1、8.1 主语和谓语的一致主语和谓语的一致一般涉及三个原则：语法一致原则 ( Grammatical Concord ) - 即形式上的一致或动词和主语的数互相匹配。如：The taboo against eating pork occurs in more than one culture. 不止一种文化有忌食猪肉的风俗。（B2-U1-L39）意义一致原则 ( Notional Concord ) - 即意义或意念上的一致或按照数的概念动词与主语相一致。如：Danish bacon and eggs makes a good solid English breakfast. 丹麦式的熏咸肉加鸡
2、蛋做成了一顿美味的英国早餐。邻近性原则 ( Principal of Proximity ) - 即动词不与主语中主要的词语相一致，而与最邻近它的词语相一致。如：Either your brakes or your eyesight is at fault. 要么是你的刹车，要么是你的视力出了毛病。8.1.1 单个名词作主语时的主谓一致1集体名词，如 army, audience, bacteria, band, board, brood, cabinet, cast, class, club, committee, community, company, council, couple, c
3、rew, crowd, data, enemy, faculty, family, flock, gang, government, group, herd, household, jury, media, navy, nobility, opposition, party, personnel, press, public, school, society, staff, team等作主语，动词的形式常取决于说话者或写作者的意图。当集体名词强调整体时，谓语动词应取单数形式；如果强调某组织或集体的每一个个体时，谓语动词应取复数形式。如：The first group were given no
4、thing at all. The second group were given a placebo. 第一组人什么也没给。第二组人用了安慰剂。 （B1-U2-L34）Our group is composed of eight boys and three girls. 我们组由 8 个男孩和 3 个女孩组成。The staff has been cut by a quarter over the past year. 去年员工被裁减了四分之一。(B1-p19-L2)The staff are not very happy about the latest pay increase. 员工
5、们对最近一次的加薪不很满意。(B1-p19-L4)Note:有生命的集体名词如 cattle, clergy, livestock, militia, people, personnel, police, poultry, youth 等作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数形式；无生命的集体名词如 clothing, jewelry, machinery, merchandise, poetry 等作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如：Sadly, the youth of today arent so sure about their idols. 遗憾的是，现在的年轻人并不清楚自己的偶像是谁。(B
6、3-U11-L6)New machinery was introduced in the factory. 工厂引进了新的机器。2一些以-ics, 结尾的名词，如 aerobics, aesthetics, aeronautics, athletics, biogenetics, civics, cryonics economics, electronics, ethics, eugenics, genetics, gymnastics, linguistics, mathematics, mechanics, phonetics, politics, statistics 等作“ 一门学科“
7、解释时，谓语动词用单数形式；表示其它意义时用复数形式。如：If cryonics doesnt work, it is the same as just dying.如果人体冷冻法行不通，那么与死去也没有什么区别。(BOOK 3 UNIT 4 Back from the Dead)“Politics is much more difficult than physics“, said Einstein. 爱因斯坦说，“政治比物理要难得多。“The politics of the country is really beyond the scope of a tourist book like
8、this. Unit 11 The Criminals Go UnpunishedThe politics of the situation are not complicated. 时局的政治关系很复杂。Statistics is a branch of mathematics that helps determine the possibility that something will occur. (BOOK 2 Unit 10 Risks TCH)The statistics were not quite that clear-cut, but averaged out into t
9、hose ranges. (BOOK 4 Unit 5 Appearance Dress for Success)Note：有时以 -ics 结尾的名词无论接单数还是接复数形式的动词，句子的意思不变。如：Politics has/have always interested me. 政治总是引起我的注意。3.以-s 结尾的疾病名词作主语时，其谓语动词通常用单数形式，如：AIDs, arthritis（关节炎）, diabetes（糖尿病）, measles（麻疹）等；以-s 结尾的表示游戏的名词作主语，其谓语动词通常用单数形式，如：billiards（桌球）, checkers（跳棋） （美国
10、英语）, dominoes（多米诺骨牌）, draughts（跳棋）等。如：Although AIDS is a notable exception, few new many killers have come along to replace the ones that have been eliminated. 尽管爱滋病是一个明显的例外，但几乎没有什么新的大规模的致命性疾病出现来取代那些已被根除的疾病。(B2-p255-L6)Rickets is seldom found in sunny, tropical countries. (BOOK 2 UNIT 1 The Nutrient
11、s in Food)Dominoes is an easier game than chess. 玩多米诺骨牌比下国际象棋容易。Note：mumps（腮腺炎）可用单数动词或复数动词；cards（纸牌，扑克）通常用复数谓语动词。如：Mumps is/are fairly rare in adults. 成年人很少得腮腺炎。Cards are allowed here. 这里可以打扑克。4. 表示由对应的两个部分合在一起构成的工具的名词，具有复数含义，故其谓语动词用复数形式，如：binoculars, chopsticks, clippers（尖嘴钳子）, compasses（圆规）, force
12、ps（镊子）, glasses, headphones, scales, scissors, spectacles, tongs（夹具）等；某些以-s结尾的表示服装及鞋类的名词，具有复数含义，故其谓语动词用复数形式，如：clothes, drawers（内裤） ， gloves, jeans, pajamas, pants, shorts, slacks（工装裤）, stockings 等。如：The scissors are dull. 这把剪刀很钝。These trousers are too tight for me. 这条裤子我穿太紧。5一些单复数同形的名词，如 aircraft, C
13、hinese, crossroads, deer, fish, headquarters, Japanese, manners, means, offspring, pains, Portuguese, remains, series, sheep, species, Swiss, works 等需根据上下文判断它的数。如：Fish have evolved into around 30,000 different species. (BOOK 4 Unit 9 Computer Technology)That fish smells disgusting. (BOOK 2 UNIT 1 FO
14、OD AND CULTURE)Every Chinese knows how New China was born. 每一个中国人都知道新中国是怎样诞生的。All Chinese know how New China was born. 所有的中国人都知道新中国是怎样诞生的。If constructive means are not available to satisfy this instinct, man will turn to destructive means. 如果没有建设性的方法来满足这一本能，人类就会采用破坏性的方法。(B1-U10-L28)There is no means
15、 of finding out what happened. 没有办法查明发生了什么事。Note：fishes 表示鱼的种类，具有复数含义；pains 作主语一般接复数形式的动词，但有时也接单数形式的动词。如：There were fishes of many huts and sizes. 鱼的颜色不一，大小不一。Great pains have/has been taken. 已经花费了很多心血了。6英语中有些名词只用其复数形式，与其搭配的动词或相应的人称代词、指示代词也要用复数形式。这类名词主要有：arms ( ), articles ( ), ashes ( ), belongs (
16、), customs（风俗，关税）earnings ( ), goods ( ), outskirts ( ), suburbs ( ), riches ( )等。如：Halloween customs are mainly for the amusement of children.(BOOK 1 UNIT 4)They claim their goods are of high quality. (BOOK 4 Unit 4)The goods are to be exported to Canada. 这些货物将外销到加拿大。7某些名词以-s 结尾，形式上是复数，但实际上作单数用，故其谓
17、语动词也用单数形式，如：gallows（绞架）, summons（传票）, news 等。如：The summons was served on the man. 给那个人发了传票。The good news is that not all aspects of Type A behavior are equally toxic. 好消息是并非所有的A 型行为都有害。(B1-p188-L15)8. 国名、机构等名称作主语，谓语动词用单数形式；山脉、群岛的专有名词如果是以复数形式结尾的（前面带有定冠词 the） ，则作主语时动词用复数形式。如：The United States has a ve
18、ry violent history. 美国历史上充满暴力。PAWS is one of 15 animal rights groups who have joined together to take the Navy to court.动物福利进步协会就是联合起来把海军告到了法庭的十五个动物权益组织之一。(B1-p277-L14)Note: the Philippines（菲律宾）和 the Netherlands（荷兰）作为国家的政治、经济单位看待时，可以接单数动词。如：The Netherlands, however, was not considered a god place to
19、 live in. 荷兰作为一个居住场所并不被看好。(B3-p383-L44)9名词所有格省略式作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据被省略的名词的单、复数来决定。1) 所有格所修饰的名词如果是指商店、住宅、教堂或办公室所在地时，经常被省略。这时谓语动词应采用单数形式。常见的所有格省略式有：the bakers, the barbers, the butchers, the carpenters, the grocers, the photographers, a booksellers, a dressmakers, Mr. Zhangs, my aunts等。如：There is a statio
20、ners (shop) in the next street. 隔条街有一家文具店。St. Pauls (Cathedral) has long been among the principal sights of London. 圣保罗教堂长期以来一直是伦敦的主要名胜之一。2) 所有格所修饰的名词（或词组）在句子中已经作为前提出现过，或下文中将要提到，为了避免重复，可以省略。谓语动词的单复数取决于被省略的名词（或词组）的单、复数。如：Many have come to believe that Type As (=Type A people) are much higher risk of
21、suffering a heart attack. 许多人开始相信 A 型行为者患心脏病的危险性要大的多。(B1-p188-L6)The childrens was a wonderful performance. (=The childrens performance was a wonderful one.) 孩子们的表演很精彩。Note: 简短的引语、格言和书籍、报刊、杂志的名称作为整体看待，相当于单个名词，作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。如：Since its founding in 1996, Songs of Love has been responsible for the comp
22、osition, taping and the sending of more than 780 songs to delighted children, all for free. 自 1966 年创立以来，爱之歌已经免费为孩子们创作、录音并发送了 780 多首歌曲。 （Songs of Love 是一非赢利性的组织）(B2-p182-L13)“The greatness of our people is their cordiality“ is a line from the national anthem of Aruba. 阿鲁巴国歌中有这样一句话“我们人民的伟大之处就在于他们的热情“
23、 。(B1-p256-L1)Crime and Punishment is perhaps the best constructed of Dostoyevskys novels, but The Brothers Karamazov is undoubtedly his masterpiece.罪与罚也许是陀思妥也夫斯基所创作的最好的作品，但卡拉马佐夫兄弟无疑是他的代表作。8.1.2 主语带有数量词的主谓一致1带有 a lot of (lots of), a majority of, a number of , a part of, a percentage of , an average
24、of, all of, half of, some of, most of, plenty of, the rest of, two-thirds of, ninety percent of, more than 等词的谓语动词用单数还是复数，取决于这些词所修饰或限定的名词的数。如果这些词后的名词为单数，谓语动词应用单数。如果这些词后的名词为复数，谓语动词应用复数。如：Now most of the motivation was internal and related to their larger goals. 现在大部分的动力是内在的，是与他们更大的目标相联系的。(B3-U6-L97)M
25、ost of the evening news on all three networks is composed of “pre-planned“ stories-stories about events or situations that are not spontaneous. (BOOK 4 UNIT 8 What Makes TV Most Entertaining?)One study found that 80 percent of teenagers were “heavily involved“ in family food shopping. 一项研究发现百分之八十的青少
26、年“大量地参与“ 家庭的食品采购。 (B1-U6-L26)34 percent of the teachers time was allocated to girls. 老师把 34%的时间分配给了女生。(B2-p229-L21)The vast majority of the parents were not themselves outstanding musicians, athletes or scholars.绝大部分的家长自己本身并不是杰出的音乐家、运动员或学者。(B3-U6-L27)Note: the number of, the percentage of, the propo
27、rtion of 后不管其后面接单数名词还是复数名词，谓语动词都用单数。如：The number of books stolen from the library is large. 图书馆被偷的书的数量很大。 2a series (kind / piece / proportion / species / succession, etc. ) +of +复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数和复数形式都有。如：A series of lectures on psychology is said to be given by Mr. Stone. 据说斯通先生要作一系列心理学讲座。A series
28、of conferences were staged for local officials and police personnel from Americas 136 largest cities.3名词+of this/ that kind / sort / type，这时谓语动词的数与 of 前的名词的数相一致；this/that kind, sort, type +单数或复数名词作主语，其谓语动词用单数形式。如：Questions of that kind /sort are very difficult.那种问题很难。For religious and political reas
29、ons, a mandatory policy of this kind has been impossible to introduce in other densely-populated countries, such as India, Pakistan or Brazil. (BOOK 5 UNIT 5 Population Tch)Violent incidents of this kind have become commonplace in a country where all human rights are being eroded.Selection of this s
30、ort raises all kinds of problems of the sample being consciously or unconsciously affected by the selectors personal biases.Since many caves of this sort were known in the area, the hunter gave it little thought. (BOOK 6 Unit 10 Prehistoric Art-The Beginning of Artistic Expression)4one and a half 后面
31、要接复数名词，但谓语动词习惯用单数形式 , 有时也发现用复数形式。如：One and a half bananas (=a banana and a half) is left on the table. 一只半香蕉留在桌子上。One and a half million trees have now replaced the desolation on the valley floor.THERE ARE ABOUT one and a half million different kinds of life forms on the planet today.During todays C
32、onsolidated Fund Bill debate only one and a half hours have been allocated to discussing pension funds.5“more than one +单数名词“在意义上是复数的，但一般仍选用单数形式的动词，有时也发现用复数形式类似的用法还有 many a，a day and a half 等。如：More than one member has protested against the proposal. 不止一个人反对这个计划。Many a famous star has been ruined by
33、 drugs. 许多著名新秀被毒品给毁了。A year and a half has passed. (=A period of a year and a half has passed.) 一年半已经过去了。More than one and a half thousand local police stations have online access to the computer.6数学中的加、减、趁乘、除这类算式作主语，动词习惯上用单数形式。如：Whats one plus two? 1+2 等于几？(B3-U3-L59)Ten minus eight equals two.Nine
34、 times four equals thirty six.Ten divided by two equals five. (BOOK 2 Unit 10 Risks)7表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、价值、数目的词组作主语时，通常将它们看作一个整体，因而谓语动词用单数形式。如：$1000 is too much to pay. 1000 美元数额太大，付不起。Two is company, three is none. 两人成对，三人不欢。 （谚语）Another ten days was gone. 又过了十天。Note: 如果它们是作为一个一个的个体来计算的，这时数字的复数性非常明显，谓语动
35、词则要用复数形式。如：These twenty minutes of cross questioning were the worst I ever spent. 这二十分钟的盘问是我有生以来最难熬的时刻。Eight were very good matches. 有八个很相似。(B3-p134-L38)8.1.3 主语为代词时的主谓一致1不定代词 each, one, anyone, everyone, someone, no one, anybody, everybody, nobody, somebody, anything, everything, nothing, something
36、 作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：Each view of time has advantages and disadvantages. 每一种对时间的看法都有其优缺点。(B2-U12-L40)Everyone was delighted because they would once again rich.人人兴高采烈，因为他们又变得有钱了。(B3-p16-L14)When next he sees her, he is buying a magazine to read during the flight and he becomes aware that someone is pushin
37、g him. (BOOK 1 UNIT 7 Thief)Note: 不定代词 all 单独作主语指人时，通常指三个或三个以上的人，故其谓语动词用复数形式；但 all 单独作主语指事物时，一般表示抽象概念的“一切“ 或把事物看作整体，故其谓语动词用单数形式。如：All are present today. 今天大家都到齐了。All goes well. 一切进展顺利。2在正式文体中，当 none, neither, either 和 any 后面跟 of+复数名词或代词时，谓语动词一般用单数。如：Of all the stunning statistics used to describe th
38、e world of the microchip, none is more extraordinary than this （BOOK 4 UNIT 9 Microchips ）I dont think either of them was to blame: they were just incompatible. (BOOK 3 UNIT 10)After all, when virtually any of us is confronted with the choice of doing something likely to kill us today versus doing s
39、omething likely to kill us in two decades, the choice is going to be the lesser of the two evils. (BOOK 2 UNIT 10 Health Risks)None of us have never told lies.Of all the stunning statistics used to describe the world of the microchip, none is more extraordinary than this BOOK 4 UNIT 9 MicrochipsNeit
40、her of their directions is toward him. 没有一个人朝他走去。(B1-p223-L22)When East meets West, how often is offense taken when none is given? 东西方人在一起时，究竟有多少本无冒犯之意却被当作冒犯之举的事发生呢？(B1-p76-L13)Note 1: either (of) , none (of) 和 neither (of)有时也可接动词的复数形式。如：I sent cards to Mavis and Margery but neither (of them) has/ha
41、ve replied; in fact, I doubt if either (of them) is/are coming. 我向梅维斯和玛杰里发了请贴，但她俩都没有给我答复。其实，我怀疑她俩是否会来。Except one person, none of us sleep during the day. （BOOK 3 UNIT 9） Luckily, none were killed in that accident. 值得庆幸的是，在这次事故中没有人丧生。Note 2: each (of) 一般与谓语动词单数连用。如：Each of us has a mental picture of
42、the kind of person we would like to be. 我们每个人心里都有一幅关于自己想要成为什么样的人的画面。(B1-p305-L27)3both (of), few (of), many (of), several (of)等不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：Both of her children have blue eyes. 她两个孩子都有一双蓝眼睛。4名词性物主代词作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数形式，也可用复数形式，这取决于所替代的名词词组是单数还是复数。如：Ours (=Our country) is a greatest socialist count
43、ry. 我们的国家是一个伟大的社会主义国家。Your shoes are black, his (=his shoes) are brown. 你的皮鞋是黑色的，他的是棕色的。5指示代词 this 和 that 接单数形式的动词；these 和 those 接复数形式的动词。such 可以指单数，也可以指复数，动词应根据 such 所指的单、复数意义采用相应的动词形式；the same 作主语时谓语动词用单数形式，意为“也是这样（同样）“。如：The same is true of foreigners. 对外国人也是这样。(B2-p125-L7)Such is his confidence
44、in science that he believes it will not only be able to revive his head, but that it will also be able to build him a new body. 他对科学充满信心，他相信科学不仅能使他的大脑复活，而且还能为他造就一个新的身体。(B3-p141-L31)We couldnt decide whether to order black pens or blue - such are the trifles of office life. 我们拿不定主意是预定黑钢笔还是兰钢笔 - 这都是些办
45、公室里的杂事。(B1-p8-36)6疑问代词 who, what, which 和 whose 都没有数的变化，他们所指的对象可以是单数，也可以是复数。谓语动词的数要与它们所指对象的单、复数保持一致。如：Who is the woman in the black hat? 戴黑帽子的女人是谁？Who are the men in white coats? 穿白衣服的男人是谁？8.1.4 主语中有连词时的主谓一致1and 连接两个或两个以上的主语表示不同的人或事物，谓语动词用复数；and 连接两个或两个以上表示一个概念或一个不可分割的整体，谓语动词用单数。一般情况下，如果并列名词中第二个名词前没
46、有定冠词，则指的是同一人或事物。如：The manufacture and sale of Christmas items is big business. 制造和销售圣诞用品是一桩大生意。(B1-p99-L12)The famous Chinese cartoonist and humorist Ding Cong is a master of word play. 著名的中国漫画家和幽默大师丁聪是一个俏皮话大师。(B3-U3-L55)试比较：Guilt and shame are destructive feelings. 内疚和羞怯感是两种毁灭性的感情。(B2-U2-L39)2用 or,
47、 either . or, neither . or, not only . but also, not but等连接的名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词的数与靠近它的主语的数相一致。如：Neither you, nor I, nor anyone else knows the answer.你、我、其他任何人都不知道答案。Neither Mrs. Caret nor her daughters-in-law are working at the present time. 卡特夫人和她的媳妇们现在都没有工作。Either my brothers or my father is coming. 不是
48、我兄弟就是我父亲来。Not just the students but even their teacher is enjoying the film. 不仅是学生，甚至他们的老师都很喜欢这部电影。Note: 在选择疑问句中，or 连接的并列主语要求动词与第一个名词或代词在人称和数方面保持一致。如：Does your brother or you study English? (=Does your brother study English or do you study English?) 是你的兄弟还是你在学英语？3as much as, as well as, no less than
49、, rather than, more than 连接两个主语时，谓语动词的数应与第一个主语的数相一致。如：The first printed menu, as well as others of the period, was simple in design and offered specific information. 第一份菜单，与它同时期的菜单一样，设计上简单，只提供具体的信息。(B2-p13-L11) The Minister, more than the trade unions, is responsible for the present impasse. 目前的僵局应由部长而不是工会负责。8.1.5 主语带有介词短语、同位语或插入语时的主谓一致1except, besides, with, but, accompanied by, along with, together with, like, including, in addition to, combined with 等词语连接两个主语时，谓语动词的数应与第一个主语的数相一致。如：Lighter, more comfortable clothing of
