1、英汉语言对比语 法 综合 vs.分析 形合 vs.意合 刚性 vs.柔性 繁复 vs.简短 物称 vs.人称 被动 vs.主动 静态 vs.动态 抽象 vs.具体 替换 vs.重复 2综合 vs.分析 英语：综合分析语 汉语：分析语 综合语： 形态变化 分析语： 语序及虚词3 综合语的特征是运用形态变化来表达语法关系。拉丁语、德语及古英语都属于这类语言。 分析语的特征是不用形态变化而用语序以及虚词来表达语法关系。汉语属于典型的分析语。 现代英语有形态变化，但不像典型的综合语那么复杂；语序比汉语灵活，但相对固定；虚词很多，用的也相当频繁。4形态变化对比 He moved astonishingl
2、y fast. He moved with astonishing rapidity. His movements were astonishingly rapid. His rapid movement astonished us. His movements astonished us by their rapidity. The rapidity of his movements was astonishing. The rapidity with which he moved astonished us. He astonished us by moving rapidly. He a
3、stonished us by his rapid movements. He astonished us by the rapidity of his movements.5 他的行动，快得惊人。 他行动的速度快的令人惊讶。 他行动速度之快，令人惊讶。 他的快速行动是我们感到惊讶。 我们对他的快速行动感到惊讶。6 I gave him a book. He has given me two books. His father often gives him books. 我 给 他一本书。 他 已 给 我两本书。 他爸爸常常 给 他一些书。7语序对比 基本语序相同：主谓宾 英语句子中倒置现象
4、较多。8 Case 1: He had to quit the position and went in exile, having been deprived of his power. 他被剥夺了权力之后 ，只好离职，流落他乡。 Case 2: It must be a great satisfaction to all ranks and races engaged in our common effort that the Japanese have been challenged and beaten in jungle warfare in Burma, and that thei
5、r boastfulness should have received a salutary exposure. 在缅甸丛林中，日军受到挑战并被击败；他们的自吹自擂，这回可得到了有益的揭露 这对于从事与我们共同事业的各阶层人士、各民族人民来说，必然是一件大快人心的事。9定语的位置 A very important question A question of great importance 一个很重要的问题 A debatable subject A subject which can be debated 一个可以辩论的题目 At an unprecedented speed At a s
6、peed unprecedented 以空前的速度10English- RBD (Right branching Direction)Chinese: LBD (Left branching Direction) 事实上，除了学者 对于老龄化的 担忧， 支持延长退休年龄的 呼声，主要来自于 这些机关事业单位的 工作人员 。 As a matter of fact, in addition to academics concerns over aging, voices backing retirement delay largely come from employees in the gov
7、ernment organs and public institutions. 在表达多层逻辑思维时，英语可充分利用形态变化、语序和虚词，常用包孕许多修饰成分或从句的复合句或长句，句中各部分的顺序比较灵活。 汉语表达同样意思时，主要借助语序和虚词，常用短句、分句按照一定的时间和事理顺序，有先有后，有主有次，逐层叙述。 英语常常是表态部分在前，叙事部分在后，汉语则相反。12 Case 3: I was all the more delighted when, as a result of his initiative of your Government, it proved possible
8、to reinstate the visit so quickly. 由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快的重新实现访问。 这使我感到特别高兴 。 Case 4: Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing. 如今人们知道， 如果食物中缺少了某些重要的成分 ，即使其中不含有任何有害的物质，也会引起严重的疾病。13 Case 5: 当我们欣赏人造美女的美貌并惊叹于技
9、术的神奇的时候 ，无疑会对人类的创造力和改造力敬佩不已。 There is no doubt that we cant help admiring human creativity and the capacity to remake the world when we are enjoying the good looks of man-made beauties and exclaiming at the wonders of technology. Case 6: 消费者来的时候 ，他们会推荐更为便宜的盗版； 而检查小组来的时候 ，他们则出具发票，证明自己是在出售正版光盘。 They r
10、ecommend cheaper pirate versions when consumers arrive but produce receipts to show that they are selling copyright VCDs when the inspectors turn up.14 Case 7: The assertion that it was difficult, if not impossible, for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its po
11、litical status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural development was now scarcely contested. 如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位，不能自由地保证其经济、社会和文化的发展，要享受其基本权利，即使不是不可能，也是不容易的。 这一论断，几乎是无可置辩的了 。15虚词的使用对比 英语： 经常使用冠词、介词、并列连词和从属连词。 汉语 ： 常使用助词， 具体可分为： 动态助词 （着、了、过）； 结构助词 （的、地、得）； 语气助词 （吗、呢、吧、啊、嘛、呀、哪）。少用介词。16
12、 Out of question Out of the question A hundred and one One hundred and one She was with a child. She was with child. 毫无疑问 不可能的 许许多多 一百零一 她带着一个孩子。 她怀着孕。17 What is he at? 他正在 干 什么？ John voted with the Tories. 约翰投票 支持 保守党。18形合 vs.意合 所谓形合 (hypotaxis)， 指的就是词语或分句之间用语言形式手段（如关联词）连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关 系。英语造句 主要采用形
13、 合法，其语义连贯是以显性连贯 (overt coherence)为特征，意形并重。 所谓意合 (parataxis)，指的是词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接 (cohesive ties) ， 其中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分 句的含义表达 ， 以神统形 。 有的学者把这种不用衔接手段而达到的语义连贯称为 “ 隐性连贯(covert coherence) ” 。 汉语造句主要采用意合法。19The insect nibbles the green leaves.The toad eats the insect that nibbles the green leaves.The snak
14、e catches the toad that eats the insect that nibbles the green grass.蛇吃癞蛤蟆，癞蛤蟆吃虫子，虫子吃绿叶。20天净沙秋思-马致远枯藤老树昏鸦， 小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马，夕阳西下，断肠人在 天涯。21 Withered vines hanging on old branches, Returning crows croaking at dusk, A few house hidden past a narrow bridge And below the bridge a quiet creek running. Down
15、a worn path, in the west wind, A lean horse comes plodding. The sun dips down in the west And the lovesick traveler is still at the end of the world. Case 1： 而且，事态不久又有恶性发展，半个月之后，一个给我家担水的人夫出来作证说，杀人的不是我爹，亲眼所见，王小姐到我家来的时候，出来迎她的是我的母亲，而且，手里提着一把切菜刀。 Moreover, things soon got worse in a perilous way, for ha
16、lf a month later, a man who was hired to fetch water for us came forth testifying that it was not my father who committed the murder and that, he saw with his own eyes, it was my mother, when Miss Wang got to our house, that came out to greet her, and with a kitchen knife in her hand.22 英语造句注重各种形式连接
17、手段，注重句子形式，注重结构完整。句中的连接手段和形式数量大、种类多，使用频繁。 1. 关系词和连接词 2. 介词 3. 其他连接手段（如：性数一致 )； it ,there 做替补词23 Case 1： When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.
18、为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢？ 我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分。24 Case 2： The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside. 彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。 Case 3： He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession. 他有一种令人疑虑不安的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。25 理性主义强调逻辑推理，注重形式论证
19、，表现在英语里即，注意形态的外露， 拘谨于结构成形、形式完整，语句拘泥于形式结构 ，语法呈显性，比较刻板，注重以形达意。 中国人的思维方式注重直觉领悟， 语言表达与分析重意不重形 。语句不拘泥于形式结构，语法呈隐形，注重心理意会。 语句表达时抛弃了可有可无的形式束缚，少用甚至不用形式连接手段，只留下纯粹的思想，直接表达现实和思维过程 ，注重隐形连贯，注重时间和事理顺序，词语之间的关系常在不言之中，语法意义和逻辑联系隐含在字里行间，注重以意役形。因此表达简洁，需要读者靠语境和语感从整体上去领会。26 Case 4: （因为）他不老实，我不能信任他。 Because he is not hones
20、t, I cant trust him. 我不能信任他，因为他不老实。 I cant trust him, because he is not honest. Case 5: 人（若）不犯我，我（则）不犯人。 We will not attack unless we are attacked.27 Case 6： 抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解了。 Once the principal contradiction is grasped, all problems can be readily solved. Case 7: 聪明一世糊涂一时 Smart as a rule, but t
21、his time a fool.28 Case 8: 东边闪电出日头，西边闪电必有雨，南边闪电天气热，北边闪电有雷雨。 If it lightens in the east, it will be sunny; If it lightens in the west, it will be rainy; If it lightens in the south, it will be sultry; If it lightens in the north, it will be stormy.29 Case 9: 不到黄河心不死。 Until all is over, ambition never dies. Case 10: 上梁不正下梁歪。 If the upper beam is not straight, the lower ones will go aslant. When those above behave unworthily, those below will do the same.30
