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类型综英5 Unit-11 Beauty by Susan Sontag.ppt

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    综英5 Unit-11 Beauty by Susan Sontag.ppt
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    1、新世纪高等院校英语专业本科系列教材(修订版) 综合教程第五册(第2版) 电子教案,cover,Unit 11 Beauty,上海外语教育出版社 南京信息工程大学 刘杰海,Pre-R: picture activation,Which of the above is beautiful? Why do you think so?,Picture Activation | Pre-questions,Pre-R: picture activation-remarks,Note:We hardly can judge the above paintings “beauty”, because “be

    2、auty” itself is too abstract. In addition, different people may have different opinions about the concept.The question is: What is your OWN understanding of “beauty”?,Picture Activation | Pre-questions,Pre-R: pre-Q1,1. It is believed that almost without exception everyone, men and women, old and you

    3、ng, wishes to be beautiful. However, some people, not too many though, might look physically beautiful but are mentally ugly. What kind of beauty is more important, internal beauty or external beauty?,Picture Activation | Pre-questions,Open to discussion.,Pre-R: pre-Q2,2. Judgment of beauty varies f

    4、rom person to person. As the saying goes, love is blind (“Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder”?). Do you think there is any universally accepted criterion for judging beauty?,Picture Activation | Pre-questions,Open to discussion.,G-R: text introduction,This revealing argumentative essay convincing

    5、ly argues that associating beauty with women has put beauty even further on the defensive, and does much harm to the notion of beauty and, in particular, to women. Meanwhile, the writer exposes and criticizes the social prejudices or sexual bias against women in relation to beauty. Moreover, she poi

    6、nts out the way for women to get out of the crude trap in which they have been caught for too long and calls on people to do something to save beauty from women and for women.,Text Introduction | Culture Notes | Author | Structure,G-R: author-2,Sontag, Susan (1933-2004), Jewish American writer, film

    7、 maker, critic, known for her philosophical writings on modern culture. Born in New York City, Sontag was educated at the universities of California, Chicago, and Paris and at Harvard University. During the 1960s and 1970s Sontags essays and observations had a strong influence on the American counte

    8、rculture. She is bisexual.,Author,G-R: author-3,Works:(1963) The Benefactor 恩主(1966) Against Interpretation (includes Notes on “Camp”) 反对阐释(1977) On Photography 论摄影(1978) Illness as Metaphor 疾病的隐喻(1980) Under the Sign of Saturn在土星的光环下 2000 National Book Award for In America,Author,G-R: author-4,Quot

    9、es from Against Interpretation 反对阐释“the understanding of art starts from intuitive response and not from analysis or intellectual considerations”;interpretation had become “the intellects revenge upon art”;“in place of a hermeneutics we need an erotics of art”;“Real art has the capacity to make us n

    10、ervous. By reducing the work of art to its content and then interpreting that, one tames the work of art.”;“Its beautiful, because its awful”,G-R: author-1,“Beauty”What is most beautiful in virile men is something feminine; what is most beautiful in feminine women is something masculine.(Against Int

    11、erpretation, “Notes on Camp”),Author,G-R: structural analysis,Text Introduction | Culture Notes | Author | Structure,Part 1,(1-3) contrasts the ancient notion of “beauty” with the modern concept to introduce the topic.,Part 2,(4-7) illustrates how women and men are viewed/treated differently to supp

    12、ort the argument: the oppression of women.,Part 3,(8-9) points out how societys gender stereotypes have affected adversely the development of women.,Part 4,(10) calls on women and the whole society to get out of the trap created by the “myth of beauty” and the resulting oppression of women.,DR-p1a t

    13、ext,BEAUTY Susan Sontag1. For the Greeks, beauty was a virtue: a kind of excellence. Persons then were assumed to be what we now have to call lamely, enviously whole persons. If it did occur to the Greeks to distinguish between a persons “inside“ and “outside“, they still expected that inner beauty

    14、would be matched by beauty of the other kind.,Detailed Reading,DR-p1b text,The well-born young Athenians who gathered around Socrates found it quite paradoxical that their hero was so intelligent, so brave, so honorable, so seductive and so ugly. One of Socrates main pedagogical acts was to be ugly

    15、and teach those innocent, no doubt splendid-looking disciples of his how full of paradoxes life really was.,Detailed Reading,DR-p2 text,2. They may have resisted Socrates lesson. We do not. Several thousand years later, we are more wary of the enchantments of beauty. We not only split off with the g

    16、reatest facility the “inside“ (character, intellect) from the “outside“ (looks); but we are actually surprised when someone who is beautiful is also intelligent, talented, good.,Detailed Reading,DR-p3 text,3. It was principally the influence of Christianity that deprived beauty of the central place

    17、it had in classical ideals of human excellence. By limiting excellence (virtus in Latin) to moral virtue only, Christianity set beauty adrift as an alienated, arbitrary, superficial enchantment. And beauty has continued to lose prestige. For close to two centuries it has become a convention to attri

    18、bute beauty to only one of the two sexes: the sex which, however Fair, is always Second. Associating beauty with women has put beauty even further on the defensive, morally.,Detailed Reading,DR-p4 text,4. A beautiful woman, we say in English. But a handsome man. “Handsome“ is the masculine equivalen

    19、t of and refusal of a compliment which has accumulated certain demeaning overtones, by being reserved for women only. That one can call a man “beautiful“ in French and in Italian suggests that Catholic countries unlike those countries shaped by the Protestant version of Christianity still retain som

    20、e vestiges of the pagan admiration for beauty. But the difference, if one exists, is of degree only. In every modern country that is Christian or post-Christian, women are the beautiful sex to the detriment of the notion of beauty as well as of women.,Detailed Reading,DR-p5a text,5. To be called bea

    21、utiful is thought to name something essential to womens character and concerns. (In contrast to men whose essence is to be strong, or effective, or competent.) It does not take someone in the throes of advanced feminist awareness to perceive that the way women are taught to be involved with beauty e

    22、ncourages narcissism, reinforces dependence and immaturity.,Detailed Reading,DR-p5b text,Everybody (women and men) knows that. For it is “everybody“, a whole society, that has identified being feminine with caring about how one looks. (In contrast to being masculine which is identified with caring a

    23、bout what one is and does and only secondarily, if at all, about how one looks.) Given these stereotypes, it is no wonder that beauty enjoys, at best, a rather mixed reputation.,Detailed Reading,DR-p6 text,6. It is not, of course, the desire to be beautiful that is wrong but the obligation to be or

    24、to try. What is accepted by most women as a flattering idealization of their sex is a way of making women feel inferior to what they actually are or normally grow to be. For the ideal of beauty is administered as a form of self-oppression. Women are taught to see their bodies in parts, and to evalua

    25、te each part separately. Breasts, feet, hips, waistline, neck, eyes, nose, complexion, hair and so on each in turn is submitted to an anxious, fretful, often despairing scrutiny. Even if some pass muster, some will always be found wanting. Nothing less than perfection will do.,Detailed Reading,DR-p7

    26、 text,7. In men, good looks is a whole, something taken in at a glance. It does not need to be confirmed by giving measurements of different regions of the body. Nobody encourages a man to dissect his appearance, feature by feature. As for perfection, that is considered trivial - almost unmanly. Ind

    27、eed, in the ideally good-looking man a small imperfection or blemish is considered positively desirable. According to one movie critic (a woman) who is a declared Robert Redford fan, it is having that cluster of skin-colored moles on one cheek that saves Redford from being merely a “pretty face“. Th

    28、ink of the depreciation of women as well as of beauty - that is implied in that judgment.,Detailed Reading,DR-p8 text,8. “The privileges of beauty are immense,“ said Cocteau. To be sure, beauty is a form of power. And deservedly so. What is lamentable is that it is the only form of power that most w

    29、omen are encouraged to seek. This power is always conceived in relation to men; it is not the power to do but the power to attract. It is a power that negates itself. For this power is not one that can be chosen freely or renounced without social censure.,Detailed Reading,DR-p9 text,9. To preen, for

    30、 a woman, can never be just a pleasure. It is also a duty. It is her work. If a woman does real work - and even if she has clambered up to a leading position in politics, law, medicine, business, or whatever - she is always under pressure to confess that she still works at being attractive. But inso

    31、far as she is keeping up as one of the Fair Sex, she brings under suspicion her very capacity to be objective, professional, authoritative, and thoughtful. Damned if they do - women are. And damned if they dont.,Detailed Reading,DR-p10a text,10. One could hardly ask for more important evidence of th

    32、e dangers of considering persons as split between what is “inside“ and what is “outside“ than that interminable half-comic half-tragic tale, the oppression of women. How easy it is to start off by defining women as caretakers of their surfaces, and then to disparage them (or find them adorable) for

    33、being “superficial“. It is a crude trap, and it has worked for too long.,Detailed Reading,DR-p10b text,But to get out of the trap requires that women get some critical distance from that excellence and privilege which is beauty, enough distance to see how much beauty itself has been abridged in orde

    34、r to prop up the mythology of the “feminine“. There should be a way of saving beauty from women and for them.,Detailed Reading,DR:p1-3 Analysis,Paragraph 1-3 AnalysisThese three paragraphs, the beginning part of the essay, review the changes in the notion and position of beauty from the angle of his

    35、tory and assert that for almost two hundred years, it has become a habitual practice to credit beauty with the weaker sex, which is always secondary in status, no matter how beautiful it is, and that attributing beauty to women has rendered beauty even more morally vulnerable.,Detailed Reading,DR:p4

    36、-9 Analysis,Paragraph 4-9 AnalysisIn these paragraphs, the major part of the essay, the author argues that associating beauty with women does much harm to the notion of beauty and in particular to women and abridges their rights and interests. Meanwhile, the writer exposes and criticizes the social

    37、prejudices against women in relation to beauty. She defends womens rights and interests by criticizing the wrong viewpoints concerning beauty and women and expressing her own opinions without reserve.,Detailed Reading,DR:p10 Analysis,Paragraph 10 AnalysisIn this paragraph, the conclusion of the essa

    38、y, the writer points out that the oppression of women makes up an interminable half-comic half-tragic tale, and that to get out of the crude trap women are required to examine beauty objectively so that they may realize how much beauty itself has been abridged. Finally, the author calls on people to

    39、 do something to save beauty from women and for women.,Detailed Reading,DR-Questions-p1,Paragraph 1: QuestionWhat is the function of first sentence of this paragraph? Can you interpret this sentence?,Detailed Reading,It is a transitional sentence. Greek consider beauty as whole, so students of Socra

    40、tes may resist him because he was ugly. Yet, we do not, since we had split the “beauty” off, say, “inside” and “outside”.,DR-Questions-p1-2,Paragraph 1-2: QuestionWhat is the contrast mentioned in the first two paragraphs?,Detailed Reading,It is the contrast between the different notions of beauty h

    41、eld by the ancient Greeks and the modern men “we“: the Greeks considered beauty to be a virtue, and they seldom distinguished between a persons “inside“ and “outside“ and invariably expected that inner beauty would be matched by outward beauty; but nowadays we do the opposite.,DR-Questions-p1-3,Deta

    42、iled Reading,Read Paragraph 1 through 3, try to summarize the changing of the notion of “beauty”.,DR-Questions-p4-1,Paragraph 4: Questions1. Do you think Sontag will agree that “handsome” means to men what “beautiful” does to women?,Detailed Reading,“Handsome” dose not have the demeaning overtones “

    43、beautiful” has.,DR-Questions-p4-2,Paragraph 4: Questions2. Why does Sontag think that regarding women as the beautiful sex is detrimental to both the notion of beauty and that of women?,Detailed Reading,It depreciates the notion of beauty, and implies a sexually unfair judgment of women.,DR-Question

    44、s-p5,Paragraph 5: QuestionWhat does Sontag refer to by “stereotypes” in the last sentence of paragraph 5?,Detailed Reading,Fixed notion of two sexes; what people generally think a man or woman should be like.,DR-Questions-p6,Paragraph 6: QuestionCan you think of any concrete examples of “ a flatteri

    45、ng idealization of their sex” in paragraph 6?,Detailed Reading,Examples of “a flattering idealization of their sex”: beauty contests, sex symbols, super model covers,DR-Questions-p6-7,Paragraph 7: QuestionContrast paragraph 6 with paragraph 7, do you think society is fair in expectations of men and

    46、women with regard to their looks? Defend your opinions.,Detailed Reading,Open to discussion.,DR-Questions-p8,Paragraph 8: QuestionWhat does the author suggest by insisting “beauty is a power that negates itself“?,Detailed Reading,It is generally accepted, perhaps, that beauty is a form of power. How

    47、ever, it is quite lamentable that it is the only form of power that most women are encouraged to seek. Yet, it is not the power to act or perform but the power to attract people, probably the male. Moreover, women do not have the freedom to accept or deny the power, but they only have the obligation

    48、 to retain it with the approval of society. That is what the author suggests in arguing that beauty is a power that negates itself.,DR-Questions-p9,Paragraph 9: QuestionHow is the word “preen“ to be interpreted in paragraph 9?,Detailed Reading,Preening, a birds self-makeup behavior, in reference to

    49、a woman, is far more than a pleasure. It is her work, her social commitment because she is always under pressure to confess that she still works at being attractive even though she is holding as high a position as a man. In the authors view, preening, womens making-up for beauty, is actually a trap, from which they should keep a far distance.,DR-Questions-p10a,

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