1、There are great many reasons for studying what philosophers 1._ have said in the past. One is that we cannot separate the history of philosophy from which of science. Philosophy is 2._ large discussion about matters on which few people are quite 3._ certain, and those few hold opposite opinions. As
2、knowledge increases, philosophy buds off the sciences. For an example, in the ancient world and the Middle Ages 4._ philosophers discussed motion. Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas taught that a moving body would slow down until a force 5._ were constantly applied to it. They were wrong. It goes on m
3、oving unless something slows it down. But they had good arguments on their side, and if we study these, and the experiments which proved them right this will help us to distinguish truth 6._ from false in the scientific controversies of today. 7._ We also see how different philosopher reflects the s
4、ocial 8._ life of his day. Plato and Aristotle, in the slave-owning society of ancient Greece, thought mans highest state was contemplation rather than activity. In the Middle Ages St. Thomas believed a regular feudal system of nine ranks of angels. Herbert 9._ Spencer, in the time of free competiti
5、on between capitalists, found the key to progress as the survival of the fittest. Thus 10._ Marxism is seen to fit into its place as the philosophy for the workers, the only class with a future.Passage 2The white House began to be built in 1792, but it was not completed until ten years later. Every
6、American president lived in it except for George Washington, although he did have a 1._ majority part in designing it. 2._ The government held a competition to choose the best design for the presidents house. The winner was a young man of 3._ South Carolina, James Hoban. His design was a three-level
7、 house of stone. And President Washington made some changes in the winning design. He made the house long and wider, and 4._ changed it into a two-storied house instead of three. The second president, John Adams, was first to live in the 5._ White House. When he and his wife moved onto the new house
8、 6._ in November, 1800, work was still going on, although the main live area was completed. The whole work did not finish until the 7._ administration of the 3rd president, Thomas Jefferson. Twelve years later, the British army invaded Washington and burned the White House. The fire completely destr
9、oyed the inside of the building and experts said the White House was so 8._ dangerous to live in. Later on workers rebuilt the inside of the White House. More offices were added, most of which underground. 9._ None of the work, however, changed the appearing of 10._ the building. Many people asked w
10、hy the presidents house is called the White House. Historians say it has been so called simply because it was painted white.passage 3When some nineteenth century New Yorkers said “Harlem”, they meant almost all of Manhattan above Eighty-sixth Street. Toward the end of the century, however, a group o
11、f citizens in upper Manhattan-want perhaps, to shape a closer 1._ and more precise sense of communitydesignated a section that they wished to have known as Harlem. The chosen area was the Harlem which Blacks were moving in the first decades of the 2._ new century as they left their old settlements o
12、n the middle and lower blocks of the West Side. As the community became predominantly Black, the very word “Harlem” seemed to lose its old meaning. At time it was 3._ easy to forget that “Harlem” was originally the Dutch name “Harlem”; the community it described had been founded by 4._ people from H
13、olland；and that for most of its three centuriesit was first settled in the sixteen hundredsit had been preoccupied 5._ by White New Yorkers. “Harlem” became synonymous to 6._ Black life and Black style in Manhattan. Blacks living there used the word as though they had coined it on themselvesnot 7._
14、only to designate their area of residence but to express their sense of the various qualities of its life and atmosphere. As the years passed, “Harlem” asserted an even larger meaning. In 8._ the words of Adam Clayton Powell, Sr., the pastor of the Abyssinian Baptist Church, Harlem “became the symbo
15、l of liberty and the Promised Land to Negroes everywhere”. By 1919 Harlems population had grown by several thousand. It had received its share of wartime migration from the South, the Caribbean, and parts of colonial Africa. Some of the new arrivals merely lived for Harlem; it was New York they had
16、9._ come to, looking for jobs and for all the other legendary opportunities of life in the city. To others who migrated to Harlem, New York was merely the city in which they found themselves: Harlem was exactly what they wished to be. 10._Passage 4After months of speculation about what A would do wi
17、th its mysterious search-engine company, A9, Web surfers finally got their first taste on Apr. 14. Yet despite of some intriguing new features not yet found 1. _ on leading sites such as Google and Yahoo! , the site () - still in test mode - rises as many questions 2 _ as it answers. The biggest que
18、stion remains is whether Amazon, 3. _ through A9, would clash into Google more directly. 4. _ Google itself is testing a search engine for products called Froogle thats starting to appeal Web shoppers. 5. _ At the same time, Amazon clearly isnt looking to limit A9s horizons. How directly A9 eventual
19、ly goes up against the reigned 6. _ search champion, it faced lots of challenges. For one, 7. _ it may run into some of the same privacy issues that recently have plagued Google. A9s privacy policy points out that information provided through entering search term 8. _ or by signing into ones Amazon
20、account could supply the company with information that could personally identify the searcher. Those may be somewhat less intrusive（打扰的，冒犯的） than 9. _ Googles upcoming Gmail free e-mail offering, which could search the contents of messages to pitch personalized ads. But comments posted on some sites
21、 already indicate some people are uncomfortable with Googles potential threats to privacy. 10._ Passage 5Almost every new innovation goes through three phases. When initially introducing into the market, the process 1._ of adoption is slow. The early models are expensive and hard to use, and perhaps
22、 even unsafe. The economic impact is relatively great. 2. _ The second phase is the explosive one, where the innovation was rapidly adopted by a large number of people. It gets 3. _ cheaper and easier to use and becomes something familiar. And then in the third stage, diffusion of the innovation slo
23、ws down again, as if it permeates out across the economy. 4. _ During the explosive phase, whole new industries spring up to produce the new product or innovation, and to service it. For example, during the 1920s, there was dramatic 5. _ acceleration in auto production, from 1.9 million in 1920 to 4
24、.5 million in 1929. This boom was accompanied with all 6. _ sorts of other essential activities necessary for an auto-based nation: Roads had to been built for the cars to 7. _ run on; refineries and oil wells, to provide the gasoline; and garages, to repair it. 8. _ Historically, the same pattern i
25、s repeated again and again with innovations. The construction of the electrical system requested an enormous early investment in generation and 9. _ distribution capacity. The introduction of the radio was followed by a buying spree (无节制的狂热行为) by Americans what quickly brought radios into almost hal
26、f of all households 10. _ by 1930, up from nearly none in 1924. Passage 6Learning does not happen passively. It is an activity which a person does. It is a task which can be attempted in various of ways, some of which are 1._ more appropriate than others. When the material to be learned is 2._ a bri
27、ef and simple kind which is familiar with the person and of intense 3._ interest to him, effective learning usually proceeds automatically. In the first place, the person at once relates the material to other material which has already securely learned. Subsequently, the relevance 4._ of the newly l
28、earned material to his interests assures its being 5._ recalled on many occasions; and one repetition minimizes 6._ the likelihood of remembering. Furthermore, the subsequent use 7._ of the new material is likely to take place in a variety of contexts and, so, the material becomes related to a narro
29、wer range of other material. 8._ Because of all this, the material is rapidly learned, long retained, and recalled with increasingly readiness in a variety of 9._ contexts. Without really trying, the person had fulfilled a 10._ few important conditions of effective learning. Passage 11. are great a
30、a great many 为固定搭配，修饰可数名词，意为“很多，大量” ，后面的名词用复数形式。 2. which that that 这里做代词，指代前文已经提到的“history”一词，而 which 可做疑问代词或定语从句的引导词，代这里不能用。 3. large largely largely 这里是副词，意为“在很大程度上” ，如果有人打算把 large 考虑成修饰 discussion 的形容词，那么，前边势必加冠词 a 或 the,但没有 large discussion 的说法，所以这里只能把 large 改换成副词. 4. an / for example 是固定搭配，意为“
31、例如” ，中间不加不定冠词 an。 5. until unless until 常和 not 连用，形成 notuntil 句式，所以 not 是检验 until 是否用对的一个标志。这句在说：“亚里士多德和圣托马斯阿奎那都认为一个运动的物体除非给它不停地使力，否则它就会停下来” 。unless 这里是“除非”的意思。 6. right wrong 这句话说“但是他们那一方面有很好的论证。如果我们研究这些论述和证明这些说法是错误的那些实验，那么我们就会辨清今日科学纠纷的真与假” 。根据上下文判断，这里应是 wrong。 7. false falsehood 这里需要一个名词，因此把 false
32、 改为 falsehood。 8. different every 这句谓语动词和主语均为第三人称单数，而用 different 修饰的名词一般用复数形式，因此需要改变 different。再看下文，列举了诸位哲学家，因此可把 different改为 every，既不妨碍句子意思，又符合语法规则。 9. believed a in believe in 意为“相信” ，后常接名词，而 believe 则为“相信或认为” ，后常接从句，因此加上一个介词 in。 10. as in 此句意为“斯宾塞在资本主义自由竞争时期，发现进步的关键在于适者生存” ，此句的另一表达方式为“Spencer, in
33、 the time of free competition between capitalists, found the survival of the fittest as the key to progress.”而按现有语序，需把 as 改成 in。Passage 21.for 在句子中说明前后两个相等成份的关系时用 except，否则用 except for。本句是说每位美国总统，除了乔治华盛顿，都曾在白宫居住过，“Every American president”与“George Washington ”为对等成分，故应去掉 for。 2.majority major majorit
34、y 意为“大多数” 、 “半数以上” ，一般后接复数名词，而 major 则为“主要的” 。本句意为“华盛顿在设计白宫中起了主要作用 ”，故应用 major。 3.of from 要表示一个人的家乡在哪里，介词应为 from。 4.long longer 本句意思是说华盛顿把白宫设计得比原来更长，更宽了一些。与原来作比较，long 当然应用比较级，而且 and 连接的两个形容词也应为对等成分，既然 wider 是比较级，long 也应为比较级。 5. was first the the +序数词具有名词意味，在这里 the first 即表示 the first president。 6. o
35、nto into “搬进新居”应为“move in”或“move into”,move on 意为“继续前进” ，而“move onto ”则是不存在的。 7.live living live (a)意为“活着的” ，而“living”则是“适于居住的” 、 “生活的” 。the living area 意为“适于居住的地区” 。 8. so too 原文说，战火把楼房的内部完全烧毁了，专家们说白宫太危险了，不能居住了，所以后来工人们才又重修白宫内部。 “太太”应为“tootoo” 。 9. which underground were 或 which them 本句有两种改法，若想使这部分成
36、为非限制性定语从句，则 which 引导一个句子，后面应加一个“were” ；若想使这部分为独立成分，则改 which 为 them。 10. appearing appearance 原句意思是说，重建白宫的工作并未改变它的外貌。appearing 为 appear(出现) 的 v. + ing 形式，appearance 意为“外观，外貌” 。Passage 31. want wanting 该句的谓语动词在破折号之后，即“designate” ，因此有必要将前一动词变成分词形式。 2. Harlem which to 黑人们搬进了 Harlem，因此这里 Harlem 是先行词，关系代词
37、应当表示地点，即可以是 where，也可以是“介词+which”的形式。 3. time times “at a time”是“一次”的意思，而 “at times”是“时而，偶尔”的意思。 4.Harlem; the community that “forget”后面引导的是三个宾语从句，在这种情况下， “that”通常不能省略。 5.preoccupied occupied “be preoccupied with sth.”指“忙于某事” 。 “occupy”是“占领”之意。 6to with “by synonymous with”是“与等同” “与意义相同”的意思,与 synonym
38、ous 搭配的是介词 with。 7.on “by themselves”或“on their own”都表示“他们自己”的意思， “coin”是“创造”之意。 8.asserted assumed “assert”是“肯定，断定” ， “assume”指开始具有某种( 品质或形象等)，强调的是一个从无到有的发展过程。 9.for in 由下文“it was New York they had come to”可知这些人并非是为 Harlem 而活着，因为他们的目标是整个纽约城，他们只是居住在 Harlem 罢了。 10.what where 本段中 Harlem 还是作为一个地区名存在，相关
39、的思想意义并不多。Passage 4Passage 5答案 1. introducing 改 introduced; 2. great 改 small; 3. was 改 is; 4. as 后面的 if 去掉；5. was 后面加 a; 6. with 改 by; 7. been 改 be; 8. it 改 them; 9. requested 改required; 10. what 改 that.Passage 6答案： 1.第一个 of 去掉 2. is 后加 of 3. with 改为 to 4. has 改为 is 或者在 has 后加 been 5. assures 改为 ensures 6. one 改为 this / the 7. remembering 改为 forgetting 8. narrower 改为 wider 9. increasingly 改为 increasing 10. had 改为 has
