1、T5Q许 晴K 1:二十世纪六十年代末,美国哲学家 Paul Grice提出了交际双方为顺利交流所必须遵循的合作原则b但在许多情况下,由于种种原因,交际双方会通过多种方式违反合作原则b这时,听话人必须把握说话者的真正意图b本文分析了大量会话中违反合作原则的例子, 推导出说话人的隐含意义,指出了一些原因,并指明合作原则对正确使用和理解语言意义重大b1oM:会话; 合作原则; 违反ms |:F123.16 DS M :AcI|:CN43- 1027/ F( 2009)3- 180- 02T :湖南对外经济贸易职业学院;湖南,长沙, 410008BaT5 =V4NW , ycb 3 LlV ,Z Z
2、iN“ r?5b= E W B E M , SEPaulGrice4 =Z ANT5b sBHq, B 1 :, y=ZANB “,M ,V7 P= ? b9 ,T5 1 p B V 1BQ “SZ_bGriceT5c v5:1. 5( themaxim of quantity) : c “ 1; 1cA1b2.5(the maxim of quality): L; C b3.1“5(the maxim of relation) : 1 /1 b4.Z T5(the maxim of manner):E 4VrZ T;E l;1e ;1H b=aT5QGriceT5 B X bB ,=Z9 N
3、T5bii“ =a ot5b MQ, iiQt5bC L 3n Q7 N ot5 0byN, T= V Q T5, *,P BZ1 Hw QT5 “# cilb(一)量的准则的违反bQ 5i“ 4V b :1.( A woman is sitting on a park bench and a dog lying be-side her. A man comes along and sits down on the bench)Man: Does your dog bite?Woman: No.(The man reaches down to pet the dog. The dog bite
4、s themans hand. )Man: Ouch! Hey! You said your dog doesnt bite.Woman: He doesnt, but thats not my dog., o 4b * / 0b o #iQ 5,9 y i 3 b21A: Where have you been?B: Out., B AX1 M ), 4 1A 1 b9Bi / F1b031Tom: Are you going to visit Betty?Jim: Yes.Tom: Where does she live?Jim: Somewhere in the south of the
5、 city., A,JimBetty, = Btb9 im /i F 0b41Father: How did you do your history exam?Tom: Oh, not at all well, they asked me things that hap-pened before I was born. T1s / Iz0,7Tom V b UTom Iz 1-p,7 I k &pb(二) 质的准则的违反bQ5 4 XVr =imMQ, #i Bt a C b H,1a qfaOJ mE9 V AT Q5b :11A: Its rather cold today, isnt i
6、t?B: But the weatherman said it would be warm. He musttake his reading in a bathroom! .AB ? bxP, b#? bBQ,i ? b2.Driver: ( Being stopped by traffic policebecauseof trave-ling at 130 miles per hour) Sorry, officer. Was I driving toofast?Policeman: No, sir. You were flying too low.,V Q 5, Qb cil,/ F L
7、7 y 0b31A and B are classmates.A: Do you want to go hiking with us this Sunday?B: Oh, I have to go to school this Sunday.Y L AB ? ,9 B ? nb B LbA , B cil /X F 0b180 E?#/ /2009 /3C tJ mE, a qfa VAT 5Qb #i Bt Y L, P wclb :41 A: Tom is a very brave soldier, isnt he?B: Yes, he is a lion in battle.Tom Bh
8、 ?0, B bBid Tom ?0,7 b(三) 关系准则的违反bQ1“5 4P 1b :11 A: How do you likethis performance?B: It is a nice theater. AAXB $V8 “,7B z,A41bBQ 1“5, cil V ? / $V z0 /B9V0b21 A: Mr. White is an old bag.(There is a moment of appalled silence)B: The weather has been quite delightful this winter, hasntit?, A X Mr.
9、White,7B ? , QA = xM1b A, Bi / F z, 50b3. A woman walked into a dry cleaners in Brooklyn. “Howmuch would you chargeto press this suit?“ she inquired. “Fourdollars.“ “You must crazy,“ explained thewoman, “In Los An-geles, I can get it done for two buck.“ “Is that so? And howmuch is the plane fare?“ o
10、 ! 7N ,7 1,V Q 1“5, cil V ? / T F $L, V YZ0b41 Jane: Shall we go shopping tomorrow?Betty: My parents are coming tomorrow.,Betty s ,7 ,V Q 1“5bJane ?BettyB b(四) 方式准则的违反b- 5 # = ,7Z T5 # .Z TbQZ T5 ca b#ae a H b :11 Father: Where are you going?Mother: S- u- p- e- r- m- a- r- k- e- t. Q Z T5,#iVr , 1 g
11、#i gMb9 Y0 H,7 X , V ? X /1 Y0 1 ,5 1“ 0b21 A: What did Jane sing last night?B: Sheproduced aseries of sounds that corresponded close-ly with the score of “Because you loved me“., B A Jane I ,7. E,#iQZ T5b cil / & 0b31A: Do you havetheOxford Advanced Leaners Dictionaryof current English with Chinese
12、 tradition?B: Yes, but I cant lend it to you right now. Im transla-ting.A: Im not borrowing it, I was wondering if you might needto buy a copy.A AQ Z T5, / Bb4. An elder woman entered a chemist shop and asked: “What do you haveforgray- hair?“ “Great respect, Madam.“ re-plied the salesman. / gray hai
13、r“ h?,7 , s/M0b Q Z T5, 3 lbaQT5y s BtQT5 0, L= QT5 f Rb/ I H 1QT5b1. Tb H,BZ g 6BZ1, ?4Z Bsb , 1. 3, TJimBetty M, * Tb2.Tb f /, ma fZ l,BZg Z 1 iT,#i4 ,aa1b , 1.3, Jim1 BettyE, ABetty #i Tom, Tb 1.2, B AX1 ! , 4 1A 1 , A iTb3.iTb H, ?T,9iT,saa ? a ? y, V ?iQT5b :Foreign teacher: Your English is exc
14、ellent.Chinese student: No, no. My English is very poor.PZ!,S _s/, 0A U (,7Z _s/0bs V ? 3b ,S 3 S =!T8Q7 ZT, t=Rb 4.4, i TT, / gray hair0 , l, 3 , i MQ T5, Tb ID:1Grice Paul, Studies in theWay of Words, Beijing: Foreign Lan-guage Teaching andReach Press, 20022 Yule George, Pragmatics, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Lan-guage Education Press, 20023胡壮麟,语言学教程,北京:北京大学出版社, 2001(责任编辑:谢 嵩)1818 /
