1、考向预测名词和冠词是中学英语的重要词汇，也是历年高考的重要考点。从近几年的高考试题中，可以发现它们经常放在一起，通过具体语境进行考查。名词则主要会考查：名词词义辨析，名词的搭配，可数名词与不可数名词；抽象名词的具体化；名词的所有格；名词作定语；名词固定习语；和名词与主谓一致等。预测今后考点将分布在对不定冠词的考查，定冠词的考查，不用冠词的情况以及一些固定词组中冠词的正确使用。解答这块试题时，要从翻译的角度去做，如果能够准确地翻译出句子的意思，就能够解答此题；多做练习，能够提高熟悉语境的能力，很多考题要和语境相联系起来考查。知识与技巧的梳理考点 1 名词词义辨析名词词义辨析主要考查学生对基本词汇
2、的掌握程度和名词在具体语境中的运用。常见考查形式有：异义词辨析、同义词辨析和近义词辨析。在做题是，先弄清题中每个名词的意义及用法，然后根据语境选择符合句意的名词。在高考词义辨析题中，有一种“熟词生义”题型，即题目中所填的词是考生所熟悉的，但所考查的含义却是不常见的。这就要求考生在掌握单词基本词义的基础上，善于结合不同的语境去体会、感悟单词的含义。1.Can you tell us your _ for happiness and a long life?Living every day to the full, definitely.A. recipe B. record C. range D
3、. receipt【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。recipe 秘诀，食谱，药方； record 记录；range 范围；receipt 收据，收条。根据句意可知 A 项符合题意。2. It is important to pay your electricity bill on time, as late payments may affect your_.A. condition B. income C. credit D. status【答案】C【解析】句意：准时付电费很重要，因为支付晚了会影响你的信用。condition 条件；income 收入；credit 学专题一 名词和冠词
4、分，信用（卡），status 地位。根据句意选 C。考点 2：名词的搭配Some schools will have to make_ in agreement with the national soccer reform.A. judgments B. adjustments C. comments D. achievements 【答案】B【解析】make judgments 意为“作出判断”；make comments 意为“发表评论”；make achievements 意为“取得成就”；make adjustments 意为“作出调整”。结合句子的意思，一些学校为了和国家足球改革相
5、一致，所以要“作出调整”。故选 B。考点 3：抽象名词具体化Being able to afford_ drink would be _ comfort in those tough times.A.the; the B. a;a C.a;不填 D.不填；a【答案】B【解析】句意：在那些艰难的日子里，能够买得起一杯酒实在是件宽慰的事。第一空 drink 是指酒或饮料与a 搭配，一杯酒或一杯饮料。第二空 comfort 本来是抽象名词“宽慰，安慰” ，在这里指令人宽慰的一件事，抽象名词具体化了，要用 a,所以选 B。考点 4：不定冠词的用法1.泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。The Chinese
6、 Dream is a dream to improve peoples well-being and a dream of harmony-peace and development.中国梦是一个改善民生的梦，是一个和谐、和平与发展的梦。2.用于单数可数名词前，表示数量“一”；在某些物质名词或抽象名词前加 a, an 表示“ 一份，一阵，一场，一类”等。Would you like something to drink？你想喝点什么？I would like a coffee and two beers.我想喝一杯咖啡和两瓶啤酒。3.用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。He missed th
7、e gold in the high jump but will get a second chance in the long jump.他在跳高比赛中错失了金牌，但是在跳远比赛中他还有机会。4.用在专有名词前表示“某一个”，相当于 a certain;用于“a+most+形容词+名词”结构，意为“非常，很”。Dan Brown, the auther of the Dan Vinci Code, is a famous writer.丹.布朗是达芬奇密码的作者，是一位很著名的作家。5.有些不可数名词如 knowledge, collection, understanding 等后面加 of
8、时，前面需用不定冠词 aan。例如：have a good knowledge of 精通 ；have a clear/good understanding of 清楚地/很好地了解。Social practice is an opportunity for students to gain a better understanding of how society operates.社会实践是让学生更好地了解社会运作的一个机会。考点 5：定冠词的用法1.表示“特指”。上文已经提到的人或物，再次提到时在其前加 the。也可指上文未提到，但谈话双方都知道的人或物。-Did you enjoy y
9、ourself yesterday？你昨天玩得开心吗？-Yes, as you know the party went on in a pleasant atmosphere.是的，正如你所知，晚会是在愉快的气氛中进行的。2.用于序数词和形容词或副词最高级以及形容词 only, very, same 等之前。Yang Liwei is the first man who has been into space in China.在中国，杨利伟成为第一位登上太空的人。易错警示：（1）only ,very, same, main 等形容词修饰名词时， 前面也用定冠词 the。This is the
10、 only expensive dress Ive got.这是我唯一一件贵的连衣裙。(2)a 与 most 连用，位于形容词前时，most 是表示程度的副词，意为“非常”；the 与 most 连用，位于形容词或副词前时，most 是最高级的标志，意为 “最的”。Historical experience can serve as a most important source of information.历史经验能充当一种非常重要的信息来源。考点 6：零冠词的用法1.表示泛指的不可数名词（物质名词，抽象名词）、专有名词（不含普通名词）或可数名词复数前不加冠词。单数可数名词前有物主代词、指
11、示代词、名词所有格等限制时，也不加冠词。2.季节、月份、星期、节假日、一日三餐前一般不加冠词，但是如果名词前面有修饰或特指某一季节、月份等要用冠词。The spring of 2014 was a terrible spring because many people died because of terrorists.因为许多人死于恐怖分子，2014 年的春天是个可怕的春天。3.表示独一无二的头衔、职务名词做表语、同位语或宾语补足语时，一般不加冠词。David， monitor of our class is always ready to help others.戴维是我们班的班长，他总
12、是乐于助人。4.as,though 引导的让步状语从句中的表语（单数可数名词）置于句首时不加冠词。Child as/though he is , he plays the violin perfectly.尽管是个孩子，但他小提琴拉的很好。5.跟在系动词 turn 后作表语的单数可数名词前不加冠词。Lu Xun was a doctor before he turned writer .鲁迅在成为作家前是名医生。限时训练 （45 分钟）经典常规题一、单项选择1. 【2018 江苏卷 】 Try to understand whats actually happening instead of
13、acting on the _ youve made.A. assignment B. association C. acquisition D. assumption【答案】D【解题思路】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意：试着去理解实际发生的事情，而不是按照你所做的假设行事。A. assignment 分配；B. association 协会，社团；C. acquisition 获得物； D. assumption 假设。故选D。2.【2018 天津卷 】The_ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always i
14、nspired scientists to explore the outer space.A. advice B. order C. possibility D. invitation【答案】C【解题思路】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意：宇宙中其他星球上存在生命这种可能性总是激励科学家们去探索外部空间。A. advice 建议； B. order 命令； C. possibility 可能性； D. invitation 邀请。二、语法填空3.【2018 全国卷 】Unexpectedly, Im face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins scre
15、aming at top of her lungs. 【答案】the【解题思路】考查冠词。固定短语 at the top of 此处表示以最大的肺活量喊叫。4.【2018 全国卷 】My name is Mireya Mayor. Im a (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.【答案】scientist【解题思路】考查词性转换。冠词后面接名词。根据语境可知，我是一名科学家，scientist 科学家。5.【2018 全国卷 】Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent ov
16、er _ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.【答案】the【解题思路】考查冠词。句意：玉米产量在过去 25 年里增长了近 125%，而大米只增长了 7%。故是特指在过去的 25 年里。故填 the。6.【2018 全国卷 】This switch has decreased (pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.【答案】pollution【解题思路】考查词性转换。句意：这
17、一转变减少了中国较大的湖泊和水库的污染，使人们的饮用水更加安全。has decreased 后跟名词作宾语，故填 pollution。7.【2018 浙江 】Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook. Making Chinese (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.【答案】dishes【解题思路】考查名词单复数。句意：制作中国菜被认为是一件特别麻烦的事。考查可数名词复数。dish 是可数名词，要用其复数形式。8.【2018 浙江 】Researchers have fou
18、nd that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in (weigh) problems.【答案】weight【解题思路】考查词性转换。空格处是修饰后面的名词的。weight problems 体重问题。9.【2017全国卷 】I nstead, she is earning $6500 a day as model in New York. 【答案】a【解题思路】考查冠词。model 是可数名词，前面没有限定词，而此处泛指“一个”，故填 a。10.【2
19、017 全国卷 】 But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty she is determined to carry on with her (educate).【答案】education【解题思路】考查词性转换。形容词性物主代词后面应该接名词形式。11.【2017 全国卷 】As_ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that some
20、thing missing.【答案】a 【解题思路】考查冠词。固定短语 as a result 表示“结果是” 。句意：结果是，人们将吃更多的食物去弥补损失的东西。故填 a。12.【2017 全国卷 】This included digging up the road,_ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over _ top.【答案】laying; the【解题思路】考查非谓语动词。此处用 lay 的动名词形式 laying 与前面的 digging 形成并列。该词填空难度较大，若考生未辨明 lielying/lay/lain 和
21、 laylaying/laid/laid 等特殊词形变化会导致错误。13.【2017 全国卷 】This development was only possible with the _ (introduce) of electric powered engines and lifts.【答案】introduction 【解题思路】考查名词。该词在此作 with 的宾语，意思是“引入方法、手段”等。由于其后带有介词 of，故只能用 introduction。14.【2017 全国卷 】She is determined to carry on with her _ (educate)She h
22、as turned down several _ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.【答案】education ; invitations【解题思路】第一空考查名词。前面是形容词性物主代词 her，故用名词形式。第二空考查名词复数。根据句意“她拒绝了几个邀请” 可知，此处需要填名词，而且 invitation 是可数名词，前面有 several 修饰，故用复数形式。15.【2017 浙江卷 】Last October , while tending her garden in Mora ,
23、Sweden , Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small (carrot) and was about to throw them away. 【答案】carrots【解题思路】考查名词。根据 a handful of 可知，用 carrot 的复数形式，故填 carrots。16. 【2017 浙江卷 】For Pahlsson, its return was wonder.【答案】a【解题思路】考查冠词。此处 a wonder 表示“一个奇迹”，所以需要不定冠词 a。17.【2016 全国新课标 II】Give your body and b
24、rain a rest by stepping outside for while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.【答案】a【解题思路】考查固定短语。介词短语 for a while 一会儿, 本句是指通过锻炼或做一些你喜欢的事情，让你的身体和大脑休息一会。18.【2016 上海 】Beyond a certain point, though , further stress will only lead to exhaustion, illness and finally a breakdown. You can tell when yo
25、u are over the top and on the downward slope, by asking yourself _ number of questions. 【答案】a 【解题思路】考查固定短语。短语 a number of 许多，大量，该形容词短语通常做定语修饰可数名词复数形式，本句中使用 a number of 修饰可数名词复数形式 questions。三、句子改错19.【2018 全国卷 1】During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparen
26、ts. 【答案】第一个 to 后加 the【解题思路】考查冠词。句意：去年寒假，我和父亲去乡下拜访爷爷奶奶。表示“乡下；农村”的 country 或countryside 前面要带定冠词 the。20.【2018 全国卷 1】Last winter when I went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. 【答案】chicken 改为 chickens【解题思路】考查名词复数。句意：他们拥有一所大的独立住宅，还养了许多只鸡。根据前文的 dozens of 可知，其后用名词复数形式。21.
27、【2018 全国卷 3】At that moment, I remembered that my father once said, “The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks, and mistake as well.“ 【答案】mistake 改为 mistakes【解题思路】考查名词单复数。此处表示“学习包括从教科书中学习，也包括从错误中学习”。根据句意可知，“错误”应该不止一个，且 mistake 是可数名词，所以要用该词的复数形式。22.【2018 全国卷 2】Aft
28、er supper, we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room. 【答案】sort 改为 sorts【解题思路】考查名词单复数。此处 sort 表示“种类”，是可数名词，前面有 all 修饰，故要用 sort 的复数形式。所以要把 sort 改为 sorts。23.【2018 全国卷 2】As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watch them, my parents would not let me.
29、 【答案】the 改为 a【解题思路】考查冠词。这里表示“作为一个孩子”，a 用在表示泛指的单数名词前， the 表示特指。故把 the改成 a。24.【2017 全国卷 】I still remember how hard first day was.【答案】first 前加 the 或 my 【解题思路】考查冠词或物主代词。“我”依然记得第一天是多么艰难。句中特指第一天，所以在 first 前加上the，也可以加上 my。my first day 表示“我的第一天”。故在 first 前加 the 或 my。25.【2017 全国卷 】They live far from the scho
30、ol，and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.【答案】第一个 a 改为 an 或 one 【解题思路】考查冠词用法。名词 hour 虽然是辅音字母开头，但发音为元音，用 an 或 one 均可。26.【2017 全国卷 】Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.【答案】picture 前加 this
31、/the 【解题思路】考查限定词。根据语境可知这张照片是上文提到的照片，是特指，故需要用限定词 this/the 修饰。27.【2017 全国卷 】The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up！” “Slow down ！” “Turning left！”【答案】word 改为 words 【解题思路】考查名词复数。教练一直喊“加速”“减速”“左转”。 word 表示某人说的话时是可数名词，故将word 改为 words。28.【2017 全国卷 】Beside，they often get some useful informations
32、 from the Internet.【答案】informations 改为 information【解题思路】考查不可数名词。information 为不可数名词。29.【2016 全国新课标 III】At the first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.【答案】the 去掉【解题思路】考查冠词。at first 起初，是固定词组，不需要冠词，故把 the 去掉。30.【2016 浙江 】Every time he arrived home at end of the day, wed g
33、reet her at the door.【答案】第一个 at 后面加 the【解题思路】at the end of 为固定搭配，意为“在结束的时候 ”。故第一个 at 后面加 the。31.【2016 全国新课标 I】My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.【答案】honest 改为 honesty 【解题思路】考查名词。此处是指诚实是他成功的秘诀，用名词形式。 而形容词 honest 意思是“诚实的”，是指人的性格特点。 高频易错题一、语法填空（广西陆川县中学 2018 届高三下学期押轴密卷）I wont call m
34、yself the most accomplished person when it comes to _1_ (hold) chopsticks. In fact, Im pretty sure that my technique looks clumsy at times. I tend to hold _2_ (I) in the middle, more beginner than expert.Still, since I eat almost every meal with the eating utensil(器皿)of choice in China its not uncom
35、mon for a new friend or acquaintance to come to a simple _3_ (conclude) after observing me that my Chinese husband, Jun, must _4_ (show) me how to use them.They are wrong. Ive used chopsticks ever since I was a teenager, a time when my sister and mother were both fond of Chinese cuisine and introduc
36、ed me _5_ many new dishes, along with the _6_ (prefer) utensils in China. We always kept bamboo chopsticks along with our _7_ (knife), forks and spoons, ready for whenever we happened to have Chinese food for dinner. It was my closest family _8_ observed my first mistakes I made in using chopsticks.
37、Plus, I lived over two years in China before Jun and I started dating and I _9_ (expect) to use chopsticks in almost every restaurant, stand and bar. Trust me, when youre hungry you figure out pretty fast what it takes to down(咽下 ) _10_ meal with these utensils.【答案】1. holding 2. mine 3. conclusion 4
38、. have shown 5. to 6. preferred 7. knives 8. who/that 9. was expected 10. a【解题思路】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要记叙了作者本人学会用筷子的点点滴滴。1. 考查动名词。在 when it comes to 这一固定句型中，to 是介词，后接名词或动名词。句意：说到拿筷子，我不会称自己为最有成就的人。故填 holding。2. 考查名词性物主代词。根据上下文可知，这里是指“握住我的筷子”。句意：我往往握住筷子的中间。故填mine。3. 考查名词。固定短语 come to a conclusion 得出结论，故用名词形式。句
39、意：得出了一个简单的结论。故填conclusion。4. 考查情态动词 must 表推测的用法。因为是对过去行为的推测，故用 have done。句意：一定会向我展示怎么用它们。故填 have shown。5. 考查介词。短语 introduce sb. to sth.向某人介绍某物。句意：并向我介绍许多新菜。故填 to。6. 考查非谓语动词。这里用 prefer 的过去分词作定语，表示“偏爱的”句意：以及中国人所偏爱的器皿。故填preferred。7. 考查名词。根据前面的 our 和后面的 forks and spoons,可知，这里用其复数形式。故填 knives。8. 考查强调句。因为
40、被强调部分是人，所以，既可以用 who 也可以用 that。句意：是我最亲密的家人看到我第一次错误地使用筷子。故填 who/that。9. 考查时态和语态。根据全文时态及句意可知，主语 I 与 expect 为动宾关系，故用过去时的被动形式。句意：人们预计我在几乎每一个餐馆、摊点和酒吧都会使用筷子。故用 was expected。10. 考查冠词。这里 meal 为可数名词，单数，非特指。句意：用这些器皿咽下一顿饭。故填 a。二、短文改错（广东省东莞市 2018 届高三上学期期末教学质量检查）Last summer holiday my uncle came to visit us. At t
41、he first day of his visit, we went out with one of my fathers friend for lunch at an outdoor caf. We walked along that afternoon, chat freely and had good time together. The next day my uncle pulled out his childhood pictures and told quite a few specially stories about his childhood. Although we di
42、dnt spend much time have fun together, but I never felt closer to him at that moment. He talked with me excitingly and gave me a gift. I opened the gift carefully in the evening, that was his precious dairy. He passed them to me and encouraged me to value the past.【答案】1.At 改为 On 2.friend 改为 friends
43、3.chat 改为 chatted4.在 had 后加 a 5.specially 改为 special 6.去掉 but7.have 改为 having8.exciting 改为 excitedly9.that 改为 which10.them 改为 it 【解题思路】本文讲述了我和叔叔相处的快乐时光。1.考查介词。在确切的某一天要用介词“on”，而“at”用在时间点上。根据句意可知本处是指“在我叔叔来的第一天”。故把 At 改为 On。2.考查可数名词的数。句意：我们和我父亲的一个朋友在室外咖啡馆吃午饭。分析句意可知是父亲朋友中的一个，即 one of my fathers friends。
44、因此把 friend 改为 friends。3.考查并列谓语。句意：那天下午我们一起散步，随意地聊天，度过了美好的时光。分析句子可知，chat 与walk 及 had 三个动词是并列谓语，因为这是讲述过去的事，主语都是 We，故把 chat 改为 chatted。4.考查固定搭配。have a good time,为固定搭配，意为“ 玩得高兴，过得愉快 ”。因此要在 had 后添加 a。5.考查形容词作定语。根据句子可知，specially 在此修饰名词 stories，修饰名词要用形容词而不能用副词，故把 specially 改为 special。句意：第二天，我叔叔拿出他小时候的照片，讲述
45、了一些关于他童年的特别的故事。6. 考查连词。句意：虽然我们在一起的时间不多，但在那一刻我从来没有觉得离他更近。分析句子“Although we didnt spend much time have fun together, but I never felt closer to him at that moment.”可知本句中有两个连词“Although 和 but”，根据英语语法，只能有一个连词，分析句意可知，去掉 but。7.考查固定搭配。spend time ( in) doing sth 花费时间做某事，因此要把 have 改为 having。8.考查副词作状语。句意：他和我激动地
46、交谈，还给了我一个礼物。分析句子可知，本句中的 exciting 在此修饰谓语动词 talked，是修饰人做某事的心情，因此要用副词形式 excitedly。9.考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子可知，本句中的先行词是 the gift，被一个非限制性定语从句修饰。在定语从句中作主语，在非限制性定语从句中指代先行词是物的，只能用 which ,不能用 that,因此把 that 改为which 。10. 考查不定代词。句意：他把这个礼物送给我，鼓励我珍惜过去。根据上文可知是一件礼物，是单数。因此要用 it,故把 them 改为 it。精准预测题一、语法填空（2018 届安徽省滁州市高三 9 月联合
47、质量检测英语试题）As is known, China is a great country with a time-honored history and profound culture.While_1_(mention) Chinese culture, Chinese tea culture cannot be missed. It is the culture of making tea and drinking tea in China, which is_2_(difference) from that of Europe, Britain, and Japan.In China
48、, drinking tea_3_(refer) as tasting tea, which not only means distinguishing the quality of tea. but also enjoying the pleasure of falling into the dream about life while drinking tea. A short retreat from a much busier life, make a cup of tea_4_taste it in a quiet place on your own, not only reliev
49、ing tiredness but also refreshing_5_ (you) soul heartily.China is a country with a time-honored civilization,_6_is quite particular about ceremony and etiquette（礼节）. When guests pay a visit, etiquette of making tea for guests is_7_(basic) required. When making tea, proper blending of tea_8_(leaf) is quite necessary, so that fa
