15、used on blocking, for example,building great walls and obstacles, and troops stationing, while Suitang Dynastyfocused on comforting, for example, setting up Jimi mansion to supervise and managethem, which made people there feel more comfortable.Qinhan Dynasty and Suitang Dynasty, the very powerful p
16、eriods then, weresupposed to have achieved a lot in controlling Yinshan region, and contributed a lot tothe development and unifying of nationalities. However, their relationship was notsteady due to the restrictions of that period. The contradictory remained between thepeople from central plain and
17、 the minorities from the northern area because of thepsychological and cultural obstacles caused by inequality, because of the two differentmodes of production between nomadic economy and cultivation agriculture. Weshould still see the positive points that wars and conflicts, lasting for l short tim
18、e,were not the mainstream in Yinshan region, in the long history of our Chinesecivilization, people of all nationalities have been living in the region peacefully andharmoniously to form our glorious Chinese civilization.Key words: Qinhan Dynasty, Suitang Dynasty, Yishan region, adminstraivemanageme
19、nt, economic management ,military control“前 言一、研究范围阴山地区从地理环境上主要指以阴山山脉为中心的地区。位于内蒙古自治区中部,西起杭锦后旗的狼山,中段为乌拉山、大青山、灰腾梁山,东段为坝上高原的大马群山。东西绵延长达 1000 多公里,南北宽达 50-100 公里不等。阴山南麓的雨水较为充沛,适宜发展农业。 阴山山脉自古以来就是农耕区与游牧区的天然分界线。山区本身是农牧交错地带。阴山地区从行政区划上主要包括内蒙古自治区中西部地区,包括乌兰擦布市、呼和浩特市、包头市、鄂尔多斯市、巴彦淖尔市。甚至包括山西北部如大同市等地和河北西北部如张家口等部分地区
20、。从文化影响范围看,主要指以阴山山脉为主轴的我国北部地区独具特色的文化区域。作为一种文化现象,应该以这一文化区域地理核心为主轴,但其历史影响和文化辐射应比其地理范围和今天的行政区划范围更广更大。二、研究主要内容本文主要阐明阴山地区是多民族生活的区域,政权更替频繁,中原政权和少数民族之间不断在这里进行争夺和控制。阴山地区是中国历史上民族冲突最为突出的地区之一,也是历史上民族融合的大舞台。秦汉和隋唐作为我国古代封建王朝的强大时期,对阴山地区的管理控制是卓有成效的,对开发阴山地区、维护民族一统和促进民族融合做出杰出贡献。本文展示了阴山地区与中原地区民族融合和文化交流的历史场景,但也想说明,无论秦汉和
21、隋唐这些强大王朝在阴山地区如何加强控制,但从整个阴山地区的历史看,这里始终是北方各族人民生活的家园,北方各族人民才是阴山地区的真正主人。三、研究方法社会控制包括宏观控制和微观控制。“宏观控制就是社会利用政权的力量在总体上加以控制,包括政治、经济、文化、意识形态等方面的控制。宏观控制对稳定社会,促进社会发展意义重大。在宏观的控制中,对经济的控制意义重大。” 微观控制主要是对社会生活的各个具体领域进行控制,如衣、食、住、行、婚、丧、嫁、娶等。”1本文主要是从社会学社会控制理论中宏观控制的角度,论述秦汉和隋唐政权对阴山地区的控制和管理。结合这一地区当时所处的历史地理环境、经济发展水平、社会发展水平和
22、军事斗争尖锐的具体情形,本文首要论述行政设置与管理,其次是经济管理,再次是军事控制。本文是在马克思主义的立场上,站在北方各族人民的角度,审视阴山地区的历史文化。四、研究综述关于秦汉隋唐政权对阴山地区管理和控制的科研成果,积累颇多。这些研究多是从某一具体事件或领域进行研究。如关于直道、秦汉长城、移民、屯田、和亲、行政设置、军事战争、互市及民族融合等问题。兹不一一列举。许多相关问题多放在内蒙古地区的整体历史环境中讲述。如王天顺的河套史、曹永年的1 刘豪兴社会学概论,高等教育出版社,1999 年 12 月版,第 390 页。感谢您试用AnyBizSoft PDF to Word。试用版仅能转换5页文档。要转换全部文档,免费获取注册码请访问http:/