1、被动语态,一、 被动语态的使用情况 被动语态是英语中的两大语态之一,它表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态通常在以下情况下使用: (1)不知道谁是动作的执行者。如: It is found that Tom was murdered and the police has taken action to look into the case. 句意为“有人发现汤姆被杀,警方已采取行动调查此事”。显然“谋杀”这个动作的执行者是未知的,此时用被动语态更适宜。 (2) 没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者。如: Fresh fruit is sold in this market. 句意为“这个市场出售新鲜水果”
2、。“出售”这个动作的执行者是人人皆知的,没有必要指出具体是 谁。,(3) 强调动作的承受者。如: “A Tale of Two Cities” was written by Dickens. 句意为“双城记的作者是狄更斯”。此处“A Tale of Two Cities”是句子的重心,即主语是强调的对象, 但这并不是说by引起的状语不重要,如果把它们去掉,往往句意不完整。 (4) 为了句式的变化或句子结构的平衡。如: The leader was killed by a terrorist who was arrested immediately after the exploding. 句意
3、为“那位领导人被一个恐怖分子杀害了,爆炸事件发生后这个恐怖分子立即被逮捕了”。这句话如果用主动语态表达,整个句子结构就会显得头重脚轻。又如: The government is going to build a new school next year and it is going to be built in the poor village. 句意为“明年政府要建一所新的学校,就建在那个贫困村”。如果后一句也用主动语态表达, 前后两个句子的句式相同, 句子结构便显得呆板、啰嗦。,. 被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be过去分词构成,be随时态的变化而变
4、化。以do为例,各种时态的被动语态形式为:1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 2) has /have been done 现在完成时例All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start.3) am/is /are being done 现在进行时例A new cinema is being built here4) was/were done 一般过去时例I w
5、as given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.5) had been done 过去完成时例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.,6) was/were being done 过去进行时例A meeting was being held when I was there.7) shall/will be done 一般将来时例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if t
6、he factory closes.8) should/would be done 过去将来时例The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.9) shall/will have been done 将来完成时(少用)例The project will have been completed before July.10) should/would have been done 过去将来完成时(少用)例He told me that his new clothes would have been made
7、 very soon.,2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为:情态动词be过去分词。例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。例His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.3) 当“动词+宾语+
8、宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余不动。例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.,4)在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式to要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加to。例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was se
9、en to walk into the building.5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词介词”,“动词副词”等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3. 非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。例I dont like being laughed at in the public.,四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1.英语中有很多动词如 break,catch,clean,drive,lock
10、,open,sell,read,write,wash等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意:主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较:The door wont lock (指门本身有毛病)The door wont be locked (指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因)2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语,如:happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come abo
11、ut, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢?,3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。例Your reason sounds reasonable. 五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。1 在need,want,require, bear等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表
12、示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。例The house needs repairing(to be repaired)这房子需要修理。2 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式;而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。例The picture-book is well worth reading(The picture-book is very worthy to be rea d),3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。例 I have a lot of
13、 things to do this afternoon (to do与things是动宾关系,与I是主谓关系。)试比较:Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)4. 在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant,interest
14、ing等。例This problem is difficult to work out .(可看作to work out省略了for me).,5 在too to结构中,不定式前面可加逻辑主语,所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。例This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.6. 在there be句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动式作定语,重点在人,用被动形式作定语,重点在物。例There is no time to lose(to be lost)(用 to lose可看成for us to lose;用to be lost,谁 lost
15、 time不明确。)7. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?,六、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用,含被动之义,其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式,名词前一般不用冠词。1. “under +名词”结构,表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有:under control(受控制), under treatment(在治疗中), u
16、nder repair(在修理中), under discussion(在讨论中), under construction(在施工中)。例The building is under construction( is being constructed).2“beyond+名词”结构,“出乎胜过、范围、限度”。常见的有:beyond belief (令人难以置信), beyond ones reach(鞭长莫及),beyond ones control(无法控制),beyond our hope 我们的成功始料不及。例The rumour is beyond belief(=cant be be
17、lieved)3.“above+名词”结构, 表示“(品质、行为、能力等) 超过、高于”。例His honest character is above all praise=His honest character cannot be praised enough,4“for+名词”结构,表示 “适于、 为着”。如:for sale(出售), for rent(出租)等。例That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).5“in+名词”结构 ,表示“在过程中或范围内”常见的有:in print(在印刷中),in sight(在视野范围内
18、),等。 例The book is not yet in print(=is not yet printed)6“on+名词”结构, 表示“在从事 中”。常见的有:on sale(出售),on show(展出), on trial(受审)。例Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed).7“out of+名词”结构 ; 表示 “超出 之外“,常见的有:out of control (控制不了),out of sight (超出视线之外),out of ones reach(够不着), out of fas
19、hion(不流行)等。 例 The plane was out of control (cant be controlled) 。8“within+名词”结构,“在内、不超过”。例He took two days off within the teachers permission,七、被动语态与系表结构的区别当“be+过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作;作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时,be后面的过去分词是表语,相当于形容词。其区分办法如下:1如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者,该句一般为被动语态,否则为系表结构。例The glass is broken (系表结构
20、)The glass was broken by the boy (被动语态)2如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时,一般为被动语态。例The door is locked (系表结构)The door has already/just been locked(被动语态)3被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外,还可以用于其他各种时态,而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。例 The machine is being repaired,三、 主动语态转换为被动语态时的注意事项 (1) 带复合宾语的动词作谓语的主动句转换为被动句时,将主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语即可。如: His words
21、 made me throw up. I was made to throw up by his words. 他的话令我呕吐。 需要注意的是,在主动语态中, make, hear, see等词后接不定式时要省略to,但转换为被动语态时,则不能省略to。(2) 带双宾语的动词作谓语的主动句转换为被动句时,可将表物的直接宾语变为主语,用for或to引出表人的间接宾语,或将表人的间接宾语变为主语即可。如: My father is telling me an interesting story now. An interesting story is being told to me by my father now. Im being told an interesting story by my father now. 爸爸正在给我讲一个有趣的故事。 (3) 动词短语作谓语的主动句转换为被动句时,要把动词短语作为一个整体使用,而不能将其分开或去掉某部分。如: My grandparents have taken good care of me these years. I have been taken good care of by my grandparents these years. 这些年来爷爷奶奶一直把我照顾得很好。,