1、Unit 2 CloningLearning about Language 同位语及同位语从句,【探究寻规】找出下面句子里面的同位语成分。1. The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging. _2. Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill. _答案：1. that she seemed to develop normally2. that Dolly had become seriously ill,3. On the
2、 one hand, the whole scientific world followed the progress of the first successful clone, Dolly the sheep. _4. However, the problem that she later developed a serious lung disease bothered scientists. _5. The fact that Dolly died when she was quite young disappointed people the world over. _答案：3. D
3、olly the sheep4. that she later developed a serious lung disease5. that Dolly died when she was quite young,6. Besides that, there is also a fierce debate over the question whether human cloning experiments should be allowed. _7. Scientists believe human cloning is just a matter of time but the assu
4、mption that human clones have already been born hasnt been proved yet. _,答案：6. whether human cloning experiments should be allowed7. that human clones have already been born,【语法精点】 一、基础点拨 (一)同位语 一个名词或代词后面有时可以跟一个名词(或起类似作用的其他形式)，对前者进一步说明, 这一部分就叫做同位语。同位语与被它补充说明的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。 它可以是单词、短语或从句。,1. 名词、代词、数
5、词充当同位语 I have the honour to introduce Johns sister Jane to you. 我很荣幸地向你介绍简，约翰的妹妹。(名词Jane作同位语) I sympathize with you; I myself have had a similar unhappy experience. 我很同情你，我自己也有过类似的不幸遭遇。(反身代词myself作同位语) She is the oldest among them six. 她是她们六人中年龄最大的。(数词six作同位语),2. 名词短语、形容词短语、动名词短语、不定式短语充当同位语 This is
6、Mr. Black, director of our hospital. 这是布莱克先生，我们医院的院长。 (名词短语director of our hospital作同位语) People，old and young，came out to greet the distinguished visitors. 老老少少都出来迎接贵宾。(形容词短语old and young作同位语),He enjoys the exercise, swimming in winter. 他喜爱冬泳这项运动。(动名词短语swimming in winter作同位语) Is this your purpose, t
7、o avoid being punished? 逃避惩罚，这就是你的目的？(不定式短语to avoid being punished作同位语),(二)同位语从句 1. 同位语从句的概念 在复合句中充当同位语的名词性从句称为同位语从句。它在句中作某一名词尤其是抽象名词的同位语。常见的这类名词有fact, news, hope, truth, idea, suggestion, thought, question, promise, order, problem, belief, word, message, information, proof, announcement, desire, do
8、ubt, answer, proposal, advice, possibility等。,2. 同位语从句的引导词 同位语从句一般用that, whether引导，也可用连接代词或连接副词引导。 (1)that, whether: that只起连接作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。 We are interested in the news that some foreigners will visit our school. 我们对一些外国人将要来我们学校参观这个消息感兴趣。(that引导同位语从句),whether含有“是否”的意思，但在同位语从句中whether不可以用i
9、f替换。 He hasnt made the decision whether he will go there. 他还没有作出决定是否去那里。(he will go there意义不完整，应加“是否”的含义才能表达“还没有作出决定”),(2)连接代词: 引导同位语从句的连接代词有what, who, whom, whose, which等，它们在引导同位语从句时保留自己的疑问含义，又起连接作用，在从句中主要充当主语、宾语、表语和定语成分。 The question who should do the work is being discussed at the meeting. 谁应该做这项
10、工作的问题正在会议上被讨论。(who引导同位语从句并在从句中作主语),(3)连接副词: 引导同位语从句的连接副词有when, where, how, why, 它们在从句中主要作状语。 They have no idea when I will go back. 他们不知道我什么时候回去。(when引导同位语从句并在从句中作状语),二、难点突破 1. 同位语从句的注意事项 (1)分隔式同位语从句：有时同位语从句与其所解释说明的名词会被其他成分隔开，从而形成分隔式同位语从句，这样做主要是为了保持句子结构平衡，避免头重脚轻。 A saying goes that where there is li
11、fe, there is hope. 谚语说：留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。(that引导的同位语从句，说明saying的内容),(2)名词suggestion, order, demand, command, request等后的同位语从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“(should+)do”的形式。 The order that all the soldiers should set off at once was given by the general. 所有士兵立刻动身出发的命令是由将军下达的。(表示要求、命令、建议的名词后的同位语从句中的谓语动词要用“(should+)动词原形”的形式),
12、(3)名词doubt(怀疑)后的同位语从句用whether引导；no doubt(毫无疑问)后的同位语从句用that引导。 There is no doubt that he will come. 毫无疑问他会来的。(no doubt表示肯定概念) We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time. 我们怀疑他们能否按时完成任务。(some doubt表示不确定的概念),2. 同位语从句和定语从句的区别,试比较：The idea that you can do this job well without thinking
13、 is wrong. 你能够不思考就做好这份工作的想法是错误的。(that引导同位语从句，不作成分，无词义)The idea that he gave surprises many people. 他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。(that引导定语从句并在从句中作gave的宾语),The order when we should return hasnt reached us. 我们什么时候返回的命令还未下达。(when引导同位语从句，与所修饰词概念不一致)The day when New China was founded will never be forgotten. 新中国成立的那天永远
14、不会被忘记。(when引导定语从句，与先行词概念一致),【巧学助记】同位语从句用法口诀 同位语从句似“定从”，两种句式有异同； 从句均在名词后，定“限”同“释”要分清； 定从“that”宾可省，同位从句“that”不省。,【名师点津】同位语从句的简易判断方法我们可以在名词和从句之间加be动词，使之构成一个新句子，如果合乎逻辑、句子通顺，则是同位语从句。,【高考体验】同位语从句做题四步曲1. 看句子结构是否完整2. 看先行词与从句的逻辑关系3. 掌握同位语从句与定语从句的区别4. 慎重选用引导词,1. (2013浙江高考)The only way to succeed at the highes
15、t level is to have total belief _ you are better than anyone else on the sports field. A. how B. that C. which D. whether解题关键: 对belief与从句之间关系的把握。,思路分析：选B。考查名词性从句。句意：取得最大成功的唯一方法就是充分相信你在赛场上比其他人更好。该空引导belief的同位语从句。并且在从句中既不作任何句子成分，也无任何意义，只能用that。how与which在同位语从句中，不仅有意义而且作成分；whether在同位语从句中，虽然不作成分，但却有意义。故选
16、B。易错误区：how与which在同位语从句中，不仅有意义而且作成分；whether在同位语从句中，虽然不作成分，但却有意义。,2. (2012浙江高考)I made a promise to myself _ this year, my first year in high school, would be different. A. whether B. whatC. that D. how解题关键: 对promise与从句之间关系的把握。思路分析：选C。句意：我向我自己做出了承诺，今年，我在高中的第一年，要有所不同。该复合句中的从句与主句中的promise为同位关系，由此可知该从句为同位
17、语从句。根据句意及从句的结构可知，从句语意、结构均完整，所以用that引导。,易错误区：选项A whether意为“是否”，表示一种不肯定、不明确的概念。选项B what可充当从句的主语、宾语、表语或定语。选项D how充当从句的状语。,3. (2012重庆高考)Evidence has been found through years of study _ childrens early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up. A. why B. how C. whether D. that解题关键: 找准句中中
18、心名词是evidence。思路分析：选D。句意：经过多年的研究，已有证据表明孩子们的早期睡眠问题在长大后可能会继续。分析题意可知childrens early sleeping problems are. . . grow up是evidence的同位语，而从句中不缺少句子成分，故用that引导该同位语从句。,4. (2012江苏高考)The notice came around two in the afternoon _ the meeting would be postponed. A. when B. that C. whether D. how解题关键: 分析句子，找出关键名词not
19、ice。思路分析：选B。句意：会议将被推迟的通知大约是在下午2点钟发布的。分析句式结构可知，“the meeting would be postponed”是同位语从句，用来解释说明notice的具体内容，从句不缺少成分，所以用that引导。,5. (2011上海高考)There is clear evidence _ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain. A. what B. if C. how D. that思路分析：选D。句意：有清晰的证据证明最难诠释的感觉是身体上的疼痛。此处用that引导同位语从句
20、，从句进一步解释说明evidence的具体内容，that仅起连接作用，不在从句中作成分。,6. (2011辽宁高考)When the news came _ the war broke out, he decided to serve in the army. A. since B. whichC. that D. because解题关键: 熟记固定句型，找准关键词。思路分析：选C。考查分隔式同位语从句的连接词。句意：当战争爆发的消息传来时，他决定到军队中服役。从句中不缺少任何成分，故选C项。,7. (2010山东高考)Helping others is a habit, _ you can
21、learn even at an early age. A. it B. that C. what D. one解题关键: 对句子结构的分析。思路分析：选D。句意：帮助别人是一种习惯，一种甚至从小就能学会的习惯。分析句子结构可知，空格处所填词作a habit的同位语，you can learn even at an early age是定语从句，修饰所填的代词。因为前面的名词a habit是泛指，所以同位语也是泛指。,易错误区：选项A it指代上下文中的人或事物，其后通常不接定语从句。选项B that表特指，其后常接介词短语。选项C what可引导同位语从句，但题干中a habit和逗号后的句
22、子不是同位关系，a habit只是与所填的词是同位关系。,. 完成句子1. The news _soon spread over the whole school. (win)他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。2. There is some doubt _. (come)有人怀疑约翰是否会准时到来。3. I made a promise _. (make)我保证过我会让他高兴。,that they had won the game,whether John will come on time,that I would make him happy,4. We havent yet set
23、tled the question _. (raise)怎样才能筹集到足够的钱，这个问题我们还没有解决。5. Our teacher gave us the suggestion _. (spend)我们的老师就我们该去哪里度暑假提出了建议。6. The question _requires consideration. (finish)我们如何能够按时完成这项工作的问题需要考虑。,how we can raise enough,money,where we should spend,our summer holidays,how we can finish the work on time,
24、7. Many parents hold the view _online. (spend)很多父母持有这样的观点：青少年不应该花太多时间上网。8. The story goes _. (go)据说那个走失的孩子出国了。9. Ive just heard a warning on the radio _. (likely)我刚从收音机上听说暴风雨有可能要来。,that teenagers shouldnt spend,too much time,that the lost child has gone abroad,that a rainstorm is,likely to come,10.
25、The question _will be discussed at the meeting. (do)这件事情是否值得做，这个问题将要在会议上被讨论。11. The suggestion _on Sundays led to a heated discussion. (open)关于商店星期日也应该营业的提议，引起了激烈的争论。12. The thought came to him _. (fall)他想到可能是玛丽生病了。,whether it is worth doing,that shops should open,that Mary had probably fallen ill,1
26、3. Our teacher gave us some advice _. (use)老师给我们提出了一些如何使用电脑的建议。14. _he is qualified for the job. (doubt)毫无疑问，他是胜任这份工作的。15. He must answer the question _. (agree)他必须回答他是否同意这个计划这样一个问题。,how we (should) use the,computer,There can be no doubt that,whether he agrees to the plan,or not,16. _the president w
27、ould come to inspect our city. (come)有消息说总统要来视察我们市。17. This is our only request _as soon as possible. (settle)这就是我们唯一的请求：尽快解决这个问题。18. The idea _surprises many people. (recognize)计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。,Word came that,that this (should) be settled,that computers can recognize human voices,19. I made
28、a promise _ I would make him very rich. (set)我许诺过如果谁放我自由，我会让他非常富有。20. The question _ is uncertain. (join)他是否会加入我们这一问题还不确定。,that if anyone set me free,whether he will join us,. 将下列每组句子合并成一个带同位语从句的复合句1. Will the sports meeting be held on time? The question will be discussed tomorrow. _2. The headmaste
29、r will join us in hiking this Sunday. We are glad at the news. _,The question whether the sports meeting will be held on time,will be discussed tomorrow.,We are glad at the news that the headmaster will join us in,hiking this Sunday.,3. Where are we going for the holiday? Have you thought about the
30、question? _4. A new teacher will teach us English next term. The message reached me yesterday. _,Have you thought about the question where we are going for,the holiday?,The message that a new teacher will teach us English next,term reached me yesterday.,5. How did the accident come about? The driver refused to answer the policemans question. _,The driver refused to answer the policemans question how the,accident came about.,
