1、Nearly all kinds of apes are used in experiments and researches,Where do the animals come from?,Key Points More than 2.5 million live animal experiments were authorized in Great Britain in 2000. This number has halved since the 1970s Around the world, animals are used to test products ranging from s
2、hampoo to new cancer drugs British law requires that any new drug must be tested on at least two different species of live mammal. One must be a large non-rodent Almost every medical treatment you use has been tested on animals. Animals were also used to develop anesthetics to prevent human pain and
3、 suffering during surgery,The demand for animals to cut up and kill is massive and so there are, inevitably, a number of people who earn their living by providing laboratories with the livestock they need. Supplying live animals is big business these days.,People sell us for money, but we are badly
4、treated in the research facilities!,Many of the animals are specially bred on animal farms where sophisticated techniques may be used to ensure that researchers get what they want. Some animals come from zoos (when they have a surplus of some species available), some are retired from other activitie
5、s (extracting greyhounds are popular with researchers) and some are captured in the wild. It is this last method that arouses most indignation among environmental pressure groups, for some animals are captured in such vast quantities that whole species are threatened with extinction.,Animal Experime
6、ntation:Sadistic Scandal,Animal experiments are done for personal and commercial gain by people who are driven by greed and vanity. But the vivisectors may be cruel, unthinking and unimaginative they are not entirely without cunning. They realize that their best chance of continuing with their work
7、is to persuade the public that the work they do does have a value. And so they lie. And because they are backed by huge international corporations which are as frightened as they are wealthy, the lies are presented in a convincing and polished way. They terrorize and blackmail ordinary citizens by w
8、arning them that if animal experiments are stopped their children will die. It is crude and dishonest but it is often effectiw.,Bad Science,In many cases, animal studies do not just hurt animals and waste money; They harm and kill people, too. Some drugs tested on animals and judged safe had devasta
9、ting consequences for the humans who used them.,A general accounting office report, in may 1990, found that more than half of the prescription drugs approved by the FDA between 1976 and 1985 caused side effects that were serious enough to cause them to be relabeled. All of these drugs had been teste
10、d on animals.,Experiments based on us brings not only benefits to human!,Misleading,Animal experimentation also misleads researchers in their studies.Some drugs could do harm on human bodies, and the work on prevention was delayed by wrong conceptions of the nature of the human disease based on misl
11、eading experimental models of the disease in monkeys.“,We are different from human so experiments based on us will be misleading!,the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the government agency that investigated callous disregard and outright abuse of animals,“Hoping to stop it, our investigator repo
12、rted the violation to members of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, which is supposed to oversee experiments, and asked them to come to the lab immediately to see the dead mice for themselves. But even though the committee members knew that they were supposed to keep a close eye on thi
13、s experimenter because of repeat violations, they acted scared of her and didnt ask to look in the bag.”,people have been opposed to vivisection for many years; not just because it is unbelievably barbaric and unforgivably cruel but also because it is worthless, wasteful, inaccurate, uninformative a
14、nd dangerously misleading.,Animal experiments: a failed technology,Robert Sharpe “The idea, as I understand it, is that fundamental truths are revealed in laboratory experiments on lower animals and are then applied to the problems of a sick patient. Having myself been trained as a physiologist I fe
15、el in a way competent to assess such a claim. It is plain nonsense.“,Ethical Argument,Are animals merely things which exist to be used by humankind? Do animals have rights? How should we treat animals? What kind of regulation should we follow?,Researchers with a simple way of looking at the world wi
16、ll frequently argue that animals do not have any rights. When pushed they will explain that the sole purpose of animals is to make our lives easier.When pushed they will explain that the sole purpose of animals is to make our lives easier.,The furthest they will go towards accepting that animals des
17、erve to be treated with respect is to say that human beings share a responsibility to ensure that animals are not subjected to unnecessary suffering. The word unnecessary is, of course, impossible to define satisfactorily and very few active researchers will ever admit that any experiments have ever
18、 involved unnecessary suffering.,We are awaken now! let us call for our rights!,Animal is as important as human. Each life is precious to the one who is living it - whether animal or human. And because animals have the capacity to suffer, it is wrong to inflict pain on them. Your brother or sister m
19、ay be more important to you than someone you dont know, but that doesnt make it morally right to experiment on a complete stranger! If the experiment cannot be avoid, at least we should minimize the pain and suffering of those animals, by enriching the living condition, by providing the social inter
20、action with others and by giving better daily cares.,What we need is just better treatment and less suffering!,Rend Descartes was one of the greatest thinkers of the seventeenth century and in history, but he had a few weaknesses. The biggest was probably his belief that animals had no conscious lif
21、e, no desires, no feelings and no emotions because they had no immortal soul. If Descartes had spent just a little more time looking around him and a little less time trying to understand the secrets of the universe, he would have known that he was wrong. The truth is: although it is impossible for
22、us to imagine precisely how animals do think, or what they think about, there cannot possibly be any doubt that they are capable of as much thought as many humans. Simple observations would have told Descartes that animals feel pain, suffer when they are sick, get bored, endure unhappiness and depre
23、ssion, grieve, mourn and can be driven mad by abuse.,We have our own emotion and feeling! We shouldnt be considered as lifeless machines!,Rules and regulations for animal research,the Animal Welfare Act (CFR 1985) the Public Health Services Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (PHS 19
24、96); the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Research Council 1996),ACUP,An animal care and use protocol (ACUP) is a document that gives the working details and justification for a research project. In order for a project to proceed, the ACUP must be reviewed and approved by t
25、he institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC). Only those approved items listed in the ACUP are allowed, and any changes to the protocol must be authorized before they can be instituted,Reasons,I.Animals have as much right to life as human beings II.Strict controls have not prevented resear
26、chers from abusing animals III.Deaths through research are absolutely unnecessary and are morally no different from murder IV.When locked up they suffer tremendous stress, can we know they dont feel pain?,We want to know if the standards on human beings is applicable to animals.We cannot tolerate th
27、e errors in researches on human beings, but why can we tolerate the errors in the evaluation of researches on animals?,seek the better balance,between scientific needs and animals protecting,The Three Rs In 1959, British zoologist William M. S. Russell and microbiologist Rex L. Burch published “The
28、Principles of Humane Experimental Technique“, in which they put forth the three Rs of animal research:,Replacement,- use alternative methods, e.g. testing on cell cultures,Reduction - use statistics to reduce the number of animals that must be used for each experiment,Refinement,- improve the experi
29、ment to reduce animal suffering,Ways,Using Cell Cultures,Safety tests using human cells are more accurate than animal tests. In fact,a new company now offers methods for developing new drugs withoutthe use of animals at all.,Replacing Animals in Safety Tests,Rat LD50 testslethal dose tests that meas
30、ure the dose of a chemical that kills 50 percent of the animals given itwere only 59 percent accurate, and mouse tests were about 70 percent accurate. But the average human cell test was 77 percent accurate. Accuracy was boosted to 80 percent when results from three different human cell tests were c
31、ombined.,Using New Technologies,New scanning technologies (such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging) can help doctors learn about disease from human patients without the need for invasive surgery, or animal testing.,In-Vitro Research,An enormous amount of valuable in-vitro (test tube) research is conducte
32、d today. Cell and tissue cultures are used to screen anticancer and anti-AIDS drugs and to test for product irritancy. The AIDS virus was isolated in human serum, and in vitro methods are providing new insights into the virus effect on human cells.,Computer Modeling,Computer programs can often predi
33、ct the toxicity of chemicals, including their potential to cause cancer or birth defects, based on their molecular structure. Computer simulations have also replaced live animals in medical education.,Britain,Germany,Austria and Holland have banded cosmetics testing on animals. Recently Germen resea
34、rchers develop a new way to test cosmetics not using animals.,In the future Animal researchers saythat it will be impossible to eliminate all animal tests. But most scientists accept thatit is extremely important to minimize the suffering of laboratory animals, and to use as few animals as possible.,Thank you for your attention !,
