1、考向预测定语从句是高中英语三大类从句中最难的一类，其难点主要在于很多学生在学习时分不清先行词，不能正确使用关系代词、关系副词。因此在学习定语从句时，务必搞清定语从句的概念、关系词的正确选择和使用情况等。2019 年高考定语从句的考 查还将是对关系代词和关系副词的考查。对定语从句的考查仍将不会单纯考查其语法结构，而是将其融入一定的语境中来考查考生的实际综合运用能力。知识与技巧的梳理定语从句是高考的热点，对于定语从句考纲要求掌握以下内容：1.引导限制性定语从句的关系词；2.引导非限制性定语从句的关系词；3.限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别；4.介词+关系代词的用法；5.不定代词/数词+of whic
2、h/whom 引导的非限制性定语从句及其该结构与并列句的判断；6.关系词之间的异同现象及选用。考点 1：关系代词一览表关系词 先行词从句成分例句 备注who 人 主语Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom 人 宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working.The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.关系代词whose 人，物 定语I like those books whose topics are about history.Th
3、e boy whose father works abroad is my desk mate. whom, which和 that 在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that专题九 定语从句that 人，物主语宾语A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which 物主语宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the ac
4、cident was terrible.as 人，物主语宾语He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as 做宾语一般不省略when 时间时间状语I will never forget the day when we met there.可用 on whichwhere 地点地点状语This is the house where I was born.可用 in which关系副词why 原因原因状语I cant imagine the reason wh
5、y he turned down my offer.可用 for which【典例】In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.A. which B. its C. whose D. whom 【答案】C 【解析】考查定语从句。先行词 the World Food Programme 在非限制性定语从句中作定语，修饰名词purposes，所以用关系代词 whose 引导，故选 C 项。句意：1963 年，联合国成立了世界粮食计划署，其目的
6、之一就是缓解世界范围内的饥荒。【典例】China Today attracts a worldwide readership,_ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China. A. who B. whom C. that D. which【答案】D【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。根据句式结构来看出现了逗号，说明这是一个非限制性定语从句。首先that 不能引导非限制性定语从句，who 在引导非限制性定语从句的时候通常在从句中做主语和宾语，指人，而 whom 也指人，却只能做宾语。which
7、 引导非限制性定语从句通常在从句中做主语或者宾语。关系词代指前面的中国日报，在定语从句中做主语。该句意思为：中国日报有着全球的读者群，这说明全球越来越多的人想要了解中国。故选 D。考点 2：that 与 which，who，whom 的用法区别A. that 和 which 的用法区别:在定语从句中，关系代词 which 和 that 都可指物，一般情况下，可以互换使用。但在下列情况下值得注意：只能用 that 而不能用 which 的情形(1)当先行词为：all, little, few, much, none,及 some-, any-, no-, every-,与 thing 所组成的复
8、合单词时，只能用that。如：There is nothing that will stop us making progress. 没有事情会阻止我们进步。(2)当先行词前面有 only, some, any, no, every, little, few, much, all, very 等形容词修饰时，只能用 that。如：This is the only problem that we cant work out. 这是我们不能解决的唯一的一个问题。 (3) 当先行词由形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，只能用 that。如：This is the most interesting book
9、 that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最有趣的书。(4) 当先行词同时包括人和物时，只能用 that。如：Lu Xun and his works that we are familiar with are considered great. 人们认为我们所熟识的鲁迅及其作品都很伟大。(5) 当先行词在定语从句中作表语时，只能用 that。如：This is a book that I have been looking for since last week. 这就是那本自上周以来我一直在寻找的书。 (6) 当主句是以 which 开头的特殊疑问句时，只能用 that。
10、如：Which is the picture that you drew yesterday? 你昨天画的那张画是哪一张？B只能用 which 而不能用 that 的情形（1）当非限制性定语从句中的先行词指物时，只能用 which。如：The pencil-case, which I bought last week, is missing.我上周买的那个铅笔盒，现在不见了。（2）关系代词前面有介词时，只能用 which。如：The tree under which we used to take a rest has been cut down. 我们过去常在下面休息的那棵树已砍掉了。(3)
11、 先行词为代词 that 或 that 所修饰时，只能用 which。如：I dont take that which is too expensive. 我不要太贵的那一个。C. who (whom) 和 that 的用法区别详解在定语从句中，关系代词 who (whom) 和 that 都可指人和物，在一般情况下，可以互换使用，但在下列情况下值得注意：一、用 who (whom) 而不用 that 的情形(1) 在非限制性定语从句中的先行词指人时，只能用 who (whom)。如：My sister, who is studying abroad, sent me a beautiful
12、present just before this Christmas. 我姐姐，她在国外学习，就在圣诞节前给我寄来了漂亮的礼物。(2) 当定语从句对指人的先行词进行隔位修饰时，只能用 who (whom)。如：Do you know the girl in front of the blackboard who is speaking to the students? 你认识黑板前面正在给学生们讲话的那位女孩子吗？(3) 当先行词为 people 和 those 时，只能用 who (whom)。如：Those who want to go there come here please. 那些
13、想去那儿的人请来这边。(4) 当先行词为 one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all(指人) 时，只能用 who (whom)。如：Anyone who is against us is our enemy. 任何反对我们的人就是我们的敌人。(5) 先行词指人，而关系代词在从句中作主语时，一般多用 who。如：The man who came here yesterday said he would come again in a few days. 昨天来这儿的那个人说过几天他会再来。(6) 在 there be 句型中名词的定语从句多用于 who(whom
14、)。如：There are students in our class who/whom you have met.我们班有些学生你没见过。(7) 当句子中两个指人的先行词分别带有两个定语从句时，若一个定语从句的引导词为 that，那么，另一个定语从句的引导词必定为 who。如：The boy that you met just now is Li Ming s brother who just graduated from a university.刚才你看到的那个男孩是李明的刚从大学毕业的弟弟。二、用 that 而不用 who (whom)的情形(1) 当先行词前面有形容词的最高级或序数词
15、修饰时，引导词只能用 that。如：The tallest player that plays football for our team is from Shandong. 在为我们队踢足球的最高那个运动员来自山东。(2) 当先行词前面有 only, some, any, no, every, little, few, much, all, very 等形容词修饰时，引导词只能用 that。如：He is the only student that said “no” to the teacher. 他是唯一的一个对老师说“不”的学生。(3) 当主句是以 who 开头的特殊疑问句时，引导词只
16、能用 that。如：Who is woman that you talked with just now? 刚才跟你谈话的那位妇女是谁？(4) the same as 与 the same thatthe same as 所引导定语从句的内容与先行词同类而不同物；the same that 表示所引导的从句内容与先行词同类同物，即：同一事物。如：She is wearing the same coat that I lost a few days ago. 她正穿着我几天前所丢失的上衣。(暗含：她偷了我的上衣) She is wearing the same coat as I lost a
17、few days ago. 她正穿着跟我几天前所丢失的上衣同样的上衣。(暗含：她所穿的上衣不是我所丢失的那一件)考点 3 关系副词引导的定语从句1、关系副词一览表when 时间时间状语I will never forget the day when we met there.可用 on whichwhere 地点地点状语This is the house where I was born. 可用 in which关系副词why 原因原因状语I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用 for which【典例】Mozarts
18、birthplace and the house _ he composed The Marc Flute are both museums now.A. where B. when C. there D. which【答案】A【解析】where 引导了定语从句，并且在定语从句中做地点状语，先行词为 the house。【特别提示】在英语中有几个词虽然不指具体的地点，但它们作先行词时常用 where 引导定语从句（介词+which） 。常见的有：situation/case/point/circumstances/stage 等。 I have come to the point where
19、I cant stand him. 我已经到了无法容忍他的程度。 Hes got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane他发现自己陷入了危险的境地，他有可能会失去对飞机的控制。【典例】Its helpful to put children in a situation _ they can see themselves differently.A. that B. when C. which D. where【答案】D 【解析】考查定语从句。先行词是 a situa
20、tion,指物，表示地点，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where,选 D。考点 4 “介词+关系代词”以及关系副词引导的定语从句1概述“介词+关系代词” 引导的定语从句多用于正式文体，使用的关系代词一般是 which。whom 既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句。常见的有以下几种结构：(1)介词+关系代词Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice=Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice曼德拉是我寻求帮助的一位黑人律师。(2)名词/代
21、词/数词 +介词+关系代词 Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore，three of which were English novels=Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore，of which three were English novels上个星期天，我从书店买回几本书，其中三本是英文小说。 He wrote a book，the name of which Ive completely forgotten他写了一本书，书名我完全给忘记了。 The old man
22、has two daughters, both of whom are doctors那位老人有两个女儿，她们都是医生。(3)形容词最高级+ 介词+关系代词China has thousands of islands，the largest of which is Taiwan中国有成千上万的岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。(4)介词+关系代词+名词I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologized我叫错了他的名字，为此我向他表示了歉意。(不能使用 whose)2关系代词的选择用于“介词+关系代词” 结构的关系代词指人时只能用
23、whom，指物时只能用 which，即介词+which/whom。【典例】You can only be sure of _ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _ you might get in the future.A. that; what B. what;/ C. which;/ D. /; that【答案】B【解析】 很明显，第一空前没有名词或代词。这是介词后的宾语从句，宾语从句中缺少 have 的宾语，指物，用 what。第二个空前有不定代词，我们把它代入从句中，可以作 get 的宾语，说明是宾语从句，用关系代
24、词that,它在定语从句中作宾语可以省略，所以答案是 B。限时训练 （45 分钟）经典常规题一、语法填空1.【2018全国 I】Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.【答案】that which【解题思路】考查定语从句的关系词。此处 a study 是先行词，其在定
25、语从句中作主语，故填 that 或 which。2.【2018全国 II】When the government started a soil-testing program _ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.【答案】that/which【解题思路】考查定语从句关系词。根据空后的谓语动词 gives 可知，该空缺少主语，指代 program 并且引导后面的句子。指物用 that/which，故填 that 或者 w
26、hich。3.【2018浙江】Many westerners _ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap _ can be to eat out.【答案】who/that【解题思路】考查关系代词。句中包含定语从句，先行词是 westerners 指人，在定语从句中做主语，用关系代词 who/that 引导，故填 who/that。4.【2017全国卷】Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, _
27、is not good for the health.【答案】which【解题思路】考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知 which is not good for the health 为非限制性定语从句，先行词为前文中的 to have too much of both。故填 which。5.【2017全国卷】But Sarah, _ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants _ (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.【答案】who；to prove 【解题思路】第一空考
28、查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空后面是一个定语从句，缺少连接词，代指先行词Sarah, 在从句中作主语，故填 who。第二空考查动词不定式。want to do sth 为固定搭配，故用动词不定式。6.【2017浙江卷 6 月考】Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got _ (sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, _ it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally
29、sprouted (生长) through it.【答案】swept；where【解题思路】第一空考查过去分词。此处是 get done 结构，表示被动，意为“被扫进了垃圾堆”。第二空考查定语从句。此处先行词是 the garden，在从句中充当地点状语，故填 where。二、短文改错7.【2018全国 I】They also had a small pond, which they raised fish.【答案】which 改成 in which 或 where【解题思路】考查定语从句的关系词。句意：他们还有一个小池塘，里面养着鱼。此处 a small pond 是先行词，其在后面的定语从
30、句中作地点状语，故用 in which 或 where。8.【2017全国卷 】 In their spare time，they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden，that is on the rooftop of their house.【答案】interesting 改为 interested；that 改为 which【解题思路】考查形容词用法。张家夫妇对种菜感兴趣；考查定语从句。该处前有逗号，后句为非限制性定语从句，故用 which。9.【2017全国卷 】Around me in picture are t
31、he things they were very important in my life at that time.【答案】picture 前加 this/the；they that/which【解题思路】考查限定词。根据语境可知这张照片是上文提到的照片，是特指，故需要用限定词 this/the 修饰；考查定语从句。分析句子可知，前面的倒装句“Around me in the picture are the things”是一个单句，而后面的“they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical
32、 instruments.”也是一个单句，在这种情况下，要么在两个单句之间用并列连词连接，要么把后面这个单句变为从句。从句意上看，这 里变为定语从句更为合理，故把 they 改为 that/which。高频易错题一、语法填空（河南省中原名校 2018 届高三第二次质量检测）When you are thirsty, you can drink some green tea. It tastes good and its very healthy. The Chinese 1 (know) about the benefits of green tea since ancient times,
33、and they use 2 to treat everything from headaches to depression. They have 3 (actual) been using green tea as a medicine for over 4,000 years.Nowadays, there is scientific evidence of the health benefits of green tea. According to one study_4_ (publish) in a cancer research journal, drinking green t
34、ea _5_(reduce)the risk of some types of cancer in Chinese men and women 6 nearly sixty percent. USA researchers have also found that green tea may prevent the 7 (grow) of cancer cells. There is also new evidence 8 green tea can help to destroy bacteria in our bodies. It is especially effective at ge
35、tting rid of the bacteria on your _9_ _(tooth)and keep them healthy!According to the Chinese proverb, “It is_10_ (good) to go without food for three days, than without tea for one.” So, in brief, you should definitely try a cup of green tea. It seems that it can only do you good.【答案】1. have known 2.
36、 it 3. actually 4. published 5. reduces 6. by 7. growth 8. that 9. teeth 10. better【解题思路】本文向读者介绍了绿茶。从远古时代起，人们就开始了解绿茶的好处，并用它来治疗从头痛到抑郁的各种问题。今天，根据科学研究发现绿茶有益于健康，绿茶可以减少某些癌症发生的机率，抑制细菌的生长等。1. 考查时态。根据“The Chinese_1_ (know) about the benefits of green tea since ancient times”中的“since”可知，应该用完成时。故填“have known”
37、 。2. 考查代词。 “they use _2_ to treat everything from headaches to depression” “it”代指前面的“green tea”。故填“it” 。3. 考查副词。 “They have _3_ (actual) been using green tea as a medicine for over 4,000 years”“他们实际上一直用绿茶作为一种药物已经有 4000 多年了” 。故填“actually” 。4. 考查被动语态。 “According to one study_4_ (publish) in a cancer r
38、esearch journal”“根据一项被出版的杂志癌症研究 ”。故填“published” 。5. 考查主谓一致。 “drinking green tea _5_ (reduce) the risk of some types of cancer”“绿茶可以减少癌症的风险” ，动名词作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式，故填“reduces” 。6. 考查介词。 “in Chinese men and women _6_ nearly sixty percent”“中国男性和女性患病的几率降低了 60%”。故填“by” 。7. 考查名词。 “green tea may prevent the
39、 _7_ (grow) of cancer cells”“绿茶阻止癌细胞的生长” ，这里用名词作宾语，故填名词“growth” 。8. 考查定语从句。 “There is also new evidence _8_ green tea can help to destroy bacteria in our bodies”“也有新的证据表明绿茶可以帮助破坏我们体内的细菌” 。 “that”指代后面的“green tea can help to destroy bacteria in our bodies”。故填“ that”。9. 考查复数形式。 “getting rid of the bact
40、eria on your _9_ (tooth)”“去除牙齿上的细菌” “tooth”的复数形式是“teeth” 。故填“teeth” 。10. 考查比较级。 “It is _10_ (good) to go without food for three days”“三天不吃东西是更好的”“good”的比较级是“better ”。故填“better ”。二、短文改错(四川省南充市 2018 届高三第一次适应性考试 )The environment pollution was more and more serious today. We have no clean water to drink
41、 it because of water pollution. And when trees cut down, some animals disappear. There is more and more dirty smoke in the air. Peoples health has been great affected by air, noise and water pollution. Many people have died of diseases causing by pollution. In order to live the better life, its time
42、 for us to protect our world. We should recycle, reduce and reuse things, what saves money and reduces pollution. Use things so long as possible. Dont use plastic bag. Besides, we must plant more trees and stop people cutting it down. We hope our world will be more and more beautiful.【答案】1.第一句：was 改
43、成 is2.第二句：去掉 it3.第三句：trees 后加 are4.第五句：great 改成 greatly5.第六句：causing 改成 caused6.第七句：the 改成 a7.第八句：what 改成 which8.第九句：so 改成 as9.第十句：bag 改成 bags10.第十一句：it 改成 them【解题思路】1.句意：今天环境的污染越来越严重。可知句子用一般现在时态，故把 was-is。2.句意：因为污染我们没有干净的水喝。动词不定式做后置定语，并且动词不定式与所修饰的词之间是动宾关系。故把 it 去掉。3.句意：树被砍倒的时候，一些动物消失了。when 引导的时间状语从
44、句用一般现在时态的被动语态， trees 是从句主语，故在 trees 后加 are。4.副词修饰动词，故把 great-greatly。5.句意：很多人死于因污染引起的疾病。过去分词做后置定语，故把 causing-caused。6.句意：为了过上一个更好的生活。故把 the-a。7.前面是整个句子作先行词，后面的非限制性定语从句用 which 引导，故把 what-which。8.固定搭配：asas possible 尽可能，故把 so-as。9.句意：不要用塑料袋。根据句意可知用名词复数形式，故把 bag-bags。10.句意：我们一定要种更多的树，并且阻止人们砍伐它们。故把 it-th
45、em。精准预测题一、语法填空（山东德州市 2018 届高三第一次模拟考试）Kids who use media in unhealthy ways may have problems _1_relationships, conduct and other emotional symptoms, lead author of a US new study warned.A study of the University of Michigan (UM) _2_ (release) recently on its website found that how children use the de
46、vices, rather than how much time they spend on them, _3_ (be) the strongest predictor of emotional or social problems connected with screen _4_ (addict).The study revealed that _5_ matters most is whether screen use causes problems in other areas of life or has become _6_all-consuming activity.Some
47、of the warning _7_ (sign) include: if screen time interferes with daily activities, causes conflict for the child or in the family, or is the only activity _8_brings the child joy. Though much research _9_ (exist) on adolescents and screen use, this is considered as the first tool to measure how add
48、icted children are to screen media. It will be a _10_ (value) tool for parents, clinicians and researchers.【答案】1. with/in 2. released 3. is 4. addiction 5. what 6. an 7. signs 8. that 9. exists 10. valuable 【解题思路】本文为说明文，文章论述了当今孩子们用不健康方式使用媒体的现状及解决办法。1.考查介词。此处表示在人际关系、行为和其他情感症状方面有问题。指“在方面”用介词 with/in，故填with/in。2.考查动词。句中主语 study 和动词 release 是被动关系，此处是过去分词作定语，指被发布的研究结果，故填 released。3.考查主谓一致。宾语从句中的主语 how children use the devices 是句子,谓语动词与之一致用单数，故填 is。4.考查名词。此处指对屏幕上瘾，在句中作宾语用名词。故填 addiction。5.考查代词。此处引导宾语从句中的主语从句，指最要紧的东西，用代词 what 引导。故填 what。6.考查冠词。句中名词 activity 是可数名词，此处表示“ 一种全消费的活动”，all 开
