1、英语基础语法介词1. 介词的定义介词是一种用来表示词与词, 或者词与句之间的关系的词，在句中不能单独作句成分。介词一定要有宾语，充当宾语的一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其它词、短语或句子，短语或从句。2. 介词的种类(1)简单介词，如 at, in off, on, by, to, with 等。(2)合成介词，如 into, inside, within, throughout 等。(3)短语介词，如 according to, because of, in addition to, in front of, in spite of 等。(4)二重介词，如 from behind, from
2、 among, until after, at about 等。3. 介词的宾语(1)名词：Lets go for a walk along the river. 咱们到江边散散步。(2)代词：Hes standing in front of me. 我站在我前面。(3)形容词：Her pronunciation is far from perfect. 她的语音远不是完美的。注：有的形容词前可看作是省略了 being。(4)动名词：Hes good at drawing.他善长绘画。 (5)过去分词：I took it for granted that she was for England
3、.我还以为她是英国的。注：过去分词作介词宾语只限于 takefor granted 结构和用于 regardas 后。(6)不定式：I had no choice but to lie down. 除了躺下外我别无选择。She did nothing but cry.她只是哭。注：介词后通常是不能用不定式作宾语的，只有表示“除外”的 but, except 等个别介词能接不定式作宾语。前面有行为动词 do 时，不定式不用 to，否则要带 to。 (7)疑问词+不定式：I dont know how to improve my English.我不知道如何提高我的英语水平。(8)副词：I did
4、nt know it until recently. 直到最近我才知道此事。(9)数词：He was among the first to arrive. 他是第一批到的。(10)介词短语：She wont go home until after the exam. 她要考完试之后再回家。(11)从句：Think of what I said. 想想我说的话(from www.yygrammar .com)。Im worried about where he is. 我担心他上哪儿去了。I have doubts about whether(不用 if) he is the best man
5、for the job. 我怀疑他是否做这项工作的最好人选。He has no special fault except that he smokes too much.他除了抽烟太多之外,没有什么特别的毛病。注：除 except that, in that 等后可接 that 从句外，通常只接连接代词、连接副词及 whether引导的从句，也不接 if 引导的从句。4. 介词短语的作用介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，其用法如下：(1)作定语：The girl in red is my sister. 穿红衣的那个女孩是我妹妹。注：介词短语作定语总是放在它所修饰的名词后面。(2)作状语：Can y
6、ou say it in English? 这个你会用英语说吗？(3)作表语：Hes in the office. 他在办公室。(4)作补语：I always find her at her studies. 我经常发现她在学习。(5)作介词宾语：I saw her from across the street. 我从街对面望见了她。英语常用介词用法与辨析表示方位的介词：in, to, on1. in 表示在某地范围之内。如： Shanghai is/lies in the east of China. 上海在中国的东部。2. to 表示在某地范围之外。如：Japan is/lies to t
7、he east of China. 日本位于中国的东面。3. on 表示与某地相邻或接壤。如：Mongolia is/lies on the north of China. 蒙古国位于中国北边。表示计量的介词：at, for, by1. at 表示“以速度”“以 价格” 。如：It flies at about 900 kilometers a hour. 它以每小时 900 公里的速度飞行。I sold my car at a high price. 我以高价出售了我的汽车。2. for 表示“用交换，以为代价”。如：He sold his car for 500 dollars. 他以五百
8、元把车卖了。注意：at 表示单价(price) ，for 表示总钱数。 3. by 表示“以计”，后跟度量单位。如：They paid him by the month. 他们按月给他计酬。Here eggs are sold by weight. 在这里鸡蛋是按重量卖的。表示材料的介词：of, from, in1. of 成品仍可看出原料。如：This box is made of paper. 这个盒子是纸做的。2. from 成品已看不出原料。如：Wine is made from grapes. 葡萄酒是葡萄酿成的。3. in 表示用某种材料或语言。如：Please fill in t
9、he form in pencil first. 请先用铅笔填写这个表格。They talk in English. 他们用英语交谈(from )。注意：in 指用材料，不用冠词；而 with 指用工具，要用冠词。请比较： draw in pencil/draw with a pencil。表示工具或手段的介词：by, with, on1. by 用某种方式，多用于交通。如 by bus 乘公共汽车，by e-mail. 通过电子邮件。注意：表示搭乘交通工具时，用 by 时不用冠词，用 in 时要用冠词。请比较：I went there by bus/in a bus. 我是坐公共汽车去的那儿
10、。 2. with 表示“用某种工具 ”。如：He broke the window with a stone. 他用石头把玻璃砸坏了。注意：with 表示用某种工具时，必须用冠词或物主代词。3. on 表示“以方式”，多用于固定词组。They talked on the telephone. 他们通过电话进行交谈。She learns English on the radio/on TV. 她通过收音机/电视学英语。表示关于的介词：of, about, on1. of 仅是提到或谈到过某人或某事。如：He spoke of the film the other day. 他前几天提到了这部影
11、片。He thought about this matter yesterday. 他昨天考虑了这件事。2. about 指“关于” 某人或某事物的较详细的情况。如：Can you tell me something about yourself? 你能告诉我一些关于你自己的事情吗？3. on 指“关于”学术性的或严肃的事。如：Its a textbook on the history of china. 它是一本有关中国历史的教科书。表原因或理由的介词：for, at, from, of, with, by, because of1. for 表示原因，常与 sorry, famous, p
12、unish, praise, thank, blame 等词连用。如：I am sorry for what I said to you. 我后悔不该对你讲那些话。2. at 指情感变化的原因，意为“因听到或看到而” 。如：He was surprised at the news. 听到这消息他大吃一惊。3. from 指“外在的原因” ，如受伤、车祸等。如：He died from the wound. 他因受伤而致死。4. of 指“内在的原因”，如病、饿等。如：The old man died of hunger. 老人死于饥饿。5. with 指生理上或情感上的由外界到内心的原因。如：
13、Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 他们听到这个消息，欣喜若狂。He was shaking with anger. 他气得浑身发抖。6. by 表示外部的，尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。Her body was bent by age. 他因年老背弯了。She took your umbrella by mistake. 我因弄错拿了你的雨伞。7. because of 表示引起结果的直接原因。如：He retired last month because of illness/because he ill. 8. owing to 多表示引
14、起某不良后果的原因。如：Owing to the rain they could not come. 由于下雨他们没来。9. thanks to 表示引起某种幸运结果的原因，常译为“幸亏，多亏”。如：Thanks to John, we won the game. 多亏约翰，我们才赢了这场比赛。10. out of 表示动机的起因，常译为“出于” 。如：He asked the question out of curiosity. 他出于好奇才问了那个问题。11. through 多表示因局部而影响全局的原因。如：The war was lost through bad organizatio
15、n. 战争因组织不周而失败了。表示好像或当作的介词：like, as1. like 表示 “像 一样”，其实不是。如：Peter the Great, like his country, was strong and proud. 彼得大帝像他的国家一样强健和自豪。2. as 表示“作为，以身份 ”，其实也是。如：He talked to me as a father. 他以父亲的身份跟我谈话。注：as 作连词时，可表示“好像 ”。如：The work is not so difficult as you imagin 这工作不像你想像的那么困难。表示支持或反对的介词：against, for
16、against 反对，for 支持，互为反义词。如：Are you for my idea or against it? 你赞同还是反对我的想法？表示除某人某物外的介词：besides, except1. besides 是包括后面所提人或物在内的“除外，还” 。如：Thirty students went to the cinema besides him. 除他以外，还有 30 个学生去看了电影。( 他和另外 30 人都去了) He is interested in tennis besides（=as well as）football. 除了足球，他还对网球感兴趣。2. except 是
17、指不包括后面所提人或物在内的“除去”。如(from )：Everyone is excited except me. 除我以外的每个人都很激动。（他们激动，而我却不激动）All the visitors are Japanese except him. 除他以外的所有游客都是日本人。（其他人是日本人，可他不是）注意：(A) except 通常与表示全体的 all, every 连用；若与 other 连用，只能用 besides。如：He had other people to take care of besides me. 除我之外,他还要照顾别人。(B) except 是排除同类；而 e
18、xcept for 是排除非同类，常在说明基本情况后，从细节上加上修正。如：The composition is very good except for a few spelling mistakes. 除了几处拼写错误之外，这篇作文整体还是不错的。(作文与拼写错误是非同类的 ) 但 except for 也可代替 except，特别是在句首时，因为 except 是不能用于句首的。如：Except George, you can all go. 除乔治外，你们都可以去。表示时间的介词：1at, on, in(1) at 表示“在某一时刻、某一时间点”at 5:30 在 5:30 at su
19、nrise 日出时 at lunch 午饭时at noon 正午时 at night 夜间I get up at 6:00 every day. 我每天 6:00 起床。表示“在岁” 时用 at the age of。如：at the age of five 在五岁时(2) on 表示“在具体某一天或某天的上、下午”。如：on Monday 在星期一 on April 1st 在四月一日I heard a shot on the morning of March 18.三月十八日早晨我听到一声枪响。泛指上、下午、晚上、夜间时用 in the morning/afternoon/evening,
20、 at night；但若指具体某一天的上述时段时，则一律用 on。如：on the afternoon of May 23 在五月二十三日下午(3) in 表示“在某月、季节、年、世纪” 以及泛指的上、下午、晚上。in September 在九月 in winter 在冬季in 1999 在 1999 年 in the 20th century 在 20 世纪in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/ 下午/晚上2for, during, through(1) for 表示“一段时间 ”，后接与数词连用的时间名词。多与完成时连用。Ive been a soldi
21、er for 5 years.我入伍已 5 年了。She has been ill for several days. 她已经病了几天了。表示“持续一段时间” 时，for 后面必须跟“数字+时间名词”，而 during 后决不可接数字。(2) during 表示“在期间”He visited many nice places during his stay here.在他逗留期间他参观了许多美丽的地方。What did you do during the summer vacation? 你在暑假做了什么？(3) through 表示“一直，自始至终”They worked hard thro
22、ugh the winter.整个冬天他们都在努力工作。She treated me like her brother through these years. 这些年来她始终把我当哥哥对待。3from, since(1) from 作“从” 解，多用于 “fromto/till”中。You can come anytime from Monday to Friday. 周一至周五你什么时间来都行。The exam will start from 9:00am. 考试将从上午九点开始。from“从（开始）”未必持续到现在，如：from 1995 to 1998.从 1995 年到 1998 年
23、。而 since 是指“自从以来一直持续到现在 ”since 一般只与现在完成时连用，而 from 不受此限。(2) since 表示“ 自从以来（直到现在） ”He has been away from home since 1973.他自从 1973 年就离开了家乡。We have known each other since ten years ago.我们十年前就认识了。for 与 since 表示一段时间，但 for 与时间段连用，而 since 与时间点连用。如 for two hours（持续）两小时； since last week 自从上周直到现在4before, by, t
24、ill, until(1) before 指“ 在之前”Please come before ten oclock.请 10 点以前来。The meeting will end after 3:00 p.m. 会议将在下午三点后结束。表示“在以前” 时，before 与 by 基本可通用。但 by 还有“截至为止”之意，此时可与完成时连用，而 before 一般不与完成时连用。如：How many models have you made by the end of last month?截至上月底你做了多少个模型？(2) by 指“不迟于，到时为止，在以前”I must finish my
25、homework by lunch.午饭前我必须做完作业。We had learned over 1000 words by the end of last term. 到上学期末为止，我们已经学了 1000 多个单词了。(3) tell (until) “直到为止”You must wait for him till tomorrow.你必须一直等他到明天。He didnt come back until twelve oclock last night.他昨晚到 12 点才回来。在肯定句中，till (until)必须与延续动词连用。若与点动词连用，till (until)只能用于否定句中
26、。5after, in, withinafter 表示“在之后” ，是 before 的反义词。Well hold a party after dinner.晚餐后我们将举办晚会。He got a cancer and died after a year.他患了癌症，一年后去世了。Ill phone you after I arrive.到达后我给你打电话。（ after 作连词）within“ 在 时间之内”I can finish it within an hour.我不需一小时就可把它做完。in“在时间之后”Ill arrive in an hour.我一小时后到达。比 较 after
27、与 inafter 后可跟时间段，也可跟时间点，如 after school（放学后），而 in 后必须跟一段时间，如 in an hour（一小时后）。after 既可用于将来时，也可用于过去时，而 in 只能用于将来时。after 既可作介词，又可作连词，而 in 只能作介词in 与 within 后都必须跟时间段。表示“地点、方向”的介词：1in，outside，between, amongin 表示“在 里面”，如：Whats in the box? 盒子里是什么？She put her book in the desk. 她把书放进了书桌。outside 指“在外面”There ar
28、e many people outside the room.房间外有很多人。What did your see outside the hall? 你在大厅外看见了什么？between 在之间（指二者）There is a hospital between the hotel and the post office.在宾馆与邮局之间有所医院。The building stands between the park and the small river. 那栋建筑位于公园和小河之间。 between 是指“在两者之间” ，而 among 指“在多个之间”。among 在之间（指三者以上）“T
29、here is a thief among you.” The policeman shouted to the crowd.警察向人群喊道：“你们中间有个小偷！”He found his place among the crowd. 他在人群中找到了他的位置。2on, above, over, below, under(1) on 在上面，表面相互接触。There is an apple on the table. 桌上有一个苹果。On the top of the hill, there is a flag. 山顶有一面旗子。(2) above 只表示 “在上方或位置高出”，与 below
30、 相对。A plane flew above our heads.一架飞机从我们头上飞过。The Turners live above us. 特纳一家人住在我们的上面。(3) over“在正上方”，与 under 相对。There is a bridge over the river.河上有一座桥。The picture is hanging over the blackboard. 那张图挂在黑板的正上方。(4) below 在下方，低于There are many flowers below the window.窗下有很多花。Her skirt reaches just below h
31、er knees.她的裙子刚到膝盖下。(5) under 在正下方They sat under a big tree, drinking.他们坐在一棵大树下喝酒。What are you wearing under your coat? 你外套里面穿了什么？3near, by, beside(1) near 在附近，与 far 相对A hospital was built near the railway station.在火车站附近建了一所医院。My home is near the school. 我的家离学校很近。(2) by = beside,靠近，在旁边，比 near 距离更近 He
32、 just sat by/ beside me in the cinema.在电影院他就坐在我旁边。He lay down beside the statuary. 他在雕像旁躺下了。4in front of, behind, around(1) in front of 在前面A river flows in front of the house.房子前有一条河They put a bunch of flowers in front of the door. 他们在门前放了一束花。 in the front of 表示“在前部”，指里面。There is a red chair in the
33、front of the room.在房间前半部有把红椅子。(2) behind 在后面A high building stands behind the village.村子后面有一高层建筑。The cat lies behind the door. 猫躺在门后面。(3) around 在周围，围绕There are many trees around the village.村子周围有很多树围绕。There are flowers around the stage. 舞台周围摆着鲜花。5from, to, for, into, out of(1) from 从The train start
34、ed from Paris.火车发自巴黎。She will fly from Beijing to Hong Kong. 她将从北京飞往香港。(2) to 到（目的地）去，向He went to Germany last year.他去年去了德国。They got to the town very late. 他们很晚才到那个镇。(3) for 向，表目的方向He left for Tianjin on business yesterday.他昨天出差去天津了。The train for Shanghai has been away. 去往上海的火车已经开走了。towards, to 和 fo
35、r 都可表示“向”，其区别如下：towards 仅指朝向某个方向，不一定是目的地，而 to 和 for 都是“ 向目的地”。for 作“向（目的地）”时，常用于固定搭配中，如：leave for; start for(4) into 进入Please put the water into the bottle.请把水倒入瓶子里。The teacher came into the classroom with a smile. 老师微笑着走进了教室。(5) out of 从出来A beautiful girl in red went out of the shop.一个穿红衣服的漂亮女孩从商店里
36、走了出来。They pulled him out of the water. 他们把他从水里拉了出来。6along, across, through(1) along 沿着He likes to drive along the river.他喜欢沿着河开车。There are all kinds of beautiful flowers along the road / street. 沿街有着各种美丽的花。(2) across 横穿The little girl is afraid to go across the street.这个小女孩不敢横穿马路。Its dangerous to ru
37、n across the busy road. 跑着穿越繁忙的马路是很危险的。(3) through 穿过It took us ten minutes to drive through the tunnel.开车穿过这条隧道花了我们 10 分钟时间。He pushed his way through the crowd to the platform. 他从人群里挤到了站台。7at, in二者都表示“在某个地方” ，但 at 多指较小的地方，如车站、家等，而 in 多指在“大地方”，如城市、国家、大洲等。（但大小有时也是相对的）。He lives at No.27 Zhongshan stre
38、et in Nanjing.他住在南京市中山路 27 号。The plane will arrive in Beijing at 13:00. 飞机将于 13 点到达北京。习题练习1. We traveled overnight to Paris and arrived _ 5 oclock _ the morning.A. on; in B. at; in C. at; on D. in; on2. Jack has studied Chinese in this school _ the year of 2000.A. since B. in C. on D. by3. Hong Kong
39、 is _ the south of China, and Macao is _ the west of Hong Kong.A. in; to B. to; to C. to; in D. in; in4. Japan lies _ the east of China.A. to B. in C. about D. at5. I wont believe that the five-year-old boy can read five thousand words _ I have tested him myself.A. after B. when C. if D. until6. The
40、 book was so interesting that he had read it for three hours _ he realized it.A. when B. until C. after D. before7. Look the map China the wall, please. A after, of, in B at, of, in C after, in, on D at, of, on 8. - Please remember to come to my birthday party. - I see. Ill come Saturday evening. A
41、in B at C on D for9. They will have a maths test two days A for B at C in D after10. My brother joined the army A 1989， March B in March， 1989 C March， 1989 D 1989， in March 11.We had our breakfast a quarter seven A /， to B in， to C at， to D on， to12. Its good manners to wait line A in B on C at D w
42、ith13. How many English words had you learnt last term? A by the end of B at the end of C to the end of D till the end of 14. I was born the night September 15， 1978 A in， on Bat， on Cat， in Don， of 15. Its a bad manner to laugh people when they are trouble A over， in Bat， in C in， at D at， for16. T
43、he peoples Republic of China was founded 1949 A with B on C since D in17. He arrived _ Guangzhou _ noon.A. in; in B. to; at C. in; at D. at; in18. They work _ a small farm _ a river.A. on; by B. at; on C. by; on D. in; in19. -When will Mr Black come to Beijing? - _ September 5th.A. On B. To C. At D.
44、 In20. _ the night before Christmas Day, parents fill their childrens stockings with small presents.A. Of B. At C. To D. On附：常见“介词+名词/代词”短语as a matter of fact 其实，事实as a result 结果，因此as a rule 通常at a time 每次，一次at all events 无论如何at any rate 无论如何，至少at first sight 乍一看，初看起来at first 起初at hand 在手边，在附近at hea
45、rt 在内心；实质上at home 在家，在国内at last 终于at least 至少at length 最后，详细地at no time 从不，决不at once 立刻at one time 同时，曾经，从前曾at present 目前，现在at the moment 现在，此刻by accidence/chance 偶然by all means 无论如何，必定by hand 用手 by heart 牢记，凭记忆by means of 借助于，用by mistake 错误地by no means 决不by oneself 独自地by reason of 由于by the way 顺便说f
46、or (the) purpose of 为了for a moment 片刻，一会儿for a while 一会儿for example 例如for instance 例如，举例说for one thing 首先，一则for oneself 为了自己for the moment 现在，暂时for the present 目前，暂时in (the) future 今后，将来in a hurry 匆忙地，立即in a moment 立刻，马上in a sense 从某种意义上说in addition 另外in any event 无论如何in case 假如，以防(万一) 免得in common 共
47、同，共有in conclusion 总之in danger 在危险中in debt 欠债in detail 详细地in effect 有效；实际上in fact 其实，实际上in general 通常，大体上in half 成两半in hand 在掌握中，在控制中in line 成一直线，排成一行in nature 本质上in order 秩序井然，整齐in particular 特别地，尤其，详细地in person 亲自in place 在适当的位置in practice 在实际中，实际上in public 公开地，当众in return 作为报答，作为回报in secret 秘密地，私下
48、地in shape 处于良好状态in sight 被看到，在望in spite of 不管，不顾in step 同步，合拍in sum 总而言之in tears 流着泪，含泪，哭in the distance 在远处in the first place 起初，首先in the last place 最后in the least 一点，丝毫in the long run 最终，从长远观点看in the past 在过去，以往in time 及时of course 当然off duty 下班on (the) one hand. . . 一方面 on average 平均，一般说来on business 因公，因事on duty 值班，上班on earth 究竟，到底on fire 烧着on foot 步行on hand 在手边，临近on ones own 独自地，独立地on ones way 在去某地的路上on purpose 故意，有意on the other hand. . . 另一方面on the secon
