1、 1 1 GENERAL NOTICES 凡例 1.1 GENERAL STATEMENTS 概述 The General Notices apply to all monographs and other texts of the European Pharmacopoeia. 凡例的 内容 适用 于各 论和 欧洲药 典中 的其 它章 节。 The official texts of the European Pharmacopoeia are published in English and French. Translations in other languages may be pr
2、epared by the signatory States of the European Pharmacopoeia Convention. In case of doubt or dispute, the English and French versions are alone authoritative. 欧洲药 典以 英语 和法 语形 式发行 , 欧洲 药典 委员 会 的签署 国可 将药 典内 容译 成其它 语言 , 但 若发生 争议 ,应 以英 语和 法语版 为权 威。 In the texts of the European Pharmacopoeia, the word Ph
3、armacopoeia without qualification means the European Pharmacopoeia. The official abbreviation Ph. Eur. may be used to indicate the European Pharmacopoeia. 在欧洲 药典 中, 如无特 殊规定 ,“ 药典”是指欧 洲药典 , 官方 缩写 Ph. Eur. 也指欧 洲药 典。 The use of the title or the subtitle of a monograph implies that the article complies
4、with the requirements of the relevant monograph. Such references to monographs in the texts of the Pharmacopoeia are shown using the monograph title and reference number in italics. 文章中 如果 引用 了各 论中 的标题 和副 标题 意味 着文 章内容 符合 相关 各论 的要 求。 文章 参考 药 典中各 论内 容时 ,以 斜体 的各论 题目 或相 关数 字表 示。 A preparation must compl
5、y throughout its period of validity; a distinct period of validity and/or specifications for opened or broached containers may be decided by the competent authority. The subject of any other monograph must comply throughout its period of use. The period of validity that is assigned to any given arti
6、cle and the time from which that period is to be calculated are decided by the competent authority in light of experimental results of stability studies. 制剂在有效 期内 必须 性质 稳定 ,明 确的 有效 期或 说明 书应由权 力机 构批 准。任何各 论的 物质 也必须 服从 其使 用期 限 。 任何药 品的 有效 期和 有效 期的计算 由 权力 机构 经稳 定性研 究的 试验 结果决 定。 Unless otherwise indicat
7、ed in the General Notices or in the monographs, statements in monographs constitute mandatory requirements. General chapters become mandatory when referred to in a monograph, unless such 2 reference is made in a way that indicates that it is not the intention to make the text referred to mandatory b
8、ut rather to cite it for information. 除凡例 和各 论中 另有 说明 ,各 论中 的说 明为 强制 要求; 除 了特定 的引 用 信息,如 果各 论引 用 总论中 内容 时, 该总论 要求 为法 定要 求。 The active substances, excipients, pharmaceutical preparations and other articles described in the monographs are intended for human and veterinary use (unless explicitly restri
9、cted to one of these uses). An article is not of Pharmacopoeia quality unless it complies with all the requirements stated in the monograph. This does not imply that performance of all the tests in a monograph is necessarily a prerequisite for a manufacturer in assessing compliance with the Pharmaco
10、poeia before release of a product. The manufacturer may obtain assurance that a product is of Pharmacopoeia quality from data derived, for example, from validation studies of the manufacturing process and from in-process controls. Parametric release in circumstances deemed appropriate by the compete
11、nt authority is thus not precluded by the need to comply with the Pharmacopoeia. 各论中 描述 的活性物 质, 辅料 ,药 物制 剂和 其它 项 目都是 人用 和兽 用 的 (除非明确 限制 不可 使用 )。 药品 项 目必须 符合各论 的要 求,否 则不 符合药典 质量 。但并 不要 求产品放 行前 ,生 产商要做 各论中 的每项 试验 以满足 药典要 求。生 产商 可通过 原始数 据,例 如生 产过程 验证, 和中间 体 控制, 确保 药品是否符 合药 典要 求。 公布的环境 参数 ,权力 机构 可适当采 信,
12、但不 排除故 意满 足药 典要 求的 可能。 The tests and assays described are the official methods upon which the standards of the Pharmacopoeia are based. With the agreement of the competent authority, alternative methods of analysis may be used for control purposes, provided that the methods used enable an unequivoca
13、l decision to be made as to whether compliance with the standards of the monographs would be achieved if the official methods were used. In the event of doubt or dispute, the methods of analysis of the Pharmacopoeia are alone authoritative. 检测和 试验 方法 应基 于药 典标准 的官 方方 法。 经权利机构 允许 可采 用其 它 替代 的分 析方 法以 达
14、到控 制目 的, 并证明 该方法是 否能 达到 各论 各标 准。 若出 现争 论或 异议 , 应以药 典方 法为 准。 Certain materials that are the subject of a pharmacopoeial monograph may exist in different grades suitable for different purposes. Unless otherwise indicated in the monograph, the requirements apply to all grades of the material. In some m
15、onographs, particularly those on excipients, a list of functionality-related characteristics that are relevant to the use of the substance may be appended to the monograph for information. Test methods for determination of one or more of these characteristics may be given, also for information. 药典各
16、论中 的某 些物 质有 多个等 级可 满足 各种 需要 , 除 各论 中另 有说 明, 要求 适用于 各等 级。 在一些 各论 中 ,特 别是 辅料 ,一系 列相 关的 功能 特性都有 介绍 ,其中 给出 了一些特 性的 检测 3 方法。 Quality systems. The quality standards represented by monographs are valid only where the articles in question are produced within the framework of a suitable quality system. 质量体 系
17、 :在适宜 的质 量体系架 构下 ,产生 有疑 问的 项目 时,应 以各 论中 的质量标 准为 法定 标准。 General monographs. Substances and preparations that are the subject of an individual monograph are also required to comply with relevant, applicable general monographs. Cross-references to applicable general monographs are not normally given in
18、 individualmonographs. 通则 :各 论中 介绍 的药 物 和制剂 也应 符合 通则 中的 相关要 求。 交叉引 用的 通则 在各 论中 不特 别指出 。 General monographs apply to all substances and preparations within the scope of the Definition section of the general monograph, except where a preamble limits the application, for example to substances and prepa
19、rations that are the subject of a monograph of the Pharmacopoeia 除非限 定了 适用 条件 ,如规定适 用于 药典 各论 中的 物质 , 通则 的内容 适用 于各论定 义范 围内 的所有 药物 和制 剂。 General monographs on dosage forms apply to all preparations of the type defined. The requirements are not necessarily comprehensive for a given specific preparation
20、 and requirements additional to those prescribed in the general monograph may be imposed by the competent authority. 通则中介绍 的剂 量形 式适 用于典 型定 义的 所有 制剂 。 对于特 殊给 药制 剂的 规定并不 全面 ,其 在各论 中有 增加 的要 求, 这些要 求也是权 力机 构强 制实施 的 。 General monographs and individual monographs are complementary. If the provisions of a
21、general monograph do not apply to a particular product, this is expressly stated in the individual monograph. 通则和 各论 是互 补的 。如 果通则 不适 合某 些特 殊产 品,那 么在 各论 中有 特别 规定。 Validation of pharmacopoeial methods. The testmethods given in monographs and general chapters have been validated in accordance with acce
22、pted scientific practice and current recommendations on analytical validation. Unless otherwise stated in the monograph or general chapter, validation of the test methods by the analyst is not required. 药典方法 确认 : 各论和 通则 中的检 测方法 已经根 据适 宜的科 学实验 和通行 的分 析验证 确认。 除各论 和通 则中 另有 规定 外,药 典中 的分 析方 法不 需要验 证。 4 I
23、mplementation of pharmacopoeial methods. When implementing a pharmacopoeial method, the user must assess whether and to what extent the suitability of the method under the actual conditions of use needs to be demonstrated according to relevant monographs, general chapters and quality systems. 药典方 法的
24、 实施 : 当采 用一种药 典方 法时 ,用户 必须评估 实际 的使 用条 件,并且该 方法 应符 合一般 章节 和质 量体 系的 相关专 著并 得到 证明 。 Conventional terms. The term competent authority means the national, supranational or international body or organisation vested with the authority for making decisions concerning the issue in question. It may, for examp
25、le, be a national pharmacopoeia authority, a licensing authority or an official control laboratory. 惯用术语 : “权力机 构”是指对一 些问题 进行仲 裁的 国家、 超国家 的 、国 际机 构或授 权组 织。例 如, 国家 药典 委员 会等。 The expression unless otherwise justified and authorised means that the requirements have to be met, unless the competent autho
26、rity authorises a modification or an exemption where justified in a particular case. “除证明和 授权”是指 该 要求必 须遵 守, 除非 特殊 情况下 权力 机构 授权 减免 。 Statements containing the word should are informative or advisory. 陈述中 出现“应该(should)” 是指 此段 描述 作为 信 息提供 或建 议。 In certain monographs or other texts, the terms suitable
27、and appropriate are used to describe a reagent, micro-organism, test method etc.; if criteria for suitability are not described in the monograph, suitability is demonstrated to the satisfaction of the competent authority. 在某些 各论 或文 章中 出现 了“合适的”和“适当的”用于 描述 一种 试剂 、微生物 、检 测方 法 等;若 各论 中没 有介 绍适 用性标 准, 适用
28、 性的 论述 应符合 权力 机构 的要 求。 Medicinal product. (a) Any substance or combination of substances presented as having properties for treating or preventing disease in human beings and/or animals; or (b) any substance or combination of substances that may be used in or administered to human beings and/or anim
29、als with a view either to restoring, correcting or modifying physiological functions by exerting a pharmacological, immunological or metabolic action, or to making a medical diagnosis. 药品 :(a) 指用于 人或 动物 , 起治疗 或预 防作 用的 化合物或 多组 分化 合物 。 (b) 指用于 人或 动 物, 通 过发 挥药 理、 免 疫、 代谢作 用起恢复 、 纠正、 调整生理 机能 的化 合物 或多 组分
30、化 合物 。 或用于 医疗 诊断 的物 质。 Herbal medicinal product. Any medicinal product, exclusively containing as 5 active ingredients one or more herbal drugs or one or more herbal drug preparations, or one or more such herbal drugs in combination with one or more such herbal drug preparations. 中药: 指以 一种 或多 种草 药 或
31、草 药制 剂为 活性 成分 的药品 。 Active substance. Any substance intended to be used in the manufacture of a medicinal product and that, when so used, becomes an active ingredient of the medicinal product. Such substances are intended to furnish a pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the diagnosis,
32、 cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease, or to affect the structure and function of the body. 活性成 分: 指具有 活性 用作治疗 的 药物 产品。例 如:提 供药 理活 性或 直接 用于诊断 或影 响身 体构造 及功 能的 物质 。 Excipient (auxiliary substance). Any constituent of a medicinal product that is not an active substance. Adjuvants, stabi
33、lisers, antimicrobial preservatives, diluents, antioxidants, for example, are excipients. 辅料(辅 料 ): 除活性 成分 外药物 产品的 其他构 成成 分。 例如: 辅助剂、稳定 剂、防 腐剂、 稀释剂 、抗 氧化 剂等均属 于 辅料 。 Interchangeable methods. Certain general chapters contain a statement that the text in question is harmonised with the corresponding t
34、ext of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia and/or the United States Pharmacopeia and that these texts are interchangeable. This implies that if a substance or preparation is found to comply with a requirement using an interchangeable method from one of these pharmacopoeias it complies with the requirements o
35、f the European Pharmacopoeia. In the event of doubt or dispute, the text of the European Pharmacopoeia is alone authoritative. 可互换 的方 法: 一些 章节 中会出 现这 样的 描述 , 此 篇文章 与JP 或USP 一致 , 这意味 着一 种药 物或制剂 采用JP 或USP 中的 任意一 种方 法时 ,同 样符 合EP的要求 。若出 现争论 或异议 时, 以EP 为准。 References to regulatory documents. Monographs a
36、nd general chapters may contain references to documents issued by regulatory authorities for medicines, for example directives and notes for guidance of the European Union. These references are provided for information for users for the Pharmacopoeia. Inclusion of such a reference does not modify th
37、e status of the documents referred to, which may be mandatory or for guidance. 法规参 考 :各 论和 通则 可 能包含 有权 威部 门颁 布的 参考文 献,例 如, 欧盟 发行的指 南。这 些 参考可 以给 药典 使用 者提 供信息 。这些参 考并 不会 改变相 关文 件的 法律 效力 。 1.2 OTHER PROVISIONS APPLYING TO GENERAL CHAPTERS AND MONOGRAPHS 适用于 通则 和各 论的 其他 规定取样 量: 6 Quantities. In tests wi
38、th numerical limits and assays, the quantity stated to be taken for examination is approximate. The amount actually used, which may deviate by not more than 10 per cent from that stated, is accurately weighed or measured and the result is calculated from this exact quantity. In tests where the limit
39、 is not numerical, but usually depends upon comparison with the behaviour of a reference substance in the same conditions, the stated quantity is taken for examination. Reagents are used in the prescribed amounts. 数量 : 检验方 法中 取样 量 有限度 时, 该规定 值 为一近似值。实际 取样 量不 得超过规 定量 的 10% ,由实际 称量值 计算 结果 。对 于 无 限度 规定
40、 值的试验 ,限度 依据 相同 条 件下与 对照 品测 试结果 相比 较而定 , 取规 定量用 于试 验。 使用 规定 量的试 剂。 Quantities are weighed or measured with an accuracy commensurate with the indicated degree of precision. For weighings, the precision corresponds to plus or minus 5 units after the last figure stated (for example, 0.25 g is to be int
41、erpreted as 0.245 g to 0.255 g). For the measurement of volumes, if the figure after the decimal point is a zero or ends in a zero (for example, 10.0 mL or 0.50 mL), the volume is measured using a pipette, a volumetric flask or a burette, as appropriate; otherwise, a graduated measuring cylinder or
42、a graduated pipette may be used. Volumes stated in microlitres are measured using a micropipette or microsyringe. 用精密度和准确度相当的仪 器量取一定量的被测物。 称重时,精密度为末位数 字的正负0.5 个单位 (例 如,0.25g是指0.245-0.255g ) 。 体积 测 量时 , 如果 小数 点后 的数 字为零 或末 位数 字为零时(例 如10.0ml 或0.50ml ),体 积用移液 管、容 量瓶或滴定 管测量 ;否则 ,用量筒 或刻度 吸量 管测 定。 使用 微量移液管
43、 和微 量注 射器 测量可 精确 到微 升。 It is recognised, however, that in certain cases the precision with which quantities are stated does not correspond to the number of significant figures stated in a specified numerical limit. The weighings and measurements are then carried out with a sufficiently improved accu
44、racy. 在某些 情况 下, 如果 精确 度不符 合要 求, 称重 或测 量时可 通过 提高 准确 度来 弥补。 Apparatus and procedures. Volumetric glassware complies with Class A requirements of the appropriate International Standard issued by the International Organisation for Standardisation. 仪器和程序: 玻璃量 具应 符合国 际标 准 组织制 定的A级标准 。 Unless otherwise pre
45、scribed, analytical procedures are carried out at a temperature between 15 and 25 . 除另有 说明 ,分 析过 程在15-25 条件 下进 行。 Unless otherwise prescribed, comparative tests are carried out using identical tubes of colourless, transparent, neutral glass with a flat base; the volumes of liquid prescribed are for
46、use with tubes having an internal diameter of 16 mm, but tubes with a larger internal diameter may be used provided the volume of 7 liquid used is adjusted (2.1.5). Equal volumes of the liquids to be compared are examined down the vertical axis of the tubes against a white background, or if necessar
47、y against a black background. The examination is carried out in diffuse light. 除另有说明外,用中性、无色、透明的平底同质试管进行对照试验;用内径为16mm 的试管 取规定 量的 液体 试剂 , 若 液体用 量有 调整 可选 用内 径为其 它规 格的 试管 (2.1.5)。相同 体积 的溶液 以白 色或 黑色 为背 景垂直 方向 进行 对照 试验 ,试验 在漫 射光 条件 下进 行。 Any solvent required in a test or assay in which an indicator is to
48、 be used is previously neutralised to the indicator, unless a blank test is prescribed. 除有空 白试 验的 情况 下, 用于试 验的 所有 溶剂 使用 前应加 入指 示剂 中和 。 Water-bath. The term water-bath means a bath of boiling water unless water at another temperature is indicated. Other methods of heating may be substituted provided
49、the temperature is near to but not higher than 100 or the indicated temperature. 水 浴:除另 有说明 外,水浴 是指在沸 水中进 行。若要 求的温度 在100 以 下或 指定温度 ,可 用其它 的加 热方 法。 Drying and ignition to constant mass. The terms dried to constant mass and ignited to constant mass mean that 2 consecutive weighings do not differ by more than 0.5 mg, the 2nd weighing following an additional period of drying or of ignition respectively appropriate to the nature and quantity of the residue. 干燥或 炽灼 至恒 重: 干燥或 炽灼至 恒重 是指 烘干 或炽 灼后 , 连续 两次 称重 差异不 超过0.5mg 。 根据残 渣的 性质 和数量再 次 干燥 或炽 灼一 定时 间后 进行第二次 称量 。 Where drying i